Facile synthesis and characterization of nanorods Pb-MOF for toxic rodenticide detection.

Abstract

One of the most powerful anticoagulant rodenticides is bromadiolone and its detection is essential because of its extensive application and possible environmental and health risks. Bromadiolone is a highly potent second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide that poses significant risks to both human health and the environment. Due to its high toxicity, even low levels of exposure can lead to severe poisoning in non-target species, including pets, wildlife, and humans. Furthermore, bromadiolone is known for its environmental persistence, accumulating in ecosystems and entering food chains. Therefore, the sensitive and accurate detection of bromadiolone residues is essential for monitoring contamination, ensuring public safety and guiding appropriate regulatory measures. Effective detection methods play a vital role in minimizing accidental poisoning, assessing environmental impact, and supporting forensic investigations related to toxic exposure incidents. This study presents the preparation and characterization of lead organic frameworks (Pb-MOFs) designed for the selective and sensitive detection of bromadiolone. Utilizing a combination of transition metals and organic linkers, we developed a series of MOFs with tailored pore sizes and functional groups to enhance their interaction with bromadiolone molecules. The synthesized MOFs were characterized through multiple techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, to verify their crystalline structure, morphology, functional groups, surface area, and pore size. The surface area was determined to be 1304.27 m² g^- 1 according to the BET analysis. With an average pore size of 4.61 nm, the calculated total pore volume was 2.13 cm³g^- 1. An important step forward in chemical research is the utilization of the produced Pb-MOF in the electrochemical detection of the powerful anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone. We incorporated lead ions into the MOF structure to enhance its electrochemical sensitivity, enabling high detection of bromadiolone..