BMC Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Unlocking delafloxacin fluorescence with 9-fluorenyl methyl chloroformate: A sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for pharmaceutical and plasma analysis with greenness and whiteness assessment","authors":"Hany A. Batakoushy,&nbsp;Galal Magdy,&nbsp;Anmar Anwar Khan,&nbsp;Rehab H. Elattar,&nbsp;Mai A. El-Didamoony","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01951-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01951-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>A highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of delafloxacin based on fluorescence derivatization with 9-fluorenyl methyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl). The derivatization reaction was performed at room temperature in borate buffer (pH 8.0), producing a strongly fluorescent derivative suitable for sensitive quantitative analysis.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The formed fluorescent derivative exhibited maximum excitation and emission wavelengths at 264 and 314 nm, respectively. We systematically investigated and optimized experimental parameters affecting the derivatization reaction and fluorescence response. The proposed method showed good linearity over the concentration range of 5.0–100.0 ng mL⁻¹, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9994. The limits of detection and quantification were 1.25 and 3.81 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The method demonstrated satisfactory accuracy and precision, with a mean recovery of 101.43% ± 0.64. The applicability of the method was successfully confirmed through the determination of delafloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and spiked human plasma samples. Statistical comparison with a reported reference method showed no significant difference between the results. The environmental performance of the proposed method was additionally assessed using the Carbon Footprint Reduction Index (CaFRI) and White Analytical Chemistry Evaluation (WECA), demonstrating favorable analytical and environmental characteristics.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The proposed fluorescence derivatization method provides a sensitive, precise, and accurate approach for determining delafloxacin in pharmaceutical and spiked plasma. Its favorable analytical performance and environmental assessment support its potential application in routine pharmaceutical quality control and bioanalytical investigations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13715124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149284587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-sustainable organic solvent-free spectrophotometric method for the concurrent determination of a ternary pharmaceutical mixture","authors":"Abdallah M. Hamdy,&nbsp;Esraa M. Meselhy,&nbsp;Magda M. El Henawee,&nbsp;Hisham Hashem,&nbsp;Hany Ibrahim","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01903-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01903-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, green analytical chemistry has become essential in pharmaceutical research, aiming to mitigate environmental hazards associated with conventional analytical practices. The current focus lies in optimizing analytical methods to achieve both environmental and economic sustainability. In this framework, three environmentally sustainable spectrophotometric methods were developed for simultaneous analysis of three co-formulated drugs: acetaminophen, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, which are often used to alleviate symptoms associated with COVID-19. The employed spectrophotometric methodologies include the double divisor-ratio spectra derivative method, the mean centering of double divisor ratio spectra method, and the dual wavelength in ratio spectrum method. The innovative techniques displayed good linearity within 25–350 µg/mL for dextromethorphan hydrobromide, 2–24 µg/mL for acetaminophen, and 100–1400 µg/mL for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The environmental sustainability of the proposed methods was evaluated using the Analytical Eco-Scale, analytical greenness metric, and the Green Analytical Procedure Index. Furthermore, complementary evaluations of blueness and whiteness were conducted through the Blue Applicability Grade Index and the Red Green Blue 12 metric, respectively. The collective outcomes of all evaluation metrics clearly demonstrated that the proposed methods possess enhanced environmental compatibility and sustainability relative to the existing techniques. The proposed methods were fully validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization recommendations. The developed methods offered a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach for concurrent determination of acetaminophen, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in their bulk substances, and pharmaceutical formulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01903-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149234511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Integrating analytical quality by design into bioanalytical method development: an HPLC-FLD method for quantification of alectinib in biological matrix","authors":"Eun Ji Lee,&nbsp;Nahyun Koo,&nbsp;Min Ju Kim,&nbsp;Kyeong-Ryoon Lee,&nbsp;Yoon-Jee Chae","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01938-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01938-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01938-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pomegranate peel-derived Cu/hydrochar nanocomposites: a sustainable catalyst for biodiesel production via oleic acid esterification","authors":"Amal A. Alkahlawy,&nbsp;Delvin Aman,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Galhoum,&nbsp;Tamer Zaki","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01885-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01885-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Transforming pomegranate peel waste into a biodiesel catalyst advances waste-to-resource circularity. A facile hydrothermal carbothermal reduction method was used to synthesize copper-decorated hydrochar nanocomposites derived from peel bio-waste and CuSO₄, with Cu(II) concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 mmol/L (denoted as Cu10/HC, Cu25/HC, and Cu50/HC, respectively). The physicochemical properties of the nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET, XPS, SEM-EDX, and NH₃-TPD, and their catalytic performance was evaluated for biodiesel production via the esterification of oleic acid (OA) with ethanol. Structural analysis confirmed highly pure, crystalline zero-valent copper (Cu⁰) with an FCC nanostructure and spherical morphology (average size ~ 25–63 nm), well-dispersed throughout the hydrochar-derived carbon matrix. XPS verified oxygen functionalities (–COO⁻, &gt; C = O, C–OH) alongside Cu⁰ on the nanocomposite surfaces. Moreover, textural analysis revealed that Cu25/HC exhibited the highest surface area (29.6 m²/g) and pore volume (0.099 cm³/g), whereas Cu50/HC showed reduced porosity but introduced significant acidity (54.9 µmol/g, according to NH₃-TPD). Catalytic efficiency increased with higher Cu dispersion density (Cu atoms/nm²; R² =0.996): Cu50/HC achieved the best performance (97.4% conversion), followed by Cu25/HC (96.6%) and Cu10/HC (96.0%), outperforming bulk Cu content and BET surface area. Under optimal conditions (70 °C, 5 h, 1.0 wt% catalyst relative to OA, and an ethanol/OA molar ratio of 15:1) the Cu50/HC catalyst attained complete OA conversion. Thermodynamic parameters were determined and indicated an endergonic and thermodynamically non-spontaneous reaction. Notably, the catalyst retained 97.1% of its initial activity after six consecutive cycles, demonstrating excellent operational stability, as confirmed by the FTIR, XRD, and Cu content. These findings position the Cu50/HC nanocomposite as a cost-effective, sustainable, and efficient catalyst for biodiesel production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01885-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green ratio-manipulating spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of empagliflozin and sitagliptin in pharmaceutical formulations","authors":"Ahmad A. A. Mohamad,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Almrasy,&nbsp;Ahmed H. Abdelazim,&nbsp;Ahmed S. Taha","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01935-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01935-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Empagliflozin (EMP) and sitagliptin (SIT) are antidiabetic agents with complementary mechanisms of action and are frequently formulated as fixed-dose combinations. However, their substantially overlapping ultraviolet absorption spectra limit the applicability of direct spectrophotometric determination in combined dosage forms.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study aimed to develop and validate simple, rapid, and low-solvent-consumption ratio-manipulating spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of EMP and SIT in combined pharmaceutical formulations, and to assess their analytical, environmental, and practical performance.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Two mathematical spectrophotometric approaches, ratio difference (RD) and first-derivative ratio spectrophotometry (1DD), were developed. In the RD method, EMP was quantified using the amplitude difference between 230 and 285 nm, whereas SIT was determined from the amplitude difference between 257 and 209 nm. In the 1DD method, the first derivative of the ratio spectra was measured at 239 nm for EMP and 250 nm for SIT, using Δλ = 8 nm and a scaling factor of 80. The methods were validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, robustness, and sensitivity. Their environmental and practical profiles were assessed using the Carbon Footprint Reduction Index (CaFRI), Complex Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (ComplexMoGAPI), Click Analytical Chemistry Index (CACI), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and Whiteness Evaluation for Chemical Analysis (WECA) tools.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Both methods were linear over concentration ranges of 2–25 µg/mL for EMP and 5–100 µg/mL for SIT. For the RD method, the LOD values were 0.326 and 0.419 µg/mL, and the LOQ values were 0.978 and 1.257 µg/mL for EMP and SIT, respectively. For the 1DD method, the corresponding LOD values were 0.324 and 0.423 µg/mL, while LOQ values were 0.972 and 1.269 µg/mL for EMP and SIT, respectively. Mean recoveries ranged from 99.18% to 100.11%, with repeatability and intermediate-precision %RSD values not exceeding 0.761% and 0.979%, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied to commercial combined tablets, using ethanol as the analytical solvent. Student’s t- and F-tests revealed no significant difference between the proposed and reported methods at the 95% confidence level.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The developed RD and 1DD methods provide rapid, separation-free, and reliable alternatives for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of EMP and SIT. Their use of ethanol, minimal sample preparation, low solvent consumption, and favorable analytical, environmental, and practical profiles support their suitability for routine pharmaceutical quality-control analysis, particularly in laboratories with limited chromatographic resources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13632342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance PVDF ultrafiltration membranes modified with ZIF-8@g-C₃N₄ nanohybrids for enhanced humic acid removal and antifouling performance","authors":"Ayman K. El-Sawaf,&nbsp;Amal A. Nassar,&nbsp;A. Taha,&nbsp;Mahmoud F. Mubarak","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01932-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01932-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, a novel metal–organic framework (MOF) hybrid, referred to as ZGCN (ZIF-8@g-C₃N₄), was incorporated into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based ultrafiltration membranes fabricated via the phase inversion method. The ZGCN nanohybrid was synthesized through a two-step process: first, g-C₃N₄ was prepared by thermally condensing melamine at 550 °C, followed by the in situ growth of ZIF-8 nanocrystals on the g-C₃N₄ sheets under solvothermal conditions. The ZGCN nanoparticles were then dispersed in a 15 wt% PVDF casting solution and cast into asymmetric membranes using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. Comprehensive characterization including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the incorporation and properties of the hybrid. The BET surface area of ZGCN reached 987 m²/g, indicating high porosity. SEM images showed a well-dispersed ZGCN phase within the membrane matrix and an enhanced pore structure. The modified membranes exhibited an initial pure water flux of 318.5 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ (LMH), stabilizing at 172.8 LMH after 4 h of humic acid (HA) filtration at 2 bar, with a separation efficiency of 91.6%. In comparison, pristine PVDF membranes showed a lower initial flux of 201.3 LMH and HA rejection of only 76.4% under the same conditions. Moreover, the ZGCN-PVDF membranes demonstrated superior antifouling performance, with a flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 89.2%. These results highlight the synergistic effect of the MOF hybrid in enhancing membrane permeability, selectivity, and fouling resistance, offering a promising approach for environmentally friendly water purification applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13617897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holistically benchmarked optimization-assisted green spectrophotometric–chemometric approach for simultaneous determination of piroxicam and venlafaxine in pharmaceutical formulations and spiked human plasma","authors":"Bshra A. Alsfouk,&nbsp;Lateefa A. Al-Khatee,&nbsp;Omkulthom Al kamaly,&nbsp;Mahmoud A. Tantawy,&nbsp;Moayad M. Khashoqji,&nbsp;Michael K. Halim,&nbsp;Sona S. Barghash,&nbsp;Ahmed Emad F. Abbas","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01929-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01929-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The recent clinical introduction of the piroxicam (PIR) and venlafaxine hydrochloride (VEN) combination has highlighted the need for analytical methodologies capable of simultaneously quantifying both drugs while minimizing the environmental burden of routine pharmaceutical analysis. To date, only a chromatographic method has been reported for this purpose, which is associated with relatively high organic solvent consumption, greater instrumental complexity, and increased energy requirements. A green UV spectrophotometric platform integrated with chemometric modeling was therefore established for the concurrent determination of PIR and VEN in pharmaceutical formulations and as a proof-of-concept application to spiked human plasma. Spectral measurements were performed using a water–ethanol (1:1, v/v) solvent system, whereas methanol was employed solely for plasma protein precipitation. Experimental design efficiency was enhanced by combining Brereton’s multilevel calibration design with a Maximin Distance Design (MMD) for validation sample selection, enabling representative calibration and validation datasets to be generated with a reduced number of experimental mixtures. Severe spectral overlap between the two analytes was effectively resolved using six well-established chemometric approaches: CLS, PCR, PLS, GA-PLS, FA-PLS, and MCR-ALS. Among the investigated models, MCR-ALS showed the best overall numerical performance, achieving correlation coefficients of up to 0.9998 for pharmaceutical formulations and 0.9996 for spiked human plasma. The corresponding limits of detection were 0.125 and 0.029 µg mL⁻¹ for VEN and PIR, respectively, in pharmaceutical formulations, and 0.245 and 0.058 µg mL⁻¹ in spiked human plasma. Across the investigated concentration ranges, the proposed method also exhibited satisfactory accuracy and precision. The sustainability performance of the analytical platform was evaluated using multiple complementary metrics, with the pharmaceutical assay compared with the previously reported chromatographic procedure according to the evaluated criteria. The proposed pharmaceutical spectrophotometric assay showed a more favorable sustainability profile according to the evaluated criteria, including environmental and practical applicability dimensions. The application to spiked human plasma provided a proof-of-concept assessment of matrix applicability. Nevertheless, additional investigations involving incurred clinical specimens and full bioanalytical validation are required before the methodology can be considered suitable for routine clinical practice or pharmacokinetic studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01929-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149035184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green chiral HPLC method on a polysaccharide column under hydro-organic conditions for the determination of Levobupivacaine, Ropivacaine, and their enantiomeric impurities","authors":"Nehal G. Sedki,&nbsp;Ahmed S. Fayed,&nbsp;Nahla N. Salama,&nbsp;Maha A. Hegazy","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01870-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01870-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel, rapid, green, and enantioselective HPLC method was developed and validated using a polysaccharide-based chiral column for the individual determination of Levobupivacaine and S (–) Ropivacaine together with their respective chiral impurities (R (+) Bupivacaine and R (+) Ropivacaine). The separation was optimized on a Chiralpak AD column under hydro-organic conditions using an isocratic mobile phase of isopropanol and water (85:15, v/v) at flow rate 0.5 mL/min, with UV detection at 220 nm. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and assessed for environmental impact using NEMI, Analytical Eco-Scale, GAPI, and AGREE tools. Baseline separation of each enantiomer pair was achieved within 8 min. Good linearity (R² &gt; 0.999) was exhibited over 20–200 μg/mL for the S-enantiomers and 2 – 20 μg/mL for the R-enantiomers. Precision (RSD &lt; 1.36%) and accuracy (recoveries 99.4–100.7%) were satisfactory. Detection and quantitation limits for the chiral impurities were &lt; 0.7 μg/mL and &lt; 2.1 μg/mL, respectively. Thermodynamic studies indicated an enthalpy-driven enantioseparation involving hydrogen bonding, π–π interactions, and steric hindrance. The greenness assessment confirmed a superior environmental profile compared to literature methods, with an Eco-Scale score of 92 and AGREE score of 0.70. To our knowledge, the developed method is the first application of hydro-organic conditions on a polysaccharide column for these local anesthetics, offering a rapid, selective, and sustainable alternative to traditional modes used in chiral LC methods. Its simplicity and robustness make it well suited for routine quality control applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01870-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149035183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A green square-wave voltammetric method for albendazole determination at a glassy carbon electrode: first use of ethanol as an environmentally friendly solvent","authors":"Ümran Sofu,&nbsp;Sude Telli,&nbsp;Zehra Üstün,&nbsp;Ebru Çubuk Demiralay","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01918-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01918-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A simple, sensitive square-wave voltammetric method was developed for the determination of albendazole at an unmodified glassy carbon electrode, employing ethanol for the first time as a green co-solvent in the electroanalytical assay of this compound. Optimum conditions were established as Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 2.0) containing 20% (v/v) ethanol. The oxidation of albendazole was found to be a diffusion-controlled, proton-coupled electron transfer process, based on scan rate studies. Under optimized conditions, the peak current increased linearly with albendazole concentration over the range 0.06–20 µM, with a detection limit of 21.3 nM. The method was validated according to ICH Q2(R2) guidelines and successfully applied to the determination of albendazole in a commercial tablet formulation, giving satisfactory recovery, precision, and accuracy. The developed method demonstrated good selectivity with a tolerance limit of ±2.52% in the presence of potential interfering agents commonly found in human body fluids and pharmaceutical formulations. The suitability of the developed method for green and white analytical chemistry approaches was evaluated using various tools. This study is the first to report the qualitative and quantitative determination of albendazole within an environmentally friendly analytical framework, using potentially non-toxic solvents and energy and reducing waste generation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01918-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug-delivery oriented solubility enhancement of curcumin in choline chloride-based acidic deep eutectic solvents: thermodynamic analysis and MCF-7 cytotoxicity assessment","authors":"Mohammad Khorsandi,&nbsp;Hemayat Shekaari,&nbsp;Parisa Akbarzadeh Gondoghdi,&nbsp;Soheil Abbaspour-Ravasjani,&nbsp;Hamed Hamishehkar","doi":"10.1186/s13065-026-01921-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13065-026-01921-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Curcumin is a bioactive compound with well-established chemopreventive and anticancer properties, but its pharmaceutical application is limited by extremely low aqueous solubility and poor formulation-dependent bioavailability. In this study, three choline chloride-based acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADESs), namely choline chloride/propionic acid (ChCl/Pro), choline chloride/acetic acid (ChCl/Ace), and choline chloride/lactic acid (ChCl/Lac), were systematically evaluated as solubilizing media for curcumin. The mole fraction solubility of curcumin was determined in aqueous ADES mixtures over 298.15–313.15 K at different ADES mass fractions. In all systems, solubility increased with both temperature and ADES content, and the overall solubilization efficiency followed the order ChCl/Pro &gt; ChCl/Ace &gt; ChCl/Lac. The highest solubility was obtained in neat ChCl/Pro at 313.15 K, where the mole fraction solubility reached 2.237 × 10^–2, corresponding to an enhancement of more than 100,000-fold relative to water. The experimental data were correlated using the Jouyban-Acree, e-NRTL, and UNIQUAC models, with the Jouyban-Acree model showing the best overall performance. Thermodynamic analysis based on van't Hoff and Gibbs equations indicated that curcumin dissolution in the ADES-containing media is endothermic and predominantly enthalpy-driven. In vitro MTT assays on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity for the curcumin-loaded ADES systems, with IC50 values of 0.34 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, and 0.42 ± 0.02 mg L⁻¹ for ChCl/Lac, ChCl/Pro, and ChCl/Ace, respectively. Overall, choline chloride-based acidic DESs, particularly ChCl/Pro, markedly improve the solubility of curcumin and provide a promising solubilizing media for curcumin that may serve as a basis for further pharmaceutical formulation development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":496,"journal":{"name":"BMC Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13065-026-01921-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}