Science and Engineering Ethics最新文献_第2页

Decisions, Decisions, Decisions: An Ethnographic Study of Researcher Discretion in Practice. 决策，决策，决策：实践中研究者自由裁量权的民族志研究。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00481-5

Tom van Drimmelen, M Nienke Slagboom, Ria Reis, Lex M Bouter, Jenny T van der Steen

{"title":"Decisions, Decisions, Decisions: An Ethnographic Study of Researcher Discretion in Practice.","authors":"Tom van Drimmelen, M Nienke Slagboom, Ria Reis, Lex M Bouter, Jenny T van der Steen","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00481-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00481-5","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a study of the decisions that researchers take during the execution of a research plan: their researcher discretion. Flexible research methods are generally seen as undesirable, and many methodologists urge to eliminate these so-called 'researcher degrees of freedom' from the research practice. However, what this looks like in practice is unclear. Based on twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork in two end-of-life research groups in which we observed research practice, conducted interviews, and collected documents, we explore when researchers are required to make decisions, and what these decisions entail.An abductive analysis of this data showed that researchers are constantly required to further interpret research plans, indicating that there is no clear division between planning and plan execution. This discretion emerges either when a research protocol is underdetermined or overdetermined, in which case they need to operationalise or adapt the plans respectively. In addition, we found that many of these instances of researcher discretion are exercised implicitly. Within the research groups it was occasionally not clear which topic merited an active decision, or which action could retroactively be categorised as one.Our ethnographic study of research practice suggests that researcher discretion is an integral and inevitable aspect of research practice, as many elements of a research protocol will either need to be further operationalised or adapted during its execution. Moreover, it may be difficult for researchers to identify their own discretion, limiting their effectivity in transparency.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 6","pages":"59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11607100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142752029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Awareness of Jordanian Researchers About Predatory Journals: A Need for Training. 约旦研究人员对掠夺性期刊的认识：培训的必要性。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00519-8

Omar F Khabour, Karem H Alzoubi, Wesal M Aldarabseh

{"title":"Awareness of Jordanian Researchers About Predatory Journals: A Need for Training.","authors":"Omar F Khabour, Karem H Alzoubi, Wesal M Aldarabseh","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00519-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00519-8","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the open publishing is expected to be the dominant model in the future. However, along with the use of this model, predatory journals are increasingly appearing. In the current study, the awareness of researchers in Jordan about predatory journals and the strategies utilized to avoid them was investigated. The study included 558 researchers from Jordan. A total of 34.0% of the participants reported a high ability to identify predatory journals, while 27.0% reported a low ability to identify predatory journals. Most participants (64.0%) apply \"Think. Check. Submit.\" strategy to avoid predatory journals. However, 11.9% of the sample reported being a victim of a predatory journal. Multinomial regression analysis showed gender, number of publications, using Beall's list of predatory journals, and applying \"Think. Check. Submit.\" strategy were predictors of the high ability to identify predatory journals. Participants reported using databases such as Scopus, Clarivate, membership in the publishing ethics committee, and DOAJ to validate the journal before publication. Finally, most participants (88.4%) agreed to attend a training module on how to identify predatory journals. In conclusion, Jordanian researchers use valid strategies to avoid predatory journals. Implementing a training module may enhance researchers' ability to identify predatory journals.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 6","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11604683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142741196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Empathy's Role in Engineering Ethics: Empathizing with One's Self to Others Across the Globe. 移情在工程伦理中的作用：在全球范围内与他人共情。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00512-1

Justin L Hess

{"title":"Empathy's Role in Engineering Ethics: Empathizing with One's Self to Others Across the Globe.","authors":"Justin L Hess","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00512-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00512-1","url":null,"abstract":"Engineers make decisions with global impacts and empathy can motivate ethical reasoning and behavior that is sensitive to the needs and perspectives of stakeholders across the globe. Microethics and macroethics offer two frames of reference for engineering ethics education, but different dimensions of empathy play distinct roles in micro- and macroethics. Microethics emphasizes individual responsibility and interpersonal relationships whereas macroethics emphasizes societal obligations and impacts. While empathy can support ethical reasoning and behavior for each, in this paper I argue that affective empathy plays a primary (but not exclusive) role in microethics whereas cognitive empathy plays a primary role in macroethics. Gilligan's and Kohlberg's theories of moral development are used to further depict how affective empathy aligns with care (depicted as an interpersonal phenomenon) and how cognitive empathy aligns with justice (depicted as a systems-focused phenomenon), thus positioning these ethical principles as playing primary (but again, not exclusive) roles in micro- and macro-ethics, respectively. Building on these ideas, this study generates a framework that describes and visualizes how empathy manifests across six frames of reference, each of which are increasingly macro-ethical in nature: self, team, operators, participants, bystanders, and future generations. The paper describes how proxy stakeholders can be identified, developed, and leveraged to empathize with stakeholder groups. Taken together, the manuscript seeks to clarify the role of empathy in engineering ethics and can enable engineering students to better empathize with the range of stakeholders impacted by engineering decisions, ranging from one's self to stakeholders across the globe. The intrapersonal understandings and motivations that students generate by empathizing across six frames of reference can facilitate ethical reasoning processes and behaviors that are more inclusive and comprehensive.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 6","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11588796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"Business as usual"? Safe-by-Design Vis-à-Vis Proclaimed Safety Cultures in Technology Development for the Bioeconomy. "一切照旧"？生物经济技术开发中的安全设计与宣称的安全文化。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00520-1

Amalia Kallergi, Lotte Asveld

{"title":"\"Business as usual\"? Safe-by-Design Vis-à-Vis Proclaimed Safety Cultures in Technology Development for the Bioeconomy.","authors":"Amalia Kallergi, Lotte Asveld","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00520-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00520-1","url":null,"abstract":"Safe-by-Design (SbD) is a new concept that urges the developers of novel technologies to integrate safety early on in their design process. A SbD approach could-in theory-support the development of safer products and assist a responsible transition to the bioeconomy, via the deployment of safer bio-based and biotechnological alternatives. Despite its prominence in policy discourse, SbD is yet to gain traction in research and innovation practice. In this paper, we examine a frequently stated objection to the initiative of SbD, namely the position that SbD is already common practice in research and industry. We draw upon observations from two case studies: one, a study on the applicability of SbD in the context of bio-based circular materials and, two, a study on stakeholder perceptions of SbD in biotechnology. Interviewed practitioners in both case studies make claims to a strong safety culture in their respective fields and have difficulties differentiating a SbD approach from existing safety practices. Two variations of this argument are discussed: early attentiveness to safety as a strictly formalised practice and early attentiveness as implicit practice. We analyse these perceptions using the theoretical lens of safety culture and contrast them to the aims of SbD. Our analysis indicates that professional identity and professional pride may explain some of the resistance to the initiative of SbD. Nevertheless, SbD could still be advantageous by a) emphasising multidisciplinary approaches to safety and b) offering a (reflective) frame via which implicit attentiveness to safety becomes explicit.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 6","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11582267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Justifying Our Credences in the Trustworthiness of AI Systems: A Reliabilistic Approach. 证明我们对人工智能系统可信度的信任：一种可靠的方法

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00522-z

Andrea Ferrario

{"title":"Justifying Our Credences in the Trustworthiness of AI Systems: A Reliabilistic Approach.","authors":"Andrea Ferrario","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00522-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00522-z","url":null,"abstract":"We address an open problem in the philosophy of artificial intelligence (AI): how to justify the epistemic attitudes we have towards the trustworthiness of AI systems. The problem is important, as providing reasons to believe that AI systems are worthy of trust is key to appropriately rely on these systems in human-AI interactions. In our approach, we consider the trustworthiness of an AI as a time-relative, composite property of the system with two distinct facets. One is the actual trustworthiness of the AI and the other is the perceived trustworthiness of the system as assessed by its users while interacting with it. We show that credences, namely, beliefs we hold with a degree of confidence, are the appropriate attitude for capturing the facets of the trustworthiness of an AI over time. Then, we introduce a reliabilistic account providing justification to the credences in the trustworthiness of AI, which we derive from Tang's probabilistic theory of justified credence. Our account stipulates that a credence in the trustworthiness of an AI system is justified if and only if it is caused by an assessment process that tends to result in a high proportion of credences for which the actual and perceived trustworthiness of the AI are calibrated. This approach informs research on the ethics of AI and human-AI interactions by providing actionable recommendations on how to measure the reliability of the process through which users perceive the trustworthiness of the system, investigating its calibration to the actual levels of trustworthiness of the AI as well as users' appropriate reliance on the system.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 6","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11582117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Know Thyself, Improve Thyself: Personalized LLMs for Self-Knowledge and Moral Enhancement. 认识你自己，完善你自己：用于认识自我和提高道德水平的个性化 LLM。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00518-9

Alberto Giubilini, Sebastian Porsdam Mann, Cristina Voinea, Brian Earp, Julian Savulescu

引用次数: 0

Authorship and Citizen Science: Seven Heuristic Rules. 作者身份与公民科学：七条启发式规则

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00516-x

Per Sandin, Patrik Baard, William Bülow, Gert Helgesson

引用次数: 0

A Confucian Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicles. 用于自动驾驶汽车的儒学算法。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00514-z

Tingting Sui, Sebastian Sunday Grève

引用次数: 0

A Rubik's Cube-Inspired Pedagogical Tool for Teaching and Learning Engineering Ethics. 受魔方启发的工程伦理教学工具。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00506-z

Yuqi Peng

引用次数: 0

Patient Preferences Concerning Humanoid Features in Healthcare Robots. 患者对医疗机器人仿人功能的偏好。

IF 2.7 2区哲学

Science and Engineering Ethics Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00508-x

Dane Leigh Gogoshin

{"title":"Patient Preferences Concerning Humanoid Features in Healthcare Robots.","authors":"Dane Leigh Gogoshin","doi":"10.1007/s11948-024-00508-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11948-024-00508-x","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I argue that patient preferences concerning human physical attributes associated with race, culture, and gender should be excluded from public healthcare robot design. On one hand, healthcare should be (objective, universal) needs oriented. On the other hand, patient well-being (the aim of healthcare) is, in concrete ways, tied to preferences, as is patient satisfaction (a core WHO value). The shift toward patient-centered healthcare places patient preferences into the spotlight. Accordingly, the design of healthcare technology cannot simply disregard patient preferences, even those which are potentially morally problematic. A method for handling these at the design level is thus imperative. By way of uncontroversial starting points, I argue that the priority of the public healthcare system is the fulfillment of patients' therapeutic needs, among which certain potentially morally problematic preferences may be counted. There are further ethical considerations, however, which, taken together, suggest that the potential benefits of upholding these preferences are outweighed by the potential harms.","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"30 6","pages":"49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11486771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142479069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0