Science and Engineering Ethics最新文献_第7页

Navigating the Science System: Research Integrity and Academic Survival Strategies 驾驭科学体系：科研诚信与学术生存策略

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00467-3

Andrea Reyes Elizondo, Wolfgang Kaltenbrunner

{"title":"Navigating the Science System: Research Integrity and Academic Survival Strategies","authors":"Andrea Reyes Elizondo, Wolfgang Kaltenbrunner","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00467-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-024-00467-3","url":null,"abstract":"Research Integrity (RI) is high on the agenda of both institutions and science policy. The European Union as well as national ministries of science have launched ambitious initiatives to combat misconduct and breaches of research integrity. Often, such initiatives entail attempts to regulate scientific behavior through guidelines that institutions and academic communities can use to more easily identify and deal with cases of misconduct. Rather than framing misconduct as a result of an information deficit, we instead conceptualize Questionable Research Practices (QRPs) as attempts by researchers to reconcile epistemic and social forms of uncertainty in knowledge production. Drawing on previous literature, we define epistemic uncertainty as the inherent intellectual unpredictability of scientific inquiry, while social uncertainty arises from the human-made conditions for scientific work. Our core argument—developed on the basis of 30 focus group interviews with researchers across different fields and European countries—is that breaches of research integrity can be understood as attempts to loosen overly tight coupling between the two forms of uncertainty. Our analytical approach is not meant to relativize or excuse misconduct, but rather to offer a more fine-grained perspective on what exactly it is that researchers want to accomplish by engaging in it. Based on the analysis, we conclude by proposing some concrete ways in which institutions and academic communities could try to reconcile epistemic and social uncertainties on a more collective level, thereby reducing incentives for researchers to engage in misconduct.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Artificial Intelligence and Agency: Tie-breaking in AI Decision-Making. 人工智能与机构：人工智能决策中的决胜局。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00476-2

Danielle Swanepoel, Daniel Corks

引用次数: 0

Technology and the Situationist Challenge to Virtue Ethics. 技术与情境主义对美德伦理的挑战。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00474-4

Fabio Tollon

引用次数: 0

Mapping Ethical Artificial Intelligence Policy Landscape: A Mixed Method Analysis. 绘制人工智能伦理政策图景：混合方法分析。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00472-6

Tahereh Saheb, Tayebeh Saheb

{"title":"Mapping Ethical Artificial Intelligence Policy Landscape: A Mixed Method Analysis.","authors":"Tahereh Saheb, Tayebeh Saheb","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00472-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00472-6","url":null,"abstract":"As more national governments adopt policies addressing the ethical implications of artificial intelligence, a comparative analysis of policy documents on these topics can provide valuable insights into emerging concerns and areas of shared importance. This study critically examines 57 policy documents pertaining to ethical AI originating from 24 distinct countries, employing a combination of computational text mining methods and qualitative content analysis. The primary objective is to methodically identify common themes throughout these policy documents and perform a comparative analysis of the ways in which various governments give priority to crucial matters. A total of nineteen topics were initially retrieved. Through an iterative coding process, six overarching themes were identified: principles, the protection of personal data, governmental roles and responsibilities, procedural guidelines, governance and monitoring mechanisms, and epistemological considerations. Furthermore, the research revealed 31 ethical dilemmas pertaining to AI that had been overlooked previously but are now emerging. These dilemmas have been referred to in different extents throughout the policy documents. This research makes a scholarly contribution to the expanding field of technology policy formulations at the national level by analyzing similarities and differences among countries. Furthermore, this analysis has practical ramifications for policymakers who are attempting to comprehend prevailing trends and potentially neglected domains that demand focus in the ever-evolving field of artificial intelligence.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 2","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10920462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140050836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analyzing the Role of Values and Ideals in the Development of Energy Systems: How Values, Their Idealizations, and Technologies Shape Political Decision-Making. 分析价值观和理想在能源系统发展中的作用：价值观、理想化和技术如何影响政治决策。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00463-7

Joost Alleblas

{"title":"Analyzing the Role of Values and Ideals in the Development of Energy Systems: How Values, Their Idealizations, and Technologies Shape Political Decision-Making.","authors":"Joost Alleblas","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00463-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00463-7","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines an important aspect of energy history and policy: the intertwinement of energy technologies with ideals. Ideals play an important role in energy visions and innovation pathways. Aspirations to realize technical, social, and political ideals indicate a long-term commitment in the design of energy systems, distinguishable from commitment to other abstract goals, such as values. This study offers an analytical scheme that could help to conceptualize these differences and their impact on energy policy. In the proposed model, two spheres of interaction are highlighted: a material sphere in which values and technologies co-evolve, and an imaginary sphere in which ideals interact with idealized technologies. Furthermore, the relation between these two spheres can be understood in different ways. This study examines three cases that are illustrative of the different roles of ideals in the development of energy technologies and visions: (1) the evolution of safety in nuclear reactor design; (2) visions of atomic power in France; (3) the political idealization of a tidal power scheme in the Severn Estuary. Finally, the developed model implies more general insights for the development of sociotechnical systems. Amongst others, it shows why certain projects and technologies remain a political, but not a techno-economic option.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 2","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10904412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139991653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How Competition for Funding Impacts Scientific Practice: Building Pre-fab Houses but no Cathedrals. 资金竞争如何影响科学实践：建造预制房屋，但不建造大教堂。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00465-5

Stephanie Meirmans

{"title":"How Competition for Funding Impacts Scientific Practice: Building Pre-fab Houses but no Cathedrals.","authors":"Stephanie Meirmans","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00465-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00465-5","url":null,"abstract":"In the research integrity literature, funding plays two different roles: it is thought to elevate questionable research practices (QRPs) due to perverse incentives, and it is a potential actor to incentivize research integrity standards. Recent studies, asking funders, have emphasized the importance of the latter. However, the perspective of active researchers on the impact of competitive research funding on science has not been explored yet. Here, I address this issue by conducting a series of group sessions with researchers in two different countries with different degrees of competition for funding, from three scientific fields (medical sciences, natural sciences, humanities), and in two different career stages (permanent versus temporary employment). Researchers across all groups experienced that competition for funding shapes science, with many unintended negative consequences. Intriguingly, these consequences had little to do with the type of QRPs typically being presented in the research integrity literature. Instead, the researchers pointed out that funding could result in predictable, fashionable, short-sighted, and overpromising science. This was seen as highly problematic: scientists experienced that the 'projectification' of science makes it more and more difficult to do any science of real importance: plunging into the unknown or addressing big issues that need a long-term horizon to mature. They also problematized unintended negative effects from collaboration and strategizing. I suggest it may be time to move away from a focus on QRPs in connection with funding, and rather address the real problems. Such a shift may then call for entirely different types of policy actions.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10864468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139724635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ambiguity in Ethical Standards: Global Versus Local Science in Explaining Academic Plagiarism. 道德标准的模糊性：解释学术剽窃的全球科学与地方科学》。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00464-6

Katerina S Guba, Angelika O Tsivinskaya

{"title":"Ambiguity in Ethical Standards: Global Versus Local Science in Explaining Academic Plagiarism.","authors":"Katerina S Guba, Angelika O Tsivinskaya","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00464-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00464-6","url":null,"abstract":"The past decade has seen extensive research carried out on the systematic causes of research misconduct. Simultaneously, less attention has been paid to the variation in academic misconduct between research fields, as most empirical studies focus on one particular discipline. We propose that academic discipline is one of several systematic factors that might contribute to academic misbehavior. Drawing on a neo-institutional approach, we argue that in the developing countries, the norm of textual originality has not drawn equal support across different research fields depending on its level of internationalization. Using plagiarism detection software, we analyzed 2,405 doctoral dissertations randomly selected from all dissertations defended in Russia between 2007 and 2015. We measured the globalization of each academic discipline by calculating the share of publications indexed in the global citation database in relation to overall output. Our results showed that, with an average share of detected borrowings of over 19%, the incidence of plagiarism in Russia is remarkably higher than in Western countries. Overall, disciplines closely follow the pattern of higher globalization associated with a lower percentage of borrowed text. We also found that plagiarism is less prevalent at research-oriented institutions supporting global ethical standards. Our findings suggest that it might be misleading to measure the prevalence of academic misconduct in developing countries without paying attention to variations at the disciplinary level.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10861695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139724634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Measures of Ethics and Social Responsibility Among Undergraduate Engineering Students: Findings from a Longitudinal Study. 工程专业本科生的道德与社会责任衡量标准：纵向研究结果。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00462-8

Shiloh James Howland, Brent K Jesiek, Stephanie Claussen, Carla B Zoltowski

{"title":"Measures of Ethics and Social Responsibility Among Undergraduate Engineering Students: Findings from a Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Shiloh James Howland, Brent K Jesiek, Stephanie Claussen, Carla B Zoltowski","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00462-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00462-8","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research on engineering students' understandings of ethics and social responsibility has produced mixed and sometimes conflicting results. Seeking greater clarity in this area of investigation, we conducted an exploratory, longitudinal study at four universities in the United States to better understand how engineering undergraduate students perceive ethics and social responsibility and how those perceptions change over time. Undergraduate engineering students at four U.S. universities were surveyed three times: during their 1st (Fall 2015), 5th (Fall 2017), and 8th semesters (Spring 2019). The students who completed all three surveys (n = 226) comprise the sample that was analyzed in this paper for changes in their scores on five instruments: Fundamentals of Engineering/Situational Judgment, Moral Disengagement, ABET Engineering Work and Practice Considerations, Macroethics, and Political and Social Involvement Scale. We found that students modestly increased their knowledge of ethics and ability to apply that knowledge in situations calling for them to exercise judgment. In addition, they consistently indicated that health and safety considerations in engineering were of highest importance. They also showed steady levels of social consciousness over time, in contrast to other studies which detected a culture of increasing disengagement in engineering students throughout the four years of their undergraduate studies.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10861623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139724636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Donation of Human Biological Material for Brain Organoid Research: The Problems of Consciousness and Consent. 捐赠人类生物材料用于类脑器官研究：意识和同意问题。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00471-7

Masanori Kataoka, Christopher Gyngell, Julian Savulescu, Tsutomu Sawai

{"title":"The Donation of Human Biological Material for Brain Organoid Research: The Problems of Consciousness and Consent.","authors":"Masanori Kataoka, Christopher Gyngell, Julian Savulescu, Tsutomu Sawai","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00471-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00471-7","url":null,"abstract":"Human brain organoids are three-dimensional masses of tissues derived from human stem cells that partially recapitulate the characteristics of the human brain. They have promising applications in many fields, from basic research to applied medicine. However, ethical concerns have been raised regarding the use of human brain organoids. These concerns primarily relate to the possibility that brain organoids may become conscious in the future. This possibility is associated with uncertainties about whether and in what sense brain organoids could have consciousness and what the moral significance of that would be. These uncertainties raise further concerns regarding consent from stem cell donors who may not be sufficiently informed to provide valid consent to the use of their donated cells in human brain organoid research. Furthermore, the possibility of harm to the brain organoids raises question about the scope of the donor's autonomy in consenting to research involving these entities. Donor consent does not establish the reasonableness of the risk and harms to the organoids, which ethical oversight must ensure by establishing some measures to mitigate them. To address these concerns, we provide three proposals for the consent procedure for human brain organoid research. First, it is vital to obtain project-specific consent rather than broad consent. Second, donors should be assured that appropriate measures will be taken to protect human brain organoids during research. Lastly, these assurances should be fulfilled through the implementation of precautionary measures. These proposals aim to enhance the ethical framework surrounding human brain organoid research.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10844458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139693303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Healthy and Happy? An Ethical Investigation of Emotion Recognition and Regulation Technologies (ERR) within Ambient Assisted Living (AAL). 健康与快乐？环境辅助生活（AAL）中情绪识别与调节技术（ERR）的伦理调查。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00470-8

Kris Vera Hartmann, Giovanni Rubeis, Nadia Primc

{"title":"Healthy and Happy? An Ethical Investigation of Emotion Recognition and Regulation Technologies (ERR) within Ambient Assisted Living (AAL).","authors":"Kris Vera Hartmann, Giovanni Rubeis, Nadia Primc","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00470-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00470-8","url":null,"abstract":"Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) refers to technologies that track daily activities of persons in need of care to enhance their autonomy and minimise their need for assistance. New technological developments show an increasing effort to integrate automated emotion recognition and regulation (ERR) into AAL systems. These technologies aim to recognise emotions via different sensors and, eventually, to regulate emotions defined as \"negative\" via different forms of intervention. Although these technologies are already implemented in other areas, AAL stands out by its tendency to enable an inconspicuous 24-hour surveillance in the private living space of users who rely on the technology to maintain a certain degree of independence in their daily activities. The combination of both technologies represents a new dimension of emotion recognition in a potentially vulnerable group of users. Our paper aims to provide an ethical contextualisation of the novel combination of both technologies. We discuss different concepts of emotions, namely Basic Emotion Theory (BET) and the Circumplex Model of Affect (CMA), that form the basis of ERR and provide an overview over the current technological developments in AAL. We highlight four ethical issues that specifically arise in the context of ERR in AAL systems, namely concerns regarding (1) the reductionist view of emotions, (2) solutionism as an underlying assumption of these technologies, (3) the privacy and autonomy of users and their emotions, (4) the tendency of machine learning techniques to normalise and generalise human behaviour and emotional reactions.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10811057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139547355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0