BMC Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Spectrum meets sustainability: green-validated novel simultaneous assays of antimicrobial fixed dose combination.","authors":"Karin M Guirguis, Miranda F Kamal, Emad H Al-Dokhmaisy, Hoda G Daabees, Mohamed M Y Kaddah","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01790-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-026-01790-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sustainability, affordability and instant reproducible responses are urgently targeted for quality control of drug analyses. Synergistic antimicrobial combination of a cephalosporin and an antiprotozoal in a single pill, is much convenient and manoeuvrable. Earlier chromatographic attempts of mixture analysis are reported. Herein, the first green spectrophotometric assay of pharmaceutical formulation of two antibiotics is done simultaneously; Cefuroxime Axetil and Ornidazole. The fixed dose combination is determined without prior separation. Q-Absorbance Isosbestic point methodology, coupled with first derivative photometric analysis, are applied for drugs' assay in synthetic binary mixtures of different concentration ratios. Validation in regard to international council for harmonization is confirmed prior to methods' application to laboratory prepared tablets. Limits of quantitation reached down to 1.509 µg mL⁻¹ (CFUR-X at the isosbestic point), 2.094 µg mL⁻¹ (ORNI at the isosbestic point), and 2.364 µg mL⁻¹ (ORNI by first derivative). The proposed techniques, when compared statistically with the reported HPLC method, declared insignificant differences. As an environmental obligation, the proposed method's greenness was compared to the reported HPLC and HPTLC procedures using Analytical Eco-Scale and AGREE metrics. The first spectrophotometric simultaneous assay of CFUR-X and ORNI via isosbestic as well as ¹D shows higher greenness scores preceding the previous chromatographic ones, which assures ecofriendly, simple and applicable analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148896180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrophotometric determination of cefepime and enmetazobactam in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma using chemometric modeling, metaheuristic wavelength selection, and comprehensive sustainability assessment","authors":"Ahmed Farghaly,&nbsp;Lateefa A. Al-Khateeb,&nbsp;Belal Muneeb Kanaan,&nbsp;Galal Magdy,&nbsp;Moayad M. Khashoqji,&nbsp;Mahmoud A. Tantawy,&nbsp;Ahmed Emad F. Abbas","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01896-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01896-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The recently introduced cefepime–enmetazobactam (CEF–ENM) combination requires reliable analytical methods for pharmaceutical quality control and proof-of-concept bioanalytical evaluation. Existing methods are predominantly chromatographic and rely on large volumes of organic solvents, costly instrumentation, and high energy consumption. In this work, a UV spectrophotometric approach integrated with chemometric analysis was established for the simultaneous quantification of CEF and ENM in pharmaceutical formulations and processed post-extraction-fortified human plasma. Calibration samples were prepared according to the Brereton multilevel experimental design, whereas an independent external validation set was constructed using the Maximin Distance Design (MMD) algorithm. The analytical performance of six chemometric models (CLS, PCR, PLS, GA-PLS, FA-PLS, and MCR-ALS) was evaluated to resolve the severe spectral overlap between both analytes. Matrix-specific calibration models were developed for processed plasma samples. The developed models showed excellent analytical performance, with MCR-ALS providing the highest predictive accuracy and robustness. Sustainability was comparatively evaluated using the integrated Multi-color Assessment (MA) Tool together with complementary greenness metrics. The proposed method demonstrated superior overall sustainability compared with previously reported chromatographic methods while maintaining reliable quantitative performance. The proposed approach offers a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable alternative for routine pharmaceutical quality control and proof-of-concept evaluation in processed post-extraction-fortified human plasma. Further comprehensive bioanalytical validation is warranted to support routine clinical application.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01896-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148719804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of tungsten disulfide-graphene oxide nanocomposite","authors":"Riham M. A. El-Ghany,&nbsp;Mostafa Zedan,&nbsp;Gamal El-Ghannam,&nbsp;Walid Tawfik,&nbsp;Souad A. Elfeky","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01877-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01877-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as tungsten disulfide (WS₂) and graphene oxide (GO), have garnered significant attention. This is due to their unique physicochemical properties and potential applications in catalysis, electronics, and phototherapy. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of WS₂ nanosheets, GO nanosheets, and a novel WS₂-GO nanocomposite (NC). The NC was prepared via a simple wet-chemical method, which is low-cost and versatile, ensuring uniform dispersion and strong interfacial interactions between the WS₂ and GO nanosheets. Functional group identification was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), while structural and morphological analysis was done using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Additionally, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) verified a homogeneous elemental distribution. FT-IR spectra of the NC reveal characteristic bands for carboxyl, hydroxyl, and alkoxy groups from GO, as well as W-S and S-S vibrational modes from WS₂. XRD analysis confirms the crystalline nature of WS₂-GO NC, displaying the characteristic GO peak alongside distinct diffraction peaks corresponding to the hexagonal phase of WS₂, which verifies the successful formation of the hybrid. SEM and TEM imaging visually confirm the integration of WS₂ onto the wrinkled GO surface with minimal aggregation and high crystallinity, as supported by selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Furthermore, the WS₂-GO NC exhibits intensified ultraviolet absorption and broadened, quenched excitonic transitions in the visible range, indicating interfacial electronic coupling and efficient charge transfer. Together, these results demonstrate that the WS₂-GO NC retains the functional properties of both components, making it a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage, catalysis, and biomedical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01877-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous spectroscopic analysis of methocarbamol with its impurity guaifenesin: assessment of greenness, blueness and whiteness applying different sustainability tools","authors":"Maram Attia,&nbsp;Ghada M. Hadad,&nbsp;Randa A. Abdel Salam,&nbsp;Mary E. K. Wahba","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01823-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01823-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work introduces an eco-friendly spectrophotometric approach for the simultaneous quantification of methocarbamol (MET) and its impurity product guaifenesin (GUF), based on measuring the second derivative amplitudes of each drug in presence of the other, using zero-crossing technique. The second derivative amplitudes were measured at 208.0 nm and at 207.5 nm for MET and GUF, respectively. The proposed method showed good linearity over the concentration ranges of 1.0–110.0 and 1.0–90.0 µg/mL for MET and GUF, respectively with corresponding correlation coefficient of 0.9997 and 0.9999. The detection and quantitation limits for MET were found to be 0.021 and 0.064 µg/mL, respectively, while GUF corresponding values were 0.013 and 0.041 µg/mL. The method was successfully applied for determining MET and GUF in its dosage forms with high selectivity. The developed method produced comparable results to those obtained by the published reference methods in terms of precision and accuracy. A comprehensive assessment was carried out to evaluate the suggested method’s economic feasibility, practicality, and environmental sustainability compared to previously reported techniques. This comprehensive assessment leveraged several state-of-the-art tools, including the analytical Eco-scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), Multi-Color Assessment, Analytical Green Star Area (AGSA) and Blueness Assessment Graphical Index tools. The suggested approach exhibited favorable quadrant profiles in GAPI assessment, along with higher AGREE, AGSA and Eco-scale scores, all of which confirmed their eco-friendliness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01823-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal transformation of MIL-53(Fe)/GO into EMI shielding materials","authors":"Mohamed E. Elmowafy,&nbsp;Ramy Sadek,&nbsp;Mahmoud Zorainy,&nbsp;Osama Abuzalat,&nbsp;Ahmad Baraka,&nbsp;Mohamed F. Hagag,&nbsp;Hesham Tantawy","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01850-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01850-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pyrolysis process parameters were systematically investigated to develop a highly effective EMI shielding composite. By evaluating the key synthesis conditions of pyrolysis temperatures (350 °C, 450 °C, and 550 °C) and durations (0.5 h, 1 h and 2 h), a significant structural transformations and degradation were observed. Optimal conditions were identified at 450℃ for 1 h under an inert argon atmosphere. Under these conditions, enhanced graphitization occurred via the in-situ reduction of GO, alongside the partial degradation of MIL-53(Fe) structure into γ-Fe₂O₃, yielding a ternary composite structure. This optimized composite achieved a total shielding effectiveness (SE_T) of 43 dB, with absorption shielding efficiency (SE_A) of 40 dB and minimal wave reflection (SE_R) of 2.9 dB. The synergistic properties of this ternary composite make it a promising candidate for a wide range of EMI shielding applications. Its combined dielectric and magnetic characteristics offer a lightweight, efficient, and robust material for effective electromagnetic wave attenuation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01850-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148628549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of TiO2 and graphene oxide enhancement of the removal of methylene blue dye using PVA/PEO hydrogels synthesized by gamma irradiation","authors":"Mai M. Mohamed,&nbsp;Asmaa Sayed,&nbsp;Dalia E. Hegazy","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01837-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01837-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water pollution from industrial effluents, particularly textile dyes, represents a significant environmental challenge. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyethylene oxide (PEO)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) hydrogels were synthesized via gamma irradiation (30 kGy) and modified with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to enhance methylene blue (MB) dye removal. Comprehensive characterization using FTIR, XRD, AFM, SEM, and TGA confirmed the successful incorporation of the nanofillers and their influence on the structural and physicochemical properties of the hydrogels. The addition of TiO₂ and GO significantly improved the gel fraction from 65% (neat hydrogel) to 99% and 98%, respectively. Swelling behavior showed a pH-dependent response, with maximum swelling observed at pH 10 after 24 h, following the order: PVA/PEO/PAAc &lt; PVA/PEO/PAAc/TiO₂ &lt; PVA/PEO/PAAc/GO. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted under controlled conditions (pH 10, adsorbent dosage 0.1 g, initial MB concentration 20 mg/L, and contact time 24 h). The removal efficiencies reached 64%, 98%, and ~ 100% for PVA/PEO/PAAc, PVA/PEO/PAAc/TiO₂, and PVA/PEO/PAAc/GO, respectively. Adsorption kinetics were better described by the pseudo-first-order model, indicating that physisorption plays a dominant role in the rate-controlling step. Isotherm analysis showed good agreement with the Langmuir model, suggesting predominantly monolayer adsorption on relatively homogeneous surfaces. Overall, both TiO₂- and GO-reinforced hydrogels exhibited enhanced adsorption performance compared to the neat hydrogel. The superior performance of GO-based hydrogels is attributed to their higher surface area and abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups, which facilitate dye–adsorbent interactions. These findings demonstrate the potential of radiation-synthesized nanocomposite hydrogels as efficient materials for dye removal, while further studies are required to evaluate their performance under realistic wastewater conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01837-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148597462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic and isotherm evaluation of xanthene triphenylmethane dye mixture adsorption on cobalt doped coconut husk encapsulated biochar","authors":"Ajay Khajuria,&nbsp;Vatsala Anand,&nbsp;Sandeep Kumar,&nbsp;Ravinder Singh,&nbsp;Chirag Mehta","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01818-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01818-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water is an essential resource, but its quality is increasingly threatened by industrial activities. Textile industries are major contributors to water pollution due to the discharge of untreated synthetic dye effluents into water bodies. In this study, cobalt-doped coconut husk biochar (Co@CHBc) was synthesized by pyrolysis method at 600 °C. The manufactured material was characterized by FESEM, Mapping, EDX, FTIR, BET and XRD. The maximum removal of mixture of cationic dyes such as Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) and Malachite Green (MG) is observed at pH 8, contact time of 60 min, 20 mg/L of mixture of dye concentration, 600 mg of Co@CHBc dosage and at room temperature. The Kinetics data is best fitted with the Pseudo Second Order (PSO) having regression coefficients (R²) of 0.996. The isotherm data is perfectly match with Langmuir Isotherm having R² of 0.9989. The adsorption capacity of the Co@CHBc was determined to be 31.74 mg/g. Thermodynamics study studies shows that the adsorption is exothermic for the mixture of cationic dyes. The reusability and regeneration studies were performed to check the capability of the Co@CHBc. A comparison studies of Co@CHBc is performed with different dyes such as Erichrome Black T (EBT), Methylene Blue (MB), Congo Red (CR), Methyl Orange (MO) and Crystal Violet (CV). Based on the models a purposed mechanism is designed between mixture of cationic dyes and Co@CHBc. The results indicate that cobalt-doped biochar is a low-cost and sustainable material with strong potential for wastewater treatment applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01818-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148817096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive enhancement of biodegradability and antibacterial performance in thermoplastic starch/chitosan films incorporating oregano essential oil and silver-zinc oxide nanoparticles.","authors":"Zahra Sayyar, Hadi Hajikhodazadeh, Mahsa Khadem Sadigh, Zahra Hosseini","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01884-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-026-01884-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a novel thermoplastic starch-chitosan composite film, enhanced with oregano essential oil and silver-zinc oxide (Ag-ZnO: 1%) nanoparticles, designed to overcome the limitations of conventional biopolymer packaging. The synergistic combination of these additives significantly improved mechanical strength (tensile strength: 72.86 to 98.72 MPa), stiffness (Young's modulus), and reduced water uptake by up to 25% compared to unmodified controls. Rigorous biodegradation tests under UV, soil, and aqueous conditions demonstrated accelerated environmental breakdown, with up to 39.53% weight loss after one month under UV exposure. Antimicrobial assays showed inhibitory activity against the tested microorganisms, with inhibition zones of 42 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and 33 mm against Escherichia coli. These results highlight the multifunctional advantages of integrating biopolymers, essential oils, and nanometallic agents, and support a rational strategy for developing sustainable food-packaging materials with improved physical, degradative, and antimicrobial performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148468286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of ZnxNi1−xFe2O4/TiO2 nanocomposite for thymol blue dye removal","authors":"Christen Tharwat,&nbsp;Omar A. Fouad,&nbsp;E. Girgis,&nbsp;Gehad G. Mohamed,&nbsp;Mohamed M. S. Wahsh","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01834-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01834-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hazardous organic pollutants, especially synthetic dyes, have been released into aquatic ecosystems more quickly as a result of rapid industrialization, posing serious dangers to the environment and public health. To cure harmful dyes, we created new nanocomposites alloys with different concentrations in this way using co-precipitate technique. Zn_xNi_1−xFe₂O₄ prepared using a modified template free technique showed an excellent dye removal efficiency of Thymol blue. Nanocomposites as Zn_xNi_1−xFe₂O₄, and TiO₂; long used in dye removal purposes, have problems in their recyclability and production cost on large scale. However, we overcame these problems through the prepared nanocomposite, thus allowing low cost, controlled synthesis of these nanomaterials. In order to better understand the ability of Zn_xNi_1−xFe₂O₄/TiO₂ (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method to photodegrade Thymol Blue dye, a systematic analysis of their structural, micro-structural, surface area, hydrophilicity, and magnetic properties was conducted. The prepared Ni_xZn_1−xFe₂O₄ &amp; Ni_xZn_1−xFe₂O₄/TiO₂ were successfully examined using XRD, AFM, TEM, BET, hydrophilicity, VSM, and UV–Vis spectrometry. At optimum conditions, the fabricated Zn_xNi_1−xFe₂O₄/TiO₂ nanocomposite was efficient for degrading thymol blue dye in aqueous media; the percentage degradation was obtained up to 70% within 120 min. just for Zn_0.8Ni_0.2Fe₂O₄/TiO₂. The results demonstrate a regulated, inexpensive synthesis pathway for high-performance nanomaterials with excellent recyclability, providing a scalable industrial wastewater treatment option.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01834-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenness, blueness, and whiteness profiles of HPTLC method for the simultaneous assay of tenofovir and emtricitabine in fixed-dose combination dosage forms.","authors":"Prawez Alam, Faiyaz Shakeel, Mohammed H Alqarni, Ahmed I Foudah, Tariq M Aljarba, Akil Ahmad, Wadah Osman","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01875-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-026-01875-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The literature does not have any sustainable high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) methods for concurrently identifying tenofovir (TEN) and emtricitabine (ECT). Therefore, the proposed study develops and verifies a sustainable reverse-phase HPTLC methodology for determining TEN and ECT concurrently in their fixed-dose combination (FDC) products. The wavelength at which TEN and ECT were simultaneously identified was 255 nm. A 70:30 v/v binary mixture of ethanol and water served as the green development system. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, robustness, sensitivity, and specificity according to ICH guidelines. The validated method was applied for the simultaneous determination of TEN and ECT in commercial FDC tablets. The method's greenness, blueness, and whiteness profiles were evaluated using eight different tools: \"the analytical eco-scale (AES), chloroform toxicity (ChlorTox), analytical GREEnness (AGREE), modified green analytical procedure index (MoGAPI), complex MoGAPI, blue applicability grade index (BAGI), carbon footprint reduction index (CaFRI), and click analytical chemistry index (CACI)\". For both medications, the devised technique was linear in the range of 25-1000 ng/band. In addition, the created approach was proven to be accurate (% recoveries = 99.12-100.70 for TEN and 100.57-101.83 for ECT), precise (% RSD = 0.85-0.99 for TEN and 0.88-0.97 for ECT), sensitive (LOD = 8.50 ng/band for TEN and 8.39 ng/band for ECT, LOQ = 25.51 ng/band for TEN and 25.19 ng/band for ECT), and robust (% RSD = 0.82-0.86 for TEN and 0.94-0.99 for ECT). Using the current method, the amount of TEN in commercial FDC tablet brands A and B was 98.58 ± 1.21% and 101.13 ± 1.30%, respectively. The amount of ECT in FDC brands A and B was 99.82 ± 1.29 and 100.64 ± 1.37%, respectively. The findings of all the greenness, blueness, and whitening tools, such as AES (93), ChlorTox (0.72 g), AGREE (0.77), MoGAPI (85), complex MoGAPI (90), BAGI (85), CaFRI (89), and CACI (87), demonstrated that the current method had the notably sustainable profiles. The greenness parameters of present method were better than reported HPTLC approaches. The findings of the study suggested that the recommended method may be applied to precisely evaluate TEN and ECT in commercial formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}