BMC Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Preparation and performance of iron tailings based porous ceramsite material for Cd(II) adsorption: evidence of the dominant action mechanism","authors":"Shaoguang Hua,&nbsp;Dejian Pei,&nbsp;Huihui Zhou,&nbsp;Guijian Liu,&nbsp;Anqi Zhu","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01848-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01848-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the feasibility of preparing ceramsite from iron tailings for cadmium (Cd(II)) adsorption. Based on Si-Ca ceramsite compositional design, the Cd(II) adsorption mechanism of ceramsite fired in different preparation process were studied. The Cd(II) adsorption properties and pore structure were detected, and the phase composition and crystal morphology were investigated using XRD, DSC, BET, SEM–EDS and XPS. Results demonstrated that: the ceramsite sample No. 3 (fired at 1150 °C for 30 min) formed akermanite, gehlenite, and diopside phases. It achieved fast adsorption kinetics (80.79% removal in 2 h) and high equilibrium capacity (95.57% removal in 21 h) for Cd(II), with confirmed environmental safety. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm, indicating combined various processes dominated by chemisorption. The small aperture size (5.19 μm) and high specific surface area (2.1 m²/g) supported physical adsorption. The high-valent sulfur was reduced to S²⁻ in preparation process for CdS chemical precipitation. The Cd(II) adsorption of the ceramsite sample No. 1-A through pore structure was mainly physical adsorption. The Cd(II) adsorption capacity of the ceramsite sample No. 1-I was deteriorated due to the change of pore structure caused by formation of forsterite ferroan. This work successfully repurposed iron tailings as a functional adsorption component, especially offering a novel strategy for valorizing high-sulfur iron tailings alongside other solid wastes.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13393893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148025314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous quantification of donepezil and memantine by HPLC–refractive index detection for novel drug delivery systems","authors":"Baljinder Singh,&nbsp;Souha H. Youssef,&nbsp;A. H. M. Musleh Uddin,&nbsp;Yunmei Song,&nbsp;Sanjay Garg","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01835-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01835-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alzheimer’s dementia is often treated with a combination of memantine and donepezil, which is more effective than monotherapy. Despite its clinical relevance, simultaneous determination is challenging due to the absence of a chromophore in memantine. Herein, a simple, accurate, and sensitive High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–refractive index method is reported for the first time for the simultaneous quantification of memantine and donepezil for routine analysis. The method employed a C18 column with a mobile phase of 1% diethylamine in water: methanol (50:50, v/v), adjusted to pH 6.0 using dilute glacial acetic acid. Optimized conditions (flow rate 0.8 mL/min, injection volume 20 µL at 40 °C) yielded a linearity ranging between 2.5 and 30 µg/mL (R² = 1) for both the drugs. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.194 and 0.589 µg/mL for Dnp and 0.237 and 0.718 µg/mL for Mem. Validation confirmed precision, robustness, and stability. The method was successfully applied to determine the amount of drug release from the intranasal nano-colloidal preparations, along with optimized sample preparations giving analyte recoveries within range without any interference from the formulation excipients. The derivatization exhibited acceptable selectivity with no interfering peaks from excipients, demonstrating its suitability for routine analysis. The sustainability of the developed method was assessed using different metrics, namely the Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach and Software, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Blue Applicability Grade Index.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13390331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148013005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization, and antitumor potency of Pd2+, ZrO2+, and VO2+ complexes with tridentate Schiff base: in vitro biological and in-silico insights","authors":"Shimaa M. Abdel-Fatah,&nbsp;Maram T. Basha,&nbsp;Ahlam I. Al-Sulami,&nbsp;Mohamed R. Shehata,&nbsp;Laila H. Abdel-Rahman","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01794-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01794-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Schiff base complexes of ZrO²⁺, VO²⁺, and Pd²⁺ have been produced and characterized by IR, TGA, UV/Vis, and 1 H NMR methods, as well as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental (CHN) analysis, mass spectrometry, conductivity, and magnetic characteristics. Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations applying the Gaussian 09 software were employed to estimate the equilibrium geometry of the ligand and its complexes at the B3LYP level of theory. The 6-311G++(d, p) basis set was used for the C, H, O, N and Br atoms, and lanl2dz for the Pd, V, and Zr atoms. ZrO²⁺ and Pd²⁺ complexes demonstrate diamagnetic behavior, but magnetic susceptibility investigations verify the paramagnetism of the VO²⁺ complex. Based on spectroscopic and magnetic susceptibility studies, the ZrO²⁺and VO²⁺ complexes have square pyramidal geometries, and Pd²⁺ ZrO²⁺ complex has a square planar geometry. All complexes demonstrate strong antimicrobial potency against various bacterial and fungal species. Pd²⁺ &gt; ZrO²⁺ &gt; VO²⁺ &gt; H₂B is the order of antimicrobial effectiveness, revealing the biggest inhibition zone against Gram-negative bacteria by the Pd²⁺ complex. The order of the rise in antifungal capability against A. flavus is Pd²⁺ &gt; ZrO²⁺ &gt; VO²⁺&gt; H₂B. Additionally, the complexes exhibit notable cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines, such as HCT-116, in contrast to Vinblastine. Moreover, these compounds also demonstrate great potential as free radical scavengers. Finally, possible binding mechanisms at the active sites of bacterial and fungal receptors were explored through docking studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01794-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenness profile assessment of a novel pioneer approach for voltametric sensing of cloperastine fendizoate in a pharmaceutical dosage form","authors":"Maha Mahmoud Abou El‑Alamin,&nbsp;Ola Abd Elkhalek,&nbsp;Marwa M. Azab","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01796-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01796-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel sustainable analytical approach based on an electrochemical sensor has been fabricated for the quantification of Cloperastine Fendizoate (CLP), which has recently been employed in the management of COVID-19. A carbon paste electrode modified with 2% multiwalled carbon nanotubes and 1% chitosan (2%MWCNT/1%Chitosan/CPE) was fabricated to implement the proposed procedure. The obtained results demonstrated irreversible oxidation behavior and diffusion-controlled oxidation process of CLP, characterized by a well-defined anodic peak (E/V = 0.8) in 0.2 M phosphate buffer at pH 8 utilising differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). A linear correlation between current signal and CLP concentration was obtained across the range of 7.500 × 10 ⁷- 6.00 × 10^− 5 mol L⁻¹ (0.5–40 µg mL^− 1), The practically calculated limits of detection and quantification were 1.11 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ and 3.70 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹, respectively. The procedure achieved excellent accuracy and precision, with a mean recovery ±%RSD of 100.95 ± 1.75. The suggested procedure was successfully extended for the quantification of CLP in its dosage formulation. Validation was performed in accordance with ICH guidelines, and the findings demonstrated good agreement with those taken utilizing a previously validated approach. Furthermore, the eco-friendliness of the developed approach was investigated utilising both the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), the Multi-color Assessment (MA) technique, and the Analytical Greenness metric (AGREE), confirming that the proposed approach exhibits superior greenness compared to reported techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01796-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148004053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of mango peel waste into phosphoric acid treated activated carbon for efficient removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution","authors":"Smruti Rekha Patra,&nbsp;Sneha Prabha Mishra","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01832-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01832-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Industrial wastewater contaminated with dyes pose a serious problem to the environment. So, it should be treated for dye removal before its release into the environment. Adsorption technique is a preferable method because of its efficiency and low-cost. The method becomes more attractive when various low-cost materials are used as adsorbents. Due to presence of various negatively charged functional groups on their surfaces, these materials are more specific towards cationic/positively charged pollutants. After suitable modification of the material, negatively charged pollutants can also be removed. Methyl orange (MO) is an anionic/negatively charged dye commonly found in most of the industrial wastewater. Mango peel (MP) is a significant waste produced from food processing industries. So the main objective of the present research is to remove MO from aqueous solution using MP as the adsorbent through adsorption technique. However, MO uptake on unmodified MP was only 22% and MP modified with phosphoric acid followed by carbonization (PMP-AC) showed 97.21% removal from a solution containing 50 mg/L MO. The MO adsorption on PMP-AC is optimized (contact time = 60 min and pH = 2.0). Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are obeyed well with Langmuir monolayer uptake capacity of 23.2 mg/g. The modified material PMP-AC is properly characterized. P-O/P-O-C stretching from phosphate group bonded to C surface, aromatic C = C stretching, and aliphatic C-H bond are the functional groups present on the material surface. The interaction between PMP-AC and MO take place mainly through pore filling, electrostatic attraction, π-π interaction and hydrogen bonding. MO could be desorbed from the material using a 0.1 N NaOH solution, allowing reuse for up to two additional cycles. As per the observed outcomes, use of PMP-AC for MO removal is a successful, low-cost and eco-friendly process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01832-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148003945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analytical framework for nanohydroxyapatite evaluation by ICP-OES and quantification of hydroxyapatite-equivalent Ca and P in toothpaste formulations through multivariate optimization","authors":"Prabhakaran Mathiyalagan,&nbsp;Stephen Alocius,&nbsp;Deepapriya Velumani","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01843-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01843-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) is widely incorporated into toothpaste as a biomimetic agent for preventive oral care, yet robust quantitative methods for determining its content in finished formulations remain limited. In this study, nHA was first characterized structurally and morphologically to establish a reference material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed high crystallinity consistent with pure hydroxyapatite. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed rod-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 22.36 nm and an aspect ratio of 2.25. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) further verified characteristic phosphate vibrational bands at 1023.25, 562.26, and 600.84 cm⁻¹. Following characterization, nHA was incorporated into a toothpaste formulation, and an analytical strategy was developed to quantify hydroxyapatite-equivalent content based on stoichiometric determination of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). A 2³ factorial design was employed to optimize key instrumental parameters—nebulization gas flow rate, applied power, and plasma flow rate. Exploratory statistical tools, including ANOVA, Pareto charts and residual analyses, identified nebulization gas flow rate as the most influential factor. The optimized method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, robustness and matrix interference. Calibration curves for both standard and matrix-matched solutions showed excellent linearity (R² &gt; 0.999). Limits of quantification were 25.16 µg L⁻¹ for Ca and 12.24 µg L⁻¹ for P. Spike recoveries ranged from 95% to 110%, confirming method accuracy. Because ICP-OES measures total elemental Ca and P after digestion, the method quantifies hydroxyapatite-equivalent content and does not distinguish nHA from other Ca/P-containing ingredients. Nonetheless, application to commercial toothpaste samples yielded results consistent with label claims, demonstrating the method’s suitability for quality control of hydroxyapatite-containing formulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01843-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147986018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel synthesized covalent organic framework and determination of its adsorption capacity for coumarin dyes","authors":"Emra Özden,&nbsp;Aybek Yiğit,&nbsp;Tuğba Bayraktutan","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01836-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01836-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using a solvothermal Schiff-base condensation technique, a novel nitrogen-rich covalent organic framework (COF_DFFT−PDKA) was created and its ability to adsorb coumarin-based dyes from aqueous solutions was assessed. FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM investigations verified the successful development of the crystalline and porous framework. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to conduct adsorption experiments of Coumarin 6, Coumarin 7, and Coumarin 30 under various pH, temperature, contact time, and metal-ion conditions. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models were used to examine the adsorption equilibrium data. The findings showed that while Coumarin 6 exhibited heterogeneous surface interactions consistent with the Freundlich model, adsorption of Coumarin 7 and Coumarin 30 followed the Langmuir model, indicating dominant monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities of COF_DFFT-PDKA for C6, C7, and C30 were 51.33, 826.45, and 362.32 mg/g, respectively. According to kinetic investigations, a pseudo-second-order model best described the adsorption process, suggesting a mechanism regulated by chemisorption. In the three dyes, the ΔG and ΔH values were negative, while the ΔS values were positive. This demonstrated that adsorption operates spontaneously and is exothermic in nature. COF_DFFT-PDKA has the potential to be an effective and selective adsorbent for wastewater treatment, as evidenced by its strong adsorption of Coumarin 7.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01836-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147986036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 145 dye from aqueous solutions using Cadmium selenide/bismuth molybdate nanocomposite","authors":"Parvin Gharbani,&nbsp;Ali Mehrizad,&nbsp;Sima Ghasemlou,&nbsp;Keith E. Taylor","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01820-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01820-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the research, the Cadmium selenide /bismuth molybdate (CdSe/ Bi₂MoO₆) nanocomposite was successfully prepared using a hydrothermal method and characterized. The effect of irradiation time, pH, initial RY145 concentration, and nanocomposite dosage on the removal performance of RY145 was investigated, and the results revealed that CdSe/Bi₂MoO₆ nanocomposite improved the photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 145(RY145) until 86% in the following conditions: [RY 145]0 = 20 mg/L, nanocomposite dosage = 200 mg/L, pH = 2; Vis. Light = 300 W; time = 60 min. Also, it was found that hydroxyl radicals (°OH) are the major scavenging agent in RY145 degradation and CdSe/Bi₂MoO₆ nanocomposite has excellent stability after 5 cycles. Ultimately, the CdSe/Bi₂MoO₆ nanocomposite can be used as a novel nanocomposite with a high potential for removing RY145 from aqueous solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13435895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147979979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability indicating HPLC method development and validation for the determination of organic impurities of cariprazine hydrochloride, their characterization by LC-MS and NMR techniques","authors":"Rajesh Kumar,&nbsp;Shailendra Kumar Dubey,&nbsp;Har Lal Singh,&nbsp;Amlan Kumar Das,&nbsp;Sarita Khaturia,&nbsp;Pankaj Kumar","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01838-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01838-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cariprazine hydrochloride is an antipsychotic drug used to treat diseases such as schizophrenia and acute mania in adults. Quality determination of the cariprazine drug molecule is a critical aspect to ensure maximum drug efficacy and to minimize side effects caused by unwanted substances commonly referred to as impurities, formed during manufacturing. Hence, this study aims to develop a chromatographic method for the determination of organic impurities present in cariprazine hydrochloride. A stability-indicating and robust method was developed using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analytical method involves the simple preparation of a mobile phase consisting of 0.2% orthophosphoric acid in HPLC grade water as mobile phase A, and acetonitrile as mobile phase B. Separation was achieved using a YMC Pack Pro C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm), with a step gradient at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection at λ_max 215 nm for the quantitation of organic impurities. The method is capable of detecting impurities at the 0.01% level and quantifying them at the 0.03% level with respect to the test concentration. It was found to be linear, accurate, and precise over the range from the LOQ to 200% of the specification limit of impurities. The method was specific to all degradation products formed during forced degradation studies, thereby demonstrating its stability-indicating nature. The mass balance was found to be within the tolerance limit of 95–105%. All impurities, including process-related and degradation products, were characterized using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data confirmed the structures of the impurities. Overall, the method is useful for determining the quality of cariprazine hydrochloride in quality control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01838-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147969344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green TLC-densitometric method for determination of cytarabine and granisetron in spiked human plasma: optimization and whiteness assessment","authors":"Salwa I. Tohamy,&nbsp;Eglal A. Abdelaleem,&nbsp;Adel Lashien,&nbsp;Mahmoud M. Amin,&nbsp;Nessreen S. Abdelhamid","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01821-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01821-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cytarabine (CYT) is a cornerstone in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is often co-administered with granisetron (GRS) to manage chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). A precise and sensitive thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of CYT and GRS in spiked human plasma samples. Chromatographic separation was achieved by using a developing system consisting of ethyl acetate, ethanol, and ammonia (3:6.8:0.2, by volume), and detection was performed at 240 nm. The method exhibited linearity over the concentration ranges of 0.5–3.0 µg/band for the pure samples and 0.5–3.3 µg/band in spiked plasma for the analytes. The proposed method was validated in accordance with the guidelines of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Its environmental sustainability was evaluated using the Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index, Analytical Greenness Calculator, and Multicolor Assessment Index, demonstrating strong performance with minor areas for improvement. Notably, this study presents the first green TLC method for the simultaneous determination of CYT and GRS in spiked human plasma, offering a valuable tool for therapeutic drug monitoring during chemotherapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13185277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147969368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}