Rad Ghannadzadeh Kermani Pour, Sara Kamali Zounouzi, Melina Farshbafnadi, Nima Rezaei
{"title":"The interplay between gut microbiota composition and dementia.","authors":"Rad Ghannadzadeh Kermani Pour, Sara Kamali Zounouzi, Melina Farshbafnadi, Nima Rezaei","doi":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0113","DOIUrl":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, researchers have been interested in the potential connection between gut microbiota composition and various neuropsychological disorders. Dementia significantly affects the socioeconomics of families. Gut microbiota is considered as a probable factor in its pathogenesis. Multiple bacterial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, and various neurotransmitters that are responsible for the incidence and progression of dementia can be produced by gut microbiota. Various bacterial species such as <i>Bifidobacterium breve</i>, <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i>, <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Blautia hydrogenotrophica</i>, etc. are implicated in the pathogenesis of dementia. Gut microbiota can be a great target for imitating or inhibiting their metabolites as an adjunctive therapy based on their role in its pathogenesis. Therefore, some diets can prevent or decelerate dementia by altering the gut microbiota composition. Moreover, probiotics can modulate gut microbiota composition by increasing beneficial bacteria and reducing detrimental species. These therapeutic modalities are considered novel methods that are probably safe and effective. They can enhance the efficacy of traditional medications and improve cognitive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":49623,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in the Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"519-535"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143015175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hailiang Cui, Zhonghua Li, Hongyu Sun, Wanlin Zhao, He Ma, Li Hao, Zhenqiang Zhang, Christian Hölscher, Dongrui Ma, Zijuan Zhang
{"title":"The neuroprotective effects of cholecystokinin in the brain: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cognition, and synaptic plasticity.","authors":"Hailiang Cui, Zhonghua Li, Hongyu Sun, Wanlin Zhao, He Ma, Li Hao, Zhenqiang Zhang, Christian Hölscher, Dongrui Ma, Zijuan Zhang","doi":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0142","DOIUrl":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major neuropeptide in the brain that functions as a neurotransmitter, hormone, and growth factor. The peptide and its receptors are widely expressed in the brain. CCK signaling modulates synaptic plasticity and can improve or impair memory formation, depending on the brain areas studies and the receptor subtype activated. Studies have shown in a series of animal models of neurodegenerative diseases that CCK receptor agonists show neuroprotective effects and can effectively alleviate oxidative stress, alleviate chronic inflammation of the central nervous system, improve neuronal synaptic plasticity, prevent neuronal loss, and improve cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice and motor activity in animal models of Parkinson's disease. In addition, CCK plays important roles in the amygdala to regulate anxiety and depressive states. Activation of interneurons or inhibition of excitatory neurons can improve anxiety levels. This review summarizes the effects on memory formation and synaptic plasticity, the neuroprotective effects of cholecystokinin and its analogs in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson's disease, and the effects on anxiety and neuronal activity in the amygdala.</p>","PeriodicalId":49623,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in the Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"339-350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143015176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nooshin Goudarzi, Zahra Taheri, Amir Mohammad Nezhad Salari, Kimia Kazemzadeh, Abbas Tafakhori
{"title":"Recognition and classification of facial expression using artificial intelligence as a key of early detection in neurological disorders.","authors":"Nooshin Goudarzi, Zahra Taheri, Amir Mohammad Nezhad Salari, Kimia Kazemzadeh, Abbas Tafakhori","doi":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0125","DOIUrl":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recognition and classification of facial expressions using artificial intelligence (AI) presents a promising avenue for early detection and monitoring of neurodegenerative disorders. This narrative review critically examines the current state of AI-driven facial expression analysis in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. We discuss the potential of AI techniques, including deep learning and computer vision, to accurately interpret and categorize subtle changes in facial expressions associated with these pathological conditions. Furthermore, we explore the role of facial expression recognition as a noninvasive, cost-effective tool for screening, disease progression tracking, and personalized intervention in neurodegenerative disorders. The review also addresses the challenges, ethical considerations, and future prospects of integrating AI-based facial expression analysis into clinical practice for early intervention and improved quality of life for individuals at risk of or affected by neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":49623,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in the Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"479-495"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143015174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faezeh Firuzpour, Kiarash Saleki, Cena Aram, Nima Rezaei
{"title":"Nanocarriers in glioblastoma treatment: a neuroimmunological perspective.","authors":"Faezeh Firuzpour, Kiarash Saleki, Cena Aram, Nima Rezaei","doi":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0097","DOIUrl":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most fatal brain tumor with a poor prognosis with current treatments, mainly because of intrinsic resistance processes. GBM is also referred to as grade 4 astrocytoma, that makes up about 15.4 % of brain cancers globally as well as 60-75 % of astrocytoma. The most prevalent therapeutic choices for GBM comprise surgery in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, providing patients with an average survival of 6-14 months. Nanocarriers provide various benefits such as enhanced drug solubility, biocompatibility, targeted activity, as well as minimized side effects. In addition, GBM treatment comes with several challenges such as the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), overexpressed efflux pumps, infiltration, invasion, drug resistance, as well as immune escape due to tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer stem cells (CSC). Recent research has focused on nanocarriers due to their ability to self-assemble, improve bioavailability, provide controlled release, and penetrate the BBB. These nano-based components could potentially enhance drug accumulation in brain tumor tissues and reduce systemic toxicity, making them a compelling solution for GBM therapy. This review captures the complexities associated with multi-functional nano drug delivery systems (NDDS) in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and targeting cancer cells. In addition, it presents a succinct overview of various types of targeted multi-functional nano drug delivery system (NDDS) which has exhibited promising value for improving drug delivery to the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":49623,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in the Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"431-453"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interplay of cell death pathways and immune responses in ischemic stroke: insights into novel biomarkers.","authors":"Arian Daneshpour, Zoha Shaka, Nima Rezaei","doi":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0128","DOIUrl":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stroke is a severe neurological disease and a major worldwide issue, mostly manifesting as ischemic stroke (IS). In order to create effective treatments for IS, it is imperative to fully understand the underlying pathologies, as the existing therapeutic choices are inadequate. Recent investigations have shown the complex relationships between several programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, including necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis, and their correlation with immune responses during IS. However, this relationship is still unclear. To address this gap, this review study explored the cellular interactions in the immune microenvironment of IS. Then, to validate prior findings and uncover biomarkers, the study investigated bioinformatics studies. Several pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK), were involved in PCD-immune interactions. The bioinformatics studies reported key biomarkers such as glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), gasdermin D (GSDMD), and TLR4, which have important implications in ferroptosis, cuproptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis respectively. These biomarkers were associated with PCD mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. The immune infiltration analysis consistently revealed a significant correlation between PCD pathways and detrimental immune cells, such as neutrophils and γδ T cells. Conversely, M2 macrophages and T helper cells showed protective effects. In conclusion, considering the intricate network of interactions between immune responses and PCD pathways, this study emphasized the necessity of a paradigm shift in therapeutic approaches to address the injuries that are related to this complex network.</p>","PeriodicalId":49623,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in the Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"371-403"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142840134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artem M Kosenkov, Valentina N Mal'tseva, Sergei A Maiorov, Sergei G Gaidin
{"title":"The role of the endocannabinoid system in the pathogenesis and treatment of epilepsy.","authors":"Artem M Kosenkov, Valentina N Mal'tseva, Sergei A Maiorov, Sergei G Gaidin","doi":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0114","DOIUrl":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological brain disorders characterized by recurrent spontaneous unprovoked seizures, which are accompanied by significant neurobiological, cognitive, and psychosocial impairments. With a global prevalence of approximately 0.5-1 % of the population, epilepsy remains a serious public health concern. Despite the development and widespread use of over 20 anticonvulsant drugs, around 30 % of patients continue to experience drug-resistant seizures, leading to a substantial reduction in quality of life and increased mortality risk. Given the limited efficacy of current treatments, exploring new therapeutic approaches is critically important. In recent years, Gi-protein-coupled receptors, particularly cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, have garnered increasing attention as promising targets for the treatment seizures and prevention of epilepsy. Emerging evidence suggests a significant role of the cannabinoid system in modulating neuronal activity and protecting against hyperexcitability, underscoring the importance of further research in this area. This review provides up-to-date insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of epilepsy, with a special focus on the role of the cannabinoid system, highlighting the need for continued investigation to develop more effective therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49623,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in the Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"351-370"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arian Daneshpour, Ali Rezvanimehr, Pegah Niktalab, Helia Sharif, Niloufar Yazdanpanah, Kiarash Saleki, Nima Rezaei
{"title":"Exploring the role of vault complex in the nervous system: a literature review.","authors":"Arian Daneshpour, Ali Rezvanimehr, Pegah Niktalab, Helia Sharif, Niloufar Yazdanpanah, Kiarash Saleki, Nima Rezaei","doi":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0112","DOIUrl":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vault RNAs (vtRNAs) are a novel group of non-coding RNAs that are involved in various signaling mechanisms. vtRNAs are joined by three proteins major vault protein (MVP), vault poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (VPARP), and telomerase-associated protein 1 (TEP1) to form the vault complex. In humans, only four vtRNA including vtRNA 1-1, vtRNA 1-2, vtRNA 1-3, vtRNA 2-1) have been discovered. In nerve cells, vtRNA is involved in synapse formation through MAPK signaling. vtRNA travels to the distal area of neurites as a key unit in the vault complex. Moreover, tRNA is detached from the vault complex in the neurite via a mitotic kinase Aurora-A-reliant MVP phosphorylation. Several molecules contribute to the formation of vtRNAs. For instance, SRSF2 and NSUN2 and their attachment to vtRNA1-1 determines the production of small-vtRNAs. Through the same factors, vtRNAs could play a role in neurodevelopmental deficits. Addition the role of vtRNA expression and vault proteins has been recently studied in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as well as brain cancers. While the mechanisms of vtRNA involvement in neurological disorders is not well-demonstrated, we believe this could be related to the impact of vtRNA regulation in autophagy, immunoregulation, RNA stability, cellular stress, apoptosis, and regulation of other epigenetic pathways. The present review captures the state-of-the-art regarding the role of vtRNAs in neurodevelopment, normal nervous system function, and neurological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":49623,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in the Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"327-338"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142710239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Involvement of the VGF/BDNF axis in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease and its potential role in diagnosis and treatment.","authors":"Elizabeth Colín-Martínez, Clorinda Arias","doi":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0110","DOIUrl":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brain is a highly plastic organ that continually receives and integrates signals to generate functional and structural changes and homeostatic adaptations throughout life. Alterations in some signaling pathways that mediate these responses can impact brain plasticity, accelerate brain aging and potentially lead to neurodegeneration. There is substantial evidence that two important signaling pathways activated by neurotrophins, nonacronymic (VGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are involved in substantial functions stimulating neuronal growth, differentiation, and circuit establishment during development and neuronal maintenance and plasticity in the mature brain. In this review, we present evidence that these two pathways and their interactions are central players in cognitive performance and alterations in pathological aging, particularly in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Finally, we suggest specific avenues for future research on the basis of recent findings suggesting these molecules are diagnostic biomarkers and putative therapeutic tools to prevent, delay or improve AD neuropathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":49623,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in the Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"267-278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magdalena Budisteanu, Sorina Mihaela Papuc, Alina Erbescu, Adelina Glangher, Emanuela Andrei, Florina Rad, Mihail Eugen Hinescu, Aurora Arghir
{"title":"Review of structural neuroimaging and genetic findings in autism spectrum disorder - a clinical perspective.","authors":"Magdalena Budisteanu, Sorina Mihaela Papuc, Alina Erbescu, Adelina Glangher, Emanuela Andrei, Florina Rad, Mihail Eugen Hinescu, Aurora Arghir","doi":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0106","DOIUrl":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by deficits in social relationships and communication and restrictive, repetitive behaviors and interests. ASDs form a heterogeneous group from a clinical and genetic perspective. Currently, ASDs diagnosis is based on the clinical observation of the individual's behavior. The subjective nature of behavioral diagnoses, in the context of ASDs heterogeneity, contributes to significant variation in the age at ASD diagnosis. Early detection has been proved to be critical in ASDs, as early start of appropriate therapeutic interventions greatly improve the outcome for some children. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in the diagnostic work-up of neurodevelopmental conditions, including ASDs, mostly for brain malformations detection. Recently, the focus of brain imaging shifted towards quantitative MRI parameters, aiming to identify subtle changes that may establish early detection biomarkers. ASDs have a strong genetic component; deletions and duplications of several genomic loci have been strongly associated with ASDs risk. Consequently, a multitude of neuroimaging and genetic findings emerged in ASDs in the recent years. The association of gross or subtle changes in brain morphometry and volumes with different genetic defects has the potential to bring new insights regarding normal development and pathomechanisms of various disorders affecting the brain. Still, the clinical implications of these discoveries and the impact of genetic abnormalities on brain structure and function are unclear. Here we review the literature on brain imaging correlated with the most prevalent genomic imbalances in ASD, and discuss the potential clinical impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":49623,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in the Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"295-314"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuchun Zou, Gonghang Zhang, Yuchen Yang, Hankai Huang, Zongxu Li, Xiaohang Chen, Dali Zheng, You-Guang Lu, Gang Niu
{"title":"Advanced techniques and innovations in peripheral nerve repair: a comprehensive review for clinical and experimental reference.","authors":"Yuchun Zou, Gonghang Zhang, Yuchen Yang, Hankai Huang, Zongxu Li, Xiaohang Chen, Dali Zheng, You-Guang Lu, Gang Niu","doi":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0101","DOIUrl":"10.1515/revneuro-2024-0101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peripheral nerve injury, resulting from various physical and chemical causes, has a high incidence and significant functional impact. This injury, affecting both sensory and motor functions, can severely diminish quality of life and cause mental health issues. Consequently, it is a major focus of current research. Recent advancements in peripheral nerve repair technology, including the application of new techniques and materials, have expanded the options for nerve repair methods. A comprehensive article that combines the pathological process of peripheral nerve repair with these methods is needed to advance research in this field. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various techniques for repairing peripheral nerve injuries. Beginning with the histopathology of nerve injury, it evaluates these techniques in detail to offer clinical guidance. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of various peripheral nerve repair methods, including photobiological modulation therapy, suture repair, nerve graft repair, vein graft catheter repair, muscle graft repair, laser welding repair, nerve catheter repair, nerve sliding repair technology, growth factor-assisted repair, stem cell therapy, and exosome therapy. Additionally, it explores future directions in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries, providing valuable references for experimental research and clinical treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":49623,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in the Neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"243-265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}