BMC Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Facile nucleophilic substitution approach for the spectrofluorimetric assay of natamycin based on diarylpyrrolone formation, evaluation of method greenness","authors":"Sayed M. Derayea,&nbsp;Fatma F. Mohammed","doi":"10.1186/s13065-025-01388-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-025-01388-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An ecofriendly, effective, and selective spectrofluorimetric approach for natamycin analysis was developed using fluorescamine as a fluorogenic probe. Natamycin is the only topical ocular antifungal medication that is presently on the market for treating keratitis, conjunctivitis, and blepharitis caused by yeast and other fungi. Owing to its primary aliphatic amino group, natamycin can easily interact with fluorescamine resulting in the formation of the highly fluorescent diaryl pyrrolone derivative. The derivatization reaction was completed within very short time at room temperature in borate buffer solution (pH 7.6). The fluorescence intensity of the reaction product was monitored at 465 nm after exciting at 390 nm. The linearity range of the spectrofluorimetric method was 0.25–4.0 µg/mL of natamycin with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.082 µg/mL. The method was applied for the determination of the cited drug in pharmaceutical eye drops and artificial aqueous humor with high percentage recoveries and low relative standard deviations. In addition, the involved analytical procedure was green based on the results of the ecology scale scores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11762075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and topological analysis of thiosemicarbazone-based metal complexes: computational and experimental study of bacterial biofilm inhibition and antioxidant activity","authors":"Doaa S. El‑Sayed,&nbsp;Shaymaa S. Hassan,&nbsp;Liblab S. Jassim,&nbsp;Ali Abdullah Issa,&nbsp;Firas AL-Oqaili,&nbsp;Mustafa k. Albayaty,&nbsp;Buthenia A. Hasoon,&nbsp;Majid S. Jabir,&nbsp;Khetam H. Rasool,&nbsp;Hemmat A. Elbadawy","doi":"10.1186/s13065-024-01338-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-024-01338-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The structural and electronic behavior of thiosemicarbazone (TSC)-based metal complexes of Mn (II), Fe (II), and Ni (II) have been investigated. The synthesized metal complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy, the computational path helped with further structural investigation. The solubility test on the TSC and its complexes revealed their solubility in most organic solvents. DFT computational analysis was performed, and quantum reactivity parameters of the octahedral optimized complexes were calculated to describe the reactivity via the stability states of the synthesized complexes. FMOs map was generated to confirm similar findings and MEP analysis was applied to elaborate the important electrophilic and nucleophilic sites on the studied surfaces. Also, other important topological analyses such as electron localization function and reduced density gradient, to establish the favorable noncovalent interactions, were studied. In silico molecular docking approach was studied against the gram-positive bacteria <i>Bacillus cereus</i> to predict the potent inhibition behavior of the studied complexes. The findings summarized the inhibition prediction of the most interactive [NiL₂Cl₂], then [FeL₂Cl₂] complexes as confirmed by the binding energy values (− 7.1 kacl/mol and − 6.4 kacl/mol, respectively). Another In silico results, with gram-positive bacteria (<i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i>), estimated similar results of the experimental finding, where [MnL₂Cl₂] (− 9.2 kcal/mol) is the more effective predicted antibacterial inhibitor. Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the inhibition of bacterial biofilm, and the DPPH assay was used to measure antioxidant activity, followed by an understanding of the behavior of the current complexes toward free radicals’ removal. The findings observed less aggregated bacterial strains covered with the studied complexes leading to less dense biofilm covering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11762858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction studies unveil potential binding sites on bovine serum albumin for gut metabolite trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO)","authors":"Awadhesh Kumar Verma,&nbsp;Payal Gulati,&nbsp;GBVS Lakshmi,&nbsp;Anand Mohan,&nbsp;Neeta Raj Sharma,&nbsp;Pratima R. Solanki,&nbsp;Anil Kumar","doi":"10.1186/s13065-024-01375-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-024-01375-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is gut microbiota-derived metabolite, plays a critical role in human health and diseases such as metabolic, cardiovascular, colorectal cancer and, neurological disorders. Binding interactions between TMAO and serum albumins are crucial to understand the impact of TMAO on disease mechanisms. However, detailed insights into the interaction mechanisms, preferred binding locations, and conformational changes in BSA upon binding TMAO are still unclear. TMAO interacts with serum albumin in human body and thus, a model study of interaction for TMAO-BSA conjugate is presented in support of it. Decrease in absorbance intensity of protein upon interaction with metabolites reveals conjugate formation, while fluorescence spectroscopy indicate static quenching. Contact angle measurements further reveal the hydrophilic nature of the TMAO-BSA complex, while CD and FTIR support conformational changes in BSA upon binding but structure remain intact. Computational studies, such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and, MM/GBSA, confirm a stable complex with a binding energy of − 3.6 kcal/mol. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of TMAO and may aid in developing strategies for treating diseases, such as chronic kidney disease and neurological disorder where TMAO-serum albumins interaction are implicated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13065-024-01375-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The clean analysis process of Mn2+ for industries: a comparative study on direct determination of high-concentration Mn2+ in solution using spectrophotometry","authors":"Yanli Xu,&nbsp;Fuyuan Xu,&nbsp;Yong Liu,&nbsp;Guangbin Zhu,&nbsp;Ying Chen,&nbsp;Ning Duan","doi":"10.1186/s13065-024-01367-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-024-01367-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mn²⁺ is an essential cation extensively utilized in various industrial processes, including electrolytic manganese production, manganese dioxide manufacturing, and zinc processing. It also poses significant environmental challenges as a primary pollutant in Mn-containing wastewater and hazardous materials. Effective monitoring and control of Mn²⁺ in these processes are vital for improving resource conversion efficiency and minimizing pollutant production. However, the direct determination of high concentrations of Mn²⁺ remains challenging due to rapid reactions, which impede improvements in cleaner industrial production. Traditional detection method like potassium periodate spectrophotometry (PPS) method is limited to low concentrations and involve complex processes that contribute to secondary pollution. In this study, we evaluated the performance of four alternative methods—External Standard Calibration (EC), Area Under the Curve (AUC), Standard Addition (SA), and Multi-Energy Calibration (MEC)—for determining high-concentration Mn²⁺. The study found that the weak absorption characteristic of aqueous Mn²⁺ due to spin-forbidden transitions is advantageous for direct determination at high concentrations in its original valence state. By optimizing the optical path and wavelength, concentrations up to 50 g/L were detected, surpassing the PPS upper limit by 5000 times. Among the methods, EC demonstrated superior accuracy and precision, with a performance rate of 98.07% and a relative standard deviation of less than 1%. The EC method’s minimal time consumption and cost-effectiveness make it suitable for automation and integration into industrial systems for continuous, real-time monitoring. This research offers valuable insights into high-concentration Mn²⁺ determination using spectrophotometry, highlighting the EC method’s potential for real-time monitoring and its adaptability for large-scale industrial operations. The findings provide a substantial reference for the direct detection of other industrial components, promoting more efficient and environmentally friendly industrial practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13065-024-01367-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying of thallium in Shilajit and its supplements to unveil the potential risk of consumption of this popular traditional medicine","authors":"Elham Kamgar,&nbsp;Joanna Zembrzuska,&nbsp;Wlodzimierz Zembrzuski,&nbsp;Massoud Kaykhaii","doi":"10.1186/s13065-025-01384-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-025-01384-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shilajit, a natural substance used in traditional and modern medicine, has gained prominence as a vital component in dietary supplements. Concerns regarding its use in complementary medicine have arisen due to limited information regarding its composition. Considering thallium’s well-known toxicity, this study employs flow - injection differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry to accurately quantify thallium in natural Shilajit and Shilajit-based commercial supplements from various regions. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined as 6.58 × 10^− 3 µg.mL^− 1 and 1.98 × 10^− 2 µg.mL^− 1, respectively. Thallium contents were detected up to 0.226 µg.g^− 1 in natural Shilajit, but mainly in the range of a few tenths of µg.g^− 1. Thallium contents were found up to 0.5 µg.g^− 1 in the supplements studied. Consumption of one pill of supplement, introduces up to 0.095 µg of Tl to the body. Notably, the concentration of thallium in some supplements was higher than in crude Shilajit, raising concerns about the potential health risks associated with long-term consumption. This study underscores potential health risks associated with thallium in both Shilajit and supplements. Regular monitoring and standardized testing are essential to ensure compliance with safe thallium limits, protecting consumers against potential thallium poisoning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13065-025-01384-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of greenness, blueness, and whiteness profiles of a validated HPLC-DAD method for quantitation of Donepezil HCl and Curcumin in their laboratory prepared co-formulated nanoliposomes","authors":"Mennah M. Abd Elwahab,&nbsp;Samar Saad,&nbsp;Zeinab A. Sheribah,&nbsp;Nahed El-Enany","doi":"10.1186/s13065-024-01377-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-024-01377-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>White and Green Analytical Chemistry are innovative approaches in analytical chemistry that prioritize both sustainability and efficiency. Together, these approaches aim to advance scientific research while minimizing environmental impact and enhancing safety. This integration of environmental consciousness into analytical practices represents a significant step forward in achieving sustainable scientific progress. In the present study, a sensitive eco-friendly HPLC-DAD method was carried out and validated to allow concurrent determination of Donepezil HCl (DPZ) and Curcumin (CUR) in their pure form and laboratory made nano-liposome formulation. Optimum seperation was accomplished by utilising Zobrax Eclipse Plus C18 column (4.6*100 mm,5 μm) with gradient elution of the mobile phase composed of 0.02 M phosphate buffer at pH 3.2 and ethanol at flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. A diode array detector (DAD) was implemented for detection at 273 nm and 435 nm for DPZ and CUR, respectively, with the column oven set at 40 °C. The method was validated according to ICH specifications in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity range, detection and quantification limit. The calibration plots were linear with correlation coefficients (r2) = 0.999 over the range (0.1–100 µg/ml) and (0.1–100 µg/ml) for DPZ and CUR, successively. The validated HPLC-DAD approach was adopted to analyse both medications in laboratory prepared nano-liposomal formulation in which the analytes were successfully quantified with good recovery values and no disrubtion from the added excipients. The investigation of whiteness, blueness, and greenness metrics revealed a major benefit of the suggested approach over previous reported ones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13065-024-01377-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the efficacy of iso-mukaadial acetate and betulinic acid against selected Plasmodium falciparum glycolytic pathway proteins: in silico and in vitro studies","authors":"Lindiwe Khumbuzile Zuma,&nbsp;Ofentse Jacob Pooe,&nbsp;Nonduduzo Hlengiwe Mabaso,&nbsp;John Alake,&nbsp;Vincent A. Obakachi,&nbsp;Sinethemba Yakobi,&nbsp;Nothando Gasa,&nbsp;Rajshekhar Karpoormath,&nbsp;Mthokozisi Simelane","doi":"10.1186/s13065-025-01380-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-025-01380-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Malaria is the extensive health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, with <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> being the most lethal strain. The continued emergence of drug-resistant <i>P. falciparum</i> advocates for the development of new antimalarials. Our current study aimed to effectively explore the interaction capabilities of iso-mukaadial acetate (IMA) and betulinic acid (BA) against two essential <i>P. falciparum</i> glycolytic pathway proteins, PfLDH and PfHk. Recombinant PfLDH and PfHk were independently expressed in <i>E. coli</i> BL21 (DE3) cells and subsequently purified using affinity chromatography. Protein–ligand interaction studies probed in silico and in vitro approaches. Parasite inhibition studies confirmed potent antimalarial activity against the <i>P. falciparum</i> NF54 strains, with BA and IMA showing IC₅₀ values of 1.27 µg/ml and 1.03 µg/ml against the asexual stage of <i>P. falciparum</i>, respectively. FTIR experiments confirmed interactions between the compounds and the secondary structure of the proteins. Direct protein–ligand interaction studies analysis using microscale thermophoresis (MST) showed a K_D value of 0.1036 ± 0.6001 µM for the PfLDH-BA complex and 0.7473 ± 0.3554 µM K_D value for PfLDH-IMA. Meanwhile, PfHk-IMA had 0.39701 ± 0.16298 µM K_D value, while the PfHk-BA complex had no interaction detected. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were used to measure and confirm the interactive strength of complexes. Molecular docking reported a binding score of − 1.155 kcal/mol for the PfLDH-BA complex and a binding score of − 3.200 kcal/mol for PfLDH-IMA. The PfHk-BA complex had − 2.871 kcal/mol and PfHk-IMA complex had − 4.225 kcal/mol binding score. In conclusion, BA and IMA compounds had better interactions and remained bound within the binding sites of the glycolytic pathway proteins (PfLDH and PfHk).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13065-025-01380-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three different methods for ZnO-RGO nanocomposite synthesis and its adsorption capacity for methylene blue dye removal in a comparative study","authors":"Safaa A. Hussein,&nbsp;Gharib M. Taha,&nbsp;F. A. Adam,&nbsp;Marwa A. Moghazy","doi":"10.1186/s13065-025-01381-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-025-01381-w","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Water is one of the vital needs of life. However, due to rapid industrialization, urbanization and lack of awareness, the world population now facing the threat of water shortage. To ensure that future living conditions are preserved, it is crucial to reduce water pollution and protect the ecosystem. Zinc oxide- reduced graphene oxide (ZnO-RGO) nanocomposite is used in this study as an adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye from an aqueous solution. An easy strategy was used for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles (RGO), Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) and ZnO-RGO nanocomposite. The synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was accomplished through the exothermic reaction of a modified Hummer's method. In a novel approach, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using the green Leidenfrost technique. This study presents a comparative investigation of ZnO-RGO nanocomposite synthesis employing both green and chemical methods. Three distinct approaches were utilized to prepare the ZnO-RGO nanocomposite: (1) the innovative Leidenfrost green method for composite A1, (2) a chemical precipitation method for composite A2, and (3) a physical mixing sonication method for composite A3. This research marks the first application of the Leidenfrost technique in the synthesis of ZnO-RGO nanocomposites, contributing to the growing body of knowledge in this field. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Burnauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Zeta potential, transmittance electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses are conducted for synthesized sample characterization. Comparing the XRD patterns of the three synthesis methods, it is notable that the intensity peaks of composite A3 were the highest when ZnO was synthesized using a green method, indicating a higher degree of crystallinity. FTIR analysis approves that combining ZnO with RGO affects the functional groups of the three nanocomposite surfaces. The SEM analysis shows ZnO NPs and RGO sheets are incorporated together. In the case of A1 composite sharp angles make a flower shape was observed due to the unique synthesizing method. The surface area for A2 composite is the highest (7.29 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/g) compared with A1 (2.91 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/g) and A3(1.90 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/g). A comparison study is made among the three nanocomposites for MB dye removal. The effect of adsorbent dose, pH, contact time and initial dye concentration on dye adsorption has been studied. The results show that A1 and A2 nanocomposites removed 85.5 and 87.5% of MB at the optimum adsorbent dose of 0.15 g/100 ml at pH8 and &lt;span&gt;A3&lt;/span&gt; removed 95% of MB at the optimum dose of 0.1 g/100 ml at pH 2. All three composites exhibited adherence to the Langmuir isotherm model, with correlation coefficients (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of 0.9858, 0.9904, and 0.9959 for A1, A2, and A3, respectively. Kinetic study results demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order model b","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13065-025-01381-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment and validation of HPLC methods for the determination of folic acid and parabens antimicrobial agents on folic acid oral solution","authors":"Wenhong Wu,&nbsp;Ying Liang,&nbsp;Renbang Zhao,&nbsp;Yude Shi,&nbsp;Jiahui Hou,&nbsp;Jiumei Peng,&nbsp;Jiadi Pan,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Li,&nbsp;Jingjing Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s13065-024-01370-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-024-01370-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>As the common antibacterial drugs in folic acid oral liquid, parabens are listed as mandatory substances in the quality standard. Both the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia use high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of folic acid, but the quantitative methods of parabens are different. Pharmacopoeias use different instruments to quantify folic acid and parabens, resulting in cumbersome and cumbersome detection methods.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>Without changing the type of instrument and mobile phase, two methods were established for the determination of folic acid and parabens (methyl paraben; ethyl paraben; propyl paraben) using respective wavelengths and flow comparisons Propyl benzoate) high performance liquid chromatography method.</p><h3>Method</h3><p>Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent 5 TC-C₁₈ HPLC column (5 μm; 250 μm × 4.6 mm) maintained at 25 °C (column temperature). The mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer (pH 4.0)-methanol. When the ratio is 99:1, it is used to determine the content of folic acid, and when the ratio is 79:21, it is used to determine the content of antimicrobial agents. The flow rate used was 1.2 mL/min, the injection volume of folic acid was 20 µL, and the injection volume of bacteriostatic agent was 50 µL. In addition, the blue applicability grade index (BAGI) and analytical greenness (AGREE) metric tools were used to evaluate the greenness and environmental friendliness of the developed methods.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The method has a good linear relationship with R² ≥ 0.9995, the average recovery rate of the two methods is ≥ 95%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) accuracy is less than 0.21%. The BAGI tool characterizes the developed method as green. The AGREE score is around 0.5, and the method is also largely consistent with the principles of green analytical chemistry.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The HPLC method was established for the rapid determination of folic acid and antibacterial agent of parabens in folic acid. The method has high accuracy, strong specificity, high recovery rate, good stability and environmental friendliness. Compared with the method in the pharmacopoeia, it has strong resistance to complex matrix interference, greatly shortens the detection time, and has little damage to the instrument and chromatographic column. It can be used for the quality standard of folic acid oral liquid.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13065-024-01370-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the power of spectrophotometric technique in determination of oxytetracycline and lidocaine in their pharmaceutical dosage form as well as in the presence of toxic lidocaine impurity: univariate versus multivariate analysis","authors":"Naglaa Ahmed,&nbsp;Ahmed Hemdan,&nbsp;Hala ZaaZaa,&nbsp;Maha Galal","doi":"10.1186/s13065-024-01373-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-024-01373-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lidocaine poses challenges when it comes to direct spectrophotometric measurement due to the lack of sharp peak within its spectra in zero-order. This lack of a distinct peak makes it difficult to accurately quantify lidocaine using traditional direct spectrophotometric methods. In our study, different univariate and multivariate spectrophotometric techniques have been established and their validity has been assessed for the determination of the mixture of Lidocaine HCl (LD), Oxytetracycline HCl (OTC) together with LD carcinogenic impurity [2,6- dimethylaniline] DMA. LD was resolved from the other two components using ratio difference and derivative ratio methods. OTC was determined in zero- order at 360 nm and by using constant value and concentration value methods, while DMA was determined by using constant multiplication at 237 nm as well as by using constant value and concentration value methods after elimination of OTC by ratio subtraction technique. Moreover, Partial Least Squares and Principal Component Regression multivariate approaches were applied to quantify and evaluate the mixture. The developed methods underwent validation following International Council for Harmonization guidelines. The validation process demonstrated that all suggested methods are accurate and selective in their measurements. Additionally, statistical analysis was conducted to compare the developed and reported methods. Furthermore, one-way analysis of variance was performed to compare both proposed and reported spectrophotometric methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13065-024-01373-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}