Studies in History and Philosophy of Science最新文献_第5页

Demarcating scientific medicine 划分科学医学。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.06.002

Jonathan Fuller

引用次数: 0

On the relativity of magnitudes 关于量级的相对性：德尔博夫对 19 世纪空间问题的被遗忘的贡献。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.06.004

Jonathan Fay

引用次数: 0

Variability and substantiality. Kurd Lasswitz, the Marburg school and the neo-Kantian historiography of science 可变性与实质性。库尔德-拉斯维茨、马堡学派和新康德科学史学。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.06.008

Marco Giovanelli

{"title":"Variability and substantiality. Kurd Lasswitz, the Marburg school and the neo-Kantian historiography of science","authors":"Marco Giovanelli","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A trained physicist, Kurd Lasswitz (1848–1910) is best known as a novelist, the father of modern German science fiction, and as a historian of science, the initiator of the modern historiography of atomism. In the late 19th century, Lasswitz engaged in an intense dialogue with the emerging Marburg school of neo-Kantianism, contributing to shaping most of its defining tenets. By the end of the decade, this research had grown into a two-volume <em>Geschichte der Atomistik</em> (1890), which remains the most successful example of neo-Kantian historiography of science. Lasswitz combined attention to historical detail with the search for the intellectual tools (<em>Denkmittel</em>) without which the ‘fact of science’ would be impossible. In particular, Lasswitz regarded Huygens’ kinetic atomism as a historical model of a successful scientific theory, shaped by the interplay of two conceptual tools: (a) substantiality, the requirement for identity of the subject of motion through time, which found its scientific expression in the extensive atom; (b) variability, the intensive tendency to continue in an instant, which found its conceptual fixation in the notion of ‘differential’. By raising the problem of individuality in physics, Lasswitz offers a unique perspective on the utilization of the history of science in 19th-century neo-Kantian thought.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 155-164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039368124001043/pdfft?md5=558b189f3ab7443e4f9ba63d834c0f77&pid=1-s2.0-S0039368124001043-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The controversy about interference of photons 关于光子干涉的争议。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.06.003

Varun S. Bhatta

引用次数: 0

Experimentation in cosmology: Intervening on the whole universe 宇宙学实验：干预整个宇宙

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.06.007

Gauvain Leconte-Chevillard

引用次数: 0

Selection, growth and form. Turing’s two biological paths towards intelligent machinery 选择、成长和形式。图灵通往智能机器的两条生物之路。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.017

Hajo Greif, Adam P. Kubiak, Paweł Stacewicz

{"title":"Selection, growth and form. Turing’s two biological paths towards intelligent machinery","authors":"Hajo Greif, Adam P. Kubiak, Paweł Stacewicz","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We inquire into the role of Turing’s biological thought in the development of his concept of intelligent machinery. We trace the possible relations between his proto-connectionist notion of ‘organising’ machines in Turing (1948) on the one hand and his mathematical theory of morphogenesis in developmental biology (1952) on the other. These works were concerned with distinct fields of inquiry and followed distinct paradigms of biological theory, respectively postulating analogues of Darwinian selection in learning and mathematical laws of form in organic pattern formation. Still, these strands of Turing’s work are related, first, in terms of being amenable in principle to his (1936) computational method of modelling. Second, they are connected by Turing’s scattered speculations about the possible bearing of learning processes on the anatomy of the brain. We argue that these two theories form an unequal couple that, from different angles and in partial fashion, point towards cognition as a biological and embodied phenomenon while, for reasons inherent to Turing’s computational approach to modelling, not being capable of directly addressing it as such. We explore ways in which these two distinct-but-related theories could be more explicitly and systematically connected, using von Neumann’s contemporaneous and related work on Cellular Automata and more recent biomimetic approaches as a foil. We conclude that the nature of ‘initiative’ and the mode of material realisation are the key issues that decide on the possibility of intelligent machinery in Turing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 126-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039368124000657/pdfft?md5=d553243146dabedd06dc739c75521744&pid=1-s2.0-S0039368124000657-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Getting from here to there: The contingency of historical evidence and the value of speculation 从这里到那里：历史证据的偶然性与推测的价值。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.011

Daniel G. Swaim

引用次数: 0

Development and transfer of automated methods in neuroscience: The DADTA 神经科学自动化方法的开发和转让：DADTA.

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.018

Dzintra Ullis

{"title":"Development and transfer of automated methods in neuroscience: The DADTA","authors":"Dzintra Ullis","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the second half of the 20th century, neuroscientists across North America developed automated systems for use in their research laboratories. Their decisions to do so were complex and contingent, partly a result of global reasons, such as the need to increase efficiency and flexibility, and partly a result of local reasons, such as the need to amend perceived biases of earlier research methodologies. Automated methods were advancements but raised several challenges. Transferring a system from one location to another required that certain components of the system be standardized, such as the hardware, software, and programming language. This proved difficult as commercial manufacturers lacked incentives to create standardized products for the few neuroscientists working towards automation. Additionally, investing in automated systems required massive amounts of time, labor, funding, and computer expertise. Moreover, neuroscientists did not agree on the value of automation. My brief history investigates Karl Pribram's decisions to expand his newly created automated system by standardizing equipment, programming, and protocols. Although he was an eminent Stanford neuroscientist with strong institutional support and computer know-how, the development and transfer of his automated behavioral testing system was riddled with challenges. For Pribram and neuroscience more generally, automation was not so automatic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 109-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141471962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Obesity and the vitality of food in Finland, ca. 1950–1970 芬兰的肥胖症与食品的生命力，约 1950-1970 年

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.06.001

Eve-Riina Hyrkäs, Mikko Myllykangas

{"title":"Obesity and the vitality of food in Finland, ca. 1950–1970","authors":"Eve-Riina Hyrkäs, Mikko Myllykangas","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mainstream and alternative nutrition doctrines have crucially shaped our understanding of the vital aspects of and forces in human nutrition. Drawing upon a diverse array of sources, this article delves into cultural, social, and scientific conceptions of vital nutrition and how they evolved in relation to the Finnish obesity discourse from the 1950s to the 1970s. The Association to Combat Obesity (ACO), which brought together nutrition scientists, food faddists and laypeople, was the driving force of these debates. In the context of this article, food was perceived to influence the vitality of individuals and nations through its effect on body weight. Obese bodies seemed to conflict with both utopian visions of bodily transcendence and the ideals of wellbeing in modern health sciences. This work highlights the ideological continuities between interwar and postwar nutrition debates as well as the persistent tensions between scientific advancements and alternative nutrition philosophies. They have molded the conceptions of vitality and attitudes towards obesity. Concludingly, we suggest that the social responses to obesity have been influenced by the condition's perceived adverse relationship to vitality, in which fat has acted as a persistent reminder of corporeality, death, and decay.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 99-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039368124000980/pdfft?md5=a37988a79c8f652eb97f38fcfb4c1eea&pid=1-s2.0-S0039368124000980-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141434264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Theory vs. experiment: The rise of the dynamic view of proteins 理论与实验：蛋白质动态观的兴起

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.009

Jacob P. Neal

{"title":"Theory vs. experiment: The rise of the dynamic view of proteins","authors":"Jacob P. Neal","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the past century, the scientific conception of the protein has evolved significantly. This paper focuses on the most recent stage of this evolution, namely, the origin of the dynamic view of proteins and the challenge it posed to the static view of classical molecular biology. Philosophers and scientists have offered two hypotheses to explain the origin of the dynamic view and its slow reception by structural biologists. Some have argued that the shift from the static to the dynamic view was a Kuhnian revolution, driven by the accumulation of dynamic anomalies, while others have argued that the shift was caused by new empirical findings made possible by technological advances. I analyze this scientific episode and ultimately reject both of these empiricist accounts. I argue that focusing primarily on technological advances and empirical discoveries overlooks the important role of theory in driving this scientific change. I show how the application of general thermodynamic principles to proteins gave rise to the dynamic view, and a commitment to these principles then led early adopters to seek out the empirical examples of protein dynamics, which would eventually convince their peers. My analysis of this historical case shows that empiricist accounts of modern scientific progress—at least those that aim to explain developments in the molecular life sciences—need to be tempered in order to capture the interplay between theory and experiment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"106 ","pages":"Pages 86-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141434263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0