Science and Engineering Ethics最新文献

Embedded Ethics in Practice: A Toolbox for Integrating the Analysis of Ethical and Social Issues into Healthcare AI Research.

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00523-y

Theresa Willem, Marie-Christine Fritzsche, Bettina M Zimmermann, Anna Sierawska, Svenja Breuer, Maximilian Braun, Anja K Ruess, Marieke Bak, Franziska B Schönweitz, Lukas J Meier, Amelia Fiske, Daniel Tigard, Ruth Müller, Stuart McLennan, Alena Buyx

{"title":"Embedded Ethics in Practice: A Toolbox for Integrating the Analysis of Ethical and Social Issues into Healthcare AI Research.","authors":"Theresa Willem, Marie-Christine Fritzsche, Bettina M Zimmermann, Anna Sierawska, Svenja Breuer, Maximilian Braun, Anja K Ruess, Marieke Bak, Franziska B Schönweitz, Lukas J Meier, Amelia Fiske, Daniel Tigard, Ruth Müller, Stuart McLennan, Alena Buyx","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00523-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-024-00523-y","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into critical domains such as healthcare holds immense promise. Nevertheless, significant challenges must be addressed to avoid harm, promote the well-being of individuals and societies, and ensure ethically sound and socially just technology development. Innovative approaches like Embedded Ethics, which refers to integrating ethics and social science into technology development based on interdisciplinary collaboration, are emerging to address issues of bias, transparency, misrepresentation, and more. This paper aims to develop this approach further to enable future projects to effectively deploy it. Based on the practical experience of using ethics and social science methodology in interdisciplinary AI-related healthcare consortia, this paper presents several methods that have proven helpful for embedding ethical and social science analysis and inquiry. They include (1) stakeholder analyses, (2) literature reviews, (3) ethnographic approaches, (4) peer-to-peer interviews, (5) focus groups, (6) interviews with affected groups and external stakeholders, (7) bias analyses, (8) workshops, and (9) interdisciplinary results dissemination. We believe that applying Embedded Ethics offers a pathway to stimulate reflexivity, proactively anticipate social and ethical concerns, and foster interdisciplinary inquiry into such concerns at every stage of technology development. This approach can help shape responsible, inclusive, and ethically aware technology innovation in healthcare and beyond.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"31 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142883535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Moral Intuition Regarding the Possibility of Conscious Human Brain Organoids: An Experimental Ethics Study.

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00525-w

Koji Ota, Tetsushi Tanibe, Takumi Watanabe, Kazuki Iijima, Mineki Oguchi

{"title":"Moral Intuition Regarding the Possibility of Conscious Human Brain Organoids: An Experimental Ethics Study.","authors":"Koji Ota, Tetsushi Tanibe, Takumi Watanabe, Kazuki Iijima, Mineki Oguchi","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00525-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-024-00525-w","url":null,"abstract":"The moral status of human brain organoids (HBOs) has been debated in view of the future possibility that they may acquire phenomenal consciousness. This study empirically investigates the moral sensitivity in people's intuitive judgments about actions toward conscious HBOs. The results showed that the presence/absence of pain experience in HBOs affected the judgment about the moral permissibility of actions such as creating and destroying the HBOs; however, the presence/absence of visual experience in HBOs also affected the judgment. These findings suggest that people's intuitive judgments about the moral status of HBOs are sensitive to the valence-independent value of phenomenal consciousness. We discuss how these observations can have normative implications; particularly, we argue that they put pressure on the theoretical view that the moral status of conscious HBOs is grounded solely in the valence-dependent value of consciousness. We also discuss how our findings can be informative even when such a theoretical view is finally justified or when the future possibility of conscious HBOs is implausible.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"31 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Bias Network Approach (BNA) to Encourage Ethical Reflection Among AI Developers.

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00526-9

Gabriela Arriagada-Bruneau, Claudia López, Alexandra Davidoff

{"title":"A Bias Network Approach (BNA) to Encourage Ethical Reflection Among AI Developers.","authors":"Gabriela Arriagada-Bruneau, Claudia López, Alexandra Davidoff","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00526-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-024-00526-9","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce the Bias Network Approach (BNA) as a sociotechnical method for AI developers to identify, map, and relate biases across the AI development process. This approach addresses the limitations of what we call the \"isolationist approach to AI bias,\" a trend in AI literature where biases are seen as separate occurrences linked to specific stages in an AI pipeline. Dealing with these multiple biases can trigger a sense of excessive overload in managing each potential bias individually or promote the adoption of an uncritical approach to understanding the influence of biases in developers' decision-making. The BNA fosters dialogue and a critical stance among developers, guided by external experts, using graphical representations to depict biased connections. To test the BNA, we conducted a pilot case study on the \"waiting list\" project, involving a small AI developer team creating a healthcare waiting list NPL model in Chile. The analysis showed promising findings: (i) the BNA aids in visualizing interconnected biases and their impacts, facilitating ethical reflection in a more accessible way; (ii) it promotes transparency in decision-making throughout AI development; and (iii) more focus is necessary on professional biases and material limitations as sources of bias in AI development.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"31 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142840116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction: Transforming Ethics Education Through a Faculty Learning Community: "I'm Coming Around to Seeing Ethics as Being Maybe as Important as Calculus".

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-12-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00527-8

Justin L Hess, Elizabeth Sanders, Grant A Fore, Martin Coleman, Mary Price, Samuel Cornelius Nyarko, Brandon Sorge

引用次数: 0

Editorial: Topical Collection "Ethical and Societal Implications of AgeTech".

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00521-0

Giovanni Rubeis, Andrew Sixsmith

引用次数: 0

Technological Remedies for Social Problems: Defining and Demarcating Techno-Fixes and Techno-Solutionism.

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00524-x

Henrik Skaug Sætra, Evan Selinger

引用次数: 0

Decisions, Decisions, Decisions: An Ethnographic Study of Researcher Discretion in Practice.

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00481-5

Tom van Drimmelen, M Nienke Slagboom, Ria Reis, Lex M Bouter, Jenny T van der Steen

{"title":"Decisions, Decisions, Decisions: An Ethnographic Study of Researcher Discretion in Practice.","authors":"Tom van Drimmelen, M Nienke Slagboom, Ria Reis, Lex M Bouter, Jenny T van der Steen","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00481-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00481-5","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a study of the decisions that researchers take during the execution of a research plan: their researcher discretion. Flexible research methods are generally seen as undesirable, and many methodologists urge to eliminate these so-called 'researcher degrees of freedom' from the research practice. However, what this looks like in practice is unclear. Based on twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork in two end-of-life research groups in which we observed research practice, conducted interviews, and collected documents, we explore when researchers are required to make decisions, and what these decisions entail.An abductive analysis of this data showed that researchers are constantly required to further interpret research plans, indicating that there is no clear division between planning and plan execution. This discretion emerges either when a research protocol is underdetermined or overdetermined, in which case they need to operationalise or adapt the plans respectively. In addition, we found that many of these instances of researcher discretion are exercised implicitly. Within the research groups it was occasionally not clear which topic merited an active decision, or which action could retroactively be categorised as one.Our ethnographic study of research practice suggests that researcher discretion is an integral and inevitable aspect of research practice, as many elements of a research protocol will either need to be further operationalised or adapted during its execution. Moreover, it may be difficult for researchers to identify their own discretion, limiting their effectivity in transparency.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 6","pages":"59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142752029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Awareness of Jordanian Researchers About Predatory Journals: A Need for Training. 约旦研究人员对掠夺性期刊的认识：培训的必要性。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00519-8

Omar F Khabour, Karem H Alzoubi, Wesal M Aldarabseh

{"title":"Awareness of Jordanian Researchers About Predatory Journals: A Need for Training.","authors":"Omar F Khabour, Karem H Alzoubi, Wesal M Aldarabseh","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00519-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00519-8","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the open publishing is expected to be the dominant model in the future. However, along with the use of this model, predatory journals are increasingly appearing. In the current study, the awareness of researchers in Jordan about predatory journals and the strategies utilized to avoid them was investigated. The study included 558 researchers from Jordan. A total of 34.0% of the participants reported a high ability to identify predatory journals, while 27.0% reported a low ability to identify predatory journals. Most participants (64.0%) apply \"Think. Check. Submit.\" strategy to avoid predatory journals. However, 11.9% of the sample reported being a victim of a predatory journal. Multinomial regression analysis showed gender, number of publications, using Beall's list of predatory journals, and applying \"Think. Check. Submit.\" strategy were predictors of the high ability to identify predatory journals. Participants reported using databases such as Scopus, Clarivate, membership in the publishing ethics committee, and DOAJ to validate the journal before publication. Finally, most participants (88.4%) agreed to attend a training module on how to identify predatory journals. In conclusion, Jordanian researchers use valid strategies to avoid predatory journals. Implementing a training module may enhance researchers' ability to identify predatory journals.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 6","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11604683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142741196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Empathy's Role in Engineering Ethics: Empathizing with One's Self to Others Across the Globe. 移情在工程伦理中的作用：在全球范围内与他人共情。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00512-1

Justin L Hess

{"title":"Empathy's Role in Engineering Ethics: Empathizing with One's Self to Others Across the Globe.","authors":"Justin L Hess","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00512-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00512-1","url":null,"abstract":"Engineers make decisions with global impacts and empathy can motivate ethical reasoning and behavior that is sensitive to the needs and perspectives of stakeholders across the globe. Microethics and macroethics offer two frames of reference for engineering ethics education, but different dimensions of empathy play distinct roles in micro- and macroethics. Microethics emphasizes individual responsibility and interpersonal relationships whereas macroethics emphasizes societal obligations and impacts. While empathy can support ethical reasoning and behavior for each, in this paper I argue that affective empathy plays a primary (but not exclusive) role in microethics whereas cognitive empathy plays a primary role in macroethics. Gilligan's and Kohlberg's theories of moral development are used to further depict how affective empathy aligns with care (depicted as an interpersonal phenomenon) and how cognitive empathy aligns with justice (depicted as a systems-focused phenomenon), thus positioning these ethical principles as playing primary (but again, not exclusive) roles in micro- and macro-ethics, respectively. Building on these ideas, this study generates a framework that describes and visualizes how empathy manifests across six frames of reference, each of which are increasingly macro-ethical in nature: self, team, operators, participants, bystanders, and future generations. The paper describes how proxy stakeholders can be identified, developed, and leveraged to empathize with stakeholder groups. Taken together, the manuscript seeks to clarify the role of empathy in engineering ethics and can enable engineering students to better empathize with the range of stakeholders impacted by engineering decisions, ranging from one's self to stakeholders across the globe. The intrapersonal understandings and motivations that students generate by empathizing across six frames of reference can facilitate ethical reasoning processes and behaviors that are more inclusive and comprehensive.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 6","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11588796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"Business as usual"? Safe-by-Design Vis-à-Vis Proclaimed Safety Cultures in Technology Development for the Bioeconomy. "一切照旧"？生物经济技术开发中的安全设计与宣称的安全文化。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00520-1

Amalia Kallergi, Lotte Asveld

{"title":"\"Business as usual\"? Safe-by-Design Vis-à-Vis Proclaimed Safety Cultures in Technology Development for the Bioeconomy.","authors":"Amalia Kallergi, Lotte Asveld","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00520-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00520-1","url":null,"abstract":"Safe-by-Design (SbD) is a new concept that urges the developers of novel technologies to integrate safety early on in their design process. A SbD approach could-in theory-support the development of safer products and assist a responsible transition to the bioeconomy, via the deployment of safer bio-based and biotechnological alternatives. Despite its prominence in policy discourse, SbD is yet to gain traction in research and innovation practice. In this paper, we examine a frequently stated objection to the initiative of SbD, namely the position that SbD is already common practice in research and industry. We draw upon observations from two case studies: one, a study on the applicability of SbD in the context of bio-based circular materials and, two, a study on stakeholder perceptions of SbD in biotechnology. Interviewed practitioners in both case studies make claims to a strong safety culture in their respective fields and have difficulties differentiating a SbD approach from existing safety practices. Two variations of this argument are discussed: early attentiveness to safety as a strictly formalised practice and early attentiveness as implicit practice. We analyse these perceptions using the theoretical lens of safety culture and contrast them to the aims of SbD. Our analysis indicates that professional identity and professional pride may explain some of the resistance to the initiative of SbD. Nevertheless, SbD could still be advantageous by a) emphasising multidisciplinary approaches to safety and b) offering a (reflective) frame via which implicit attentiveness to safety becomes explicit.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 6","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11582267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0