Science and Engineering Ethics最新文献_第10页

Sims and Vulnerability: On the Ethics of Creating Emulated Minds. 模拟人生与脆弱性论创造仿真心理的伦理。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2022-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00416-y

Bartlomiej Chomanski

引用次数: 1

The Ethics of 'Deathbots'. “死亡机器人”的伦理。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00417-x

Nora Freya Lindemann

{"title":"The Ethics of 'Deathbots'.","authors":"Nora Freya Lindemann","doi":"10.1007/s11948-022-00417-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-022-00417-x","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments in AI programming allow for new applications: individualized chatbots which mimic the speaking and writing behaviour of one specific living or dead person. 'Deathbots', chatbots of the dead, have already been implemented and are currently under development by the first start-up companies. Thus, it is an urgent issue to consider the ethical implications of deathbots. While previous ethical theories of deathbots have always been based on considerations of the dignity of the deceased, I propose to shift the focus on the dignity and autonomy of the bereaved users of deathbots. Drawing on theories of internet-scaffolded affectivity and on theories of grief, I argue that deathbots may have a negative impact on the grief process of bereaved users and therefore have the potential to limit the emotional and psychological wellbeing of their users. Deathbot users are likely to become dependent on their bots which may make them susceptible to surreptitious advertising by deathbot providing companies and may limit their autonomy. At the same time, deathbots may prove to be helpful for people who suffer from prolonged, severe grief processes. I caution against the unrestricted usage of deathbots and suggest that they should be classified as medical devices. This classification would not the least mean that their non-harm, as well as their helpfulness for people suffering from prolonged grief needs to be proven and that their potential for autonomy infringements is reduced.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9684218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10771297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Empowering the Research Community to Investigate Misconduct and Promote Research Integrity and Ethics: New Regulation in Scandinavia. 赋予研究界调查不当行为和促进研究诚信与伦理的权力：斯堪的纳维亚半岛的新法规。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00400-6

Knut Jørgen Vie

{"title":"Empowering the Research Community to Investigate Misconduct and Promote Research Integrity and Ethics: New Regulation in Scandinavia.","authors":"Knut Jørgen Vie","doi":"10.1007/s11948-022-00400-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-022-00400-6","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers sometimes engage in various forms of dishonesty and unethical behavior, which has led to regulatory efforts to ensure that they work according to acceptable standards. Such regulation is a difficult task, as research is a diverse and dynamic endeavor. Researchers can disagree about what counts as good and acceptable standards, and these standards are constantly developing. This paper presents and discusses recent changes in research integrity and ethics regulation in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. Recognizing that research norms are developed through practice and are therefore unsuited for comprehensive national regulation, the Scandinavian countries focus on empowering the research community to regulate itself instead, except for the most severe cases of misconduct. This empowerment takes the form of giving research institutions tools and investigatory powers while also holding them responsible for ensuring that both the institution and individual researchers are up to date on relevant norms. In this way, the Scandinavian governments seek to avoid some of the challenges found in more legalistic approaches, which risk lagging behind the continuous development of research norms and can be insensitive to the fact that different disciplines have different norms. While the new approach in Scandinavian has several potential benefits, it also involves potential trade-offs and limitations. The new laws can create confusion about what researchers are allowed to do. Another issue is that it only addresses the fundamental drivers of misconduct to a limited extent.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9671971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10426700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Value Change, Value Conflict, and Policy Innovation: Understanding the Opposition to the Market-Based Economic Dispatch of Electricity Scheme in India Using the Multiple Streams Framework. 价值变化、价值冲突与政策创新:利用多流框架理解印度市场经济电力调度计划的反对意见。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00402-4

Nihit Goyal, Kaveri Iychettira

{"title":"Value Change, Value Conflict, and Policy Innovation: Understanding the Opposition to the Market-Based Economic Dispatch of Electricity Scheme in India Using the Multiple Streams Framework.","authors":"Nihit Goyal, Kaveri Iychettira","doi":"10.1007/s11948-022-00402-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-022-00402-4","url":null,"abstract":"As policy innovation is essential for upscaling responsible innovation, understanding its relationship to value change(s) occurring or sought in sociotechnical systems is imperative. In this study, we ask: what are the different types of values in the policy process? And, how does value change influence policy innovation? We propose a disaggregation of values and value change based on a four-stream variant of the multiple streams framework (MSF), a conceptual lens increasingly used for explaining policy innovation in sociotechnical transitions. Specifically, we posit that the values that 'govern' problem framing, policy design, political decision making, and technological diffusion can evolve relatively independently, potentially leading to value conflict. We apply this framework to the ongoing case of the market-based economic dispatch of electricity (MBED) policy in the Indian energy transition using content analysis. We find that the MBED scheme-with its emphasis on efficiency (problem), economic principles (policy), low-cost dispatch (technology), and centralization (politics)-attempts value change in each stream. Each instance of value change is, however, widely contested, with the ensuing value conflicts resulting in significant opposition to this policy innovation. We conclude that a disaggregation of values based on the MSF can facilitate an analysis of value change and value conflict in sociotechnical transitions and lay the foundation for systematically studying the relationships among technological change, value change, and policy change.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9663179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10770818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Ethics of Supernumerary Robotic Limbs. An Enactivist Approach. 多余机械肢体的伦理学。积极的方法。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00405-1

Nicola Di Stefano, Nathanaël Jarrassé, Luca Valera

{"title":"The Ethics of Supernumerary Robotic Limbs. An Enactivist Approach.","authors":"Nicola Di Stefano, Nathanaël Jarrassé, Luca Valera","doi":"10.1007/s11948-022-00405-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-022-00405-1","url":null,"abstract":"Supernumerary robotic limbs are innovative devices in the field of wearable robotics which can provide humans with unprecedented sensorimotor abilities. However, scholars have raised awareness of the ethical issues that would arise from the large adoption of technologies for human augmentation in society. Most negative attitudes towards such technologies seem to rely on an allegedly clear distinction between therapy and enhancement in the use of technological devices. Based on such distinction, people tend to accept technologies when used for therapeutic purposes (e.g., prostheses), but tend to raise issues when similar devices are used for upgrading a physical or cognitive ability (e.g., supernumerary robotics limbs). However, as many scholars have pointed out, the distinction between therapy and enhancement might be theoretically flawed. In this paper, we present an alternative approach to the ethics of supernumerary limbs which is based on two related claims. First, we propose to conceive supernumerary limbs as tools that necessarily modify our psychological and bodily identity. At the same time, we stress that such a modification is not ethically bad in itself; on the contrary, it drives human interaction with the environment. Second, by comparing our view with the extended mind thesis, we claim that the mediation through tools is crucial for the formation of novel meanings and skills that constitute human interaction with the world. We will relate the latter claim to enactivism as a helpful theoretical perspective to frame issues related to artificial limbs and, more in general, to technologies for augmentation. Based on this approach, we finally sketch some suggestions for future directions in the ethics of supernumerary limbs.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9663385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10481237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Repentance as Rebuke: Betrayal and Moral Injury in Safety Engineering. 忏悔即斥责:安全工程中的背叛与道德伤害。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00412-2

Sidney W A Dekker, Mark D Layson, David D Woods

引用次数: 0

Understanding Value Change in the Energy Transition: Exploring the Perspective of Original Institutional Economics. 理解能源转型中的价值变迁:原始制度经济学视角的探索。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00403-3

Aad Correljé, Udo Pesch, Eefje Cuppen

{"title":"Understanding Value Change in the Energy Transition: Exploring the Perspective of Original Institutional Economics.","authors":"Aad Correljé, Udo Pesch, Eefje Cuppen","doi":"10.1007/s11948-022-00403-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-022-00403-3","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we take inspiration from original institutional economics (OIE) as an approach to study value change within the highly complex assembly of sociotechnical transformations that make up the energy transition. OIE is examined here as a suitable perspective, as it combines Dewey's pragmatist philosophy and a methodological interactionist perspective on value change, behavior and institutions, with technology figuring as a transformational factor. This combination overcomes conceptual and methodological shortcomings of alternative accounts of values. We will present the contours of an OIE based conceptual framework connecting nature, humans, technology, the economic process, society, culture and institutions and habits, valuation and behavior. We illustrate how to use this framework to examine and understand how environmental, ecologic, safety, economic, and social concerns about the energy transition are (re)framed as (new) values in the belief systems and habits of individuals and groups. Moreover, we will explore how that may give rise to collective action, via the institutionalization of such revised values in the procedures, arrangements, norms and incentives guiding transactions. As such, this approach allows us in a fine-grained manner to conceptually and theoretically understand the way in which values change in the energy-transition, as a complex interaction of technology development and social relations.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9649506/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10762108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Energy Sovereignty: A Values-Based Conceptual Analysis. 能源主权:基于价值的概念分析。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00409-x

Cristian Timmermann, Eduardo Noboa

{"title":"Energy Sovereignty: A Values-Based Conceptual Analysis.","authors":"Cristian Timmermann, Eduardo Noboa","doi":"10.1007/s11948-022-00409-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-022-00409-x","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving energy sovereignty is increasingly gaining prominence as a goal in energy politics. The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual analysis of this principle from an ethics and social justice perspective. We rely on the literature on food sovereignty to identify through a comparative analysis the elements energy sovereignty will most likely demand and thereafter distinguish the unique constituencies of the energy sector. The idea of energy sovereignty embraces a series of values, among which we identified: (i) accessibility, to allow access to everyone, (ii) empowerment and recognition, to develop and sustain capabilities to collaboratively produce solution-oriented energy system knowledge and effectively participate in governance, (iii) stewardship and sustainability, to be able to design and manage decentralised renewable systems in view of protecting the environment, (iv) self-sufficiency, to reduce the negative shocks of exploitative business practises, (v) resilience, to maintain production capacities while withstanding socioeconomic, political, environmental and climatic shocks, (vi) peace, to establish production systems that do not involve hostile relations, (vii) transparency and self-determination, to establish democratic decision-making mechanisms that give a voice to previously underrepresented groups and limit corporate takeover (viii) gender-justice, by acknowledging the contributions of women and eliminate barriers to their empowerment. With a conceptual framework of energy sovereignty, we present a rationale that draws on the key values to be considered when formulating policy solutions for the energy sector.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9633473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10472765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Correction: Community Heroes and Sleeping Members: Interdependency of the Tenets of Energy Justice. 修正:社区英雄和沉睡成员:能源正义原则的相互依赖。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00413-1

Mandi Astola, Erik Laes, Gunter Bombaerts, Bozena Ryszawska, Magdalena Rozwadowska, Piotr Szymanski, Anja Ruess, Sophie Nyborg, Meiken Hansen

引用次数: 0

On the (Non-)Rationality of Human Enhancement and Transhumanism. 论人类增强与超人类主义的(非)合理性。

IF 3.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00410-4

David M Lyreskog, Alex McKeown

{"title":"On the (Non-)Rationality of Human Enhancement and Transhumanism.","authors":"David M Lyreskog, Alex McKeown","doi":"10.1007/s11948-022-00410-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-022-00410-4","url":null,"abstract":"The human enhancement debate has over the last few decades been concerned with ethical issues in methods for improving the physical, cognitive, or emotive states of individual people, and of the human species as a whole. Arguments in favour of enhancement defend it as a paradigm of rationality, presenting it as a clear-eyed, logical defence of what we stand to gain from transcending the typical limits of our species. If these arguments are correct, it appears that adults should in principle be able to make rational and informed decisions about enhancing themselves. In this paper, however, we suggest that a rational and informed choice to enhance oneself may in some cases be impossible. Drawing on L. A. Paul's work on 'transformative experience', we argue that some enhancements-such as certain moral or cognitive modifications-may give rise to unbridgeable epistemic gaps in key domains. Importantly, such gaps could prove to be not merely contingently unbridgeable due to a lack of information at a given moment, but radically unbridgeable, making someone in a non-enhanced state inherently unable to conceive of what it would be like to be enhanced in a particular way. Where this experience is key to understanding what values are being pursued by the enhancement itself, it may prove impossible for a person to be sufficiently informed, and to make a rational decision about whether or not to enhance herself. This poses a challenge for human enhancement proponents in general, and for transhumanists in particular.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9626409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10787458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2