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Integration admissibility for structural controllability in linear networked systems 线性网络系统结构可控性的积分容许性
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106314
Qitian Chen, Shaoyuan Li
{"title":"Integration admissibility for structural controllability in linear networked systems","authors":"Qitian Chen,&nbsp;Shaoyuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article investigates the structural controllability of networked systems composed of interconnected linear subsystems. Focusing on heterogeneous networks where subsystems may differ in state dimension and dynamics, we study the integration of a new subsystem into an existing controllable network and define the concept of integration admissibility, which refers to the existence of suitable interconnection matrices that preserve structural controllability after integration. From a graph-theoretic perspective, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for integration admissibility in general heterogeneous networks and develop an efficient verification algorithm that relies only on local and adjacent subsystem dynamics. Furthermore, for the special case of homogeneous networks where all subsystems share identical dynamics, we establish sufficient conditions for structural controllability scalability. The proposed framework improves the computational efficiency of structural controllability analysis and verification in large-scale networked systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fully distributed leader–follower consensus of multiagent systems by observer based linear time-varying protocol 基于观测器的线性时变协议的多智能体系统的完全分布式leader-follower一致性
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106311
Di Lu, Bin Zhou, Kai Zhang
{"title":"Fully distributed leader–follower consensus of multiagent systems by observer based linear time-varying protocol","authors":"Di Lu,&nbsp;Bin Zhou,&nbsp;Kai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a fully distributed, observer based protocol using linear time-varying feedback for the leader–follower consensus problem in linear multi-agent systems. The protocol is inherently distributed, relying solely on local information without requiring knowledge of the global communication topology. For practical implementability, the protocol features a bounded protocol gain and highly tunable parameters, which allow designers to strike a deliberate balance among different performance criteria for specific objectives. The permissible ranges for these parameters are rigorously derived to ensure both consensus and performance. Furthermore, the dimension of the observer is not fixed but is allowed to vary within a certain range. Consensus is formally analyzed within a time-varying Lyapunov framework, and the theoretical findings are validated through numerical simulations that demonstrate the method’s efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106311"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Data-driven certified control barrier functions 数据驱动的认证控制屏障功能
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106325
Ali Kashani , Amy K. Strong , Leila J. Bridgeman , Claus Danielson
{"title":"Data-driven certified control barrier functions","authors":"Ali Kashani ,&nbsp;Amy K. Strong ,&nbsp;Leila J. Bridgeman ,&nbsp;Claus Danielson","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Control barrier functions and invariant sets are fundamental to constraint enforcement in safety–critical applications. To ensure safety, data-driven control methods based on nonlinear system identification often assume the existence of a barrier function computed from data. This paper presents a wide artificial neural network trained under constrained output evolution to synthesize barrier functions that characterize invariant sets for locally Lipschitz continuous nonlinear systems. We embed safety guarantees in the training, in contrast to probabilistic guarantees often given by scenario optimization or post-hoc verification in trial-and-error methods. Further, guaranteeing invariance for nonlinear systems generally requires solving a model-based nonlinear and often non-convex program. Conversely, we formulate our approach as a linear program for nonlinear systems. To demonstrate the versatility of our method, we approximate the invariant set of the Julia map, a chaotic system known for its complex behavior and fractal invariant sets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dynamic load-altering attacks in a perturbed power network: A stability analysis 摄动电网中的动态负荷改变攻击:稳定性分析
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106291
AnilKumar Badavath, Yogesh V. Hote
{"title":"Dynamic load-altering attacks in a perturbed power network: A stability analysis","authors":"AnilKumar Badavath,&nbsp;Yogesh V. Hote","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dynamic load-altering attacks (DLAAs) pose a significant threat to power system stability, particularly when amplified by parametric uncertainties in the network model. This paper introduces a novel framework for robust stability analysis that, for the first time, unifies Kharitonov’s theorem for parametric uncertainty with input-to-state stability (ISS) theory for external disturbances. By modeling the perturbed system as a family of linear state–space models with interval parameters, the framework provides a rigorous method to certify stability against the entire uncertainty set. This integrated approach yields analytical bounds on disturbance amplification via the ISS gain and provides a systematic procedure for deriving critical proportional–integral controller gains that guarantee stability for all possible plant variations and bounded DLAAs. Validation on the WSCC 3-machine 9-bus system demonstrates the framework’s efficacy, identifying the most vulnerable parameter configurations and quantifying the system’s resilience with a computed worst-case ISS gain of 0.1462 under 10% parametric uncertainty. The work offers a computationally tractable pathway for vulnerability assessment and robust controller synthesis against coordinated DLAAs in uncertain power networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 106291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A dynamic view of some anomalous phenomena in SGD for over-parametrized neural networks 过度参数化神经网络SGD中一些异常现象的动态观察
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106285
Vivek S. Borkar
{"title":"A dynamic view of some anomalous phenomena in SGD for over-parametrized neural networks","authors":"Vivek S. Borkar","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It has been observed by Belkin et al. that over-parametrized neural networks exhibit a ‘double descent’ phenomenon. That is, as the model complexity (as reflected in the number of features) increases, the test error initially decreases, then increases, and then decreases again. A counterpart of this phenomenon in the time domain has been noted in the context of epoch-wise training, viz., the test error decreases with the number of iterates, then increases, then decreases again. Another anomalous phenomenon is that of <em>grokking</em> wherein two regimes of descent are interrupted by a third regime wherein the mean loss remains almost constant. This note presents a plausible explanation for these and related phenomena by using the theory of two time scale stochastic approximation, applied to the continuous time limit of the gradient dynamics. This gives a novel perspective for an already well studied theme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 106285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
State feedback Φ∞ synthesis of multivariable linear systems 多变量线性系统的状态反馈Φ∞综合
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106312
Xiaokan Yang , Dan Wang , Wei Chen
{"title":"State feedback Φ∞ synthesis of multivariable linear systems","authors":"Xiaokan Yang ,&nbsp;Dan Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we formulate a <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Φ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> synthesis problem for multivariable linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, i.e., controller synthesis with closed-loop phase constraints, which complements the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> synthesis problem. A direct imitation of the solution of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> synthesis would generally lead to complex-valued controllers for <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Φ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> synthesis, which are not physically realizable. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for solvability of the state feedback <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Φ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> synthesis, formulated through a linear matrix inequality (LMI) subject to a rank condition. An algorithm is proposed to handle the difficulty caused by the rank condition. To overcome the limitation of the algorithm in lacking global convergence, we further derive a sufficient solvability condition with a clear geometric interpretation, expressed in terms of a real-coefficient LMI that ensures the resulting controller is real-valued.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fixed-time containment control by non-eternally adaptive estimation for nonlinear dynamical systems with irregular disturbance 带有不规则扰动的非线性动力系统的非永恒自适应定时控制
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106331
Kexing Yan, Shigen Gao
{"title":"Fixed-time containment control by non-eternally adaptive estimation for nonlinear dynamical systems with irregular disturbance","authors":"Kexing Yan,&nbsp;Shigen Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates an adaptive fixed-time containment control problem for a class of inherently nonlinear dynamical multi-agent systems (MASs) in the presence of irregularly external disturbances. The inherent nonlinearity of the considered MASs arises from nonlinear functions that cannot be addressed through a simple Lipschitz continuous assumption. To address irregularly external disturbances, a novel non-eternally (NE) adaptive distributed fixed-time observer and tracking controller are designed with constrained leader states. The concept of NE refers to a system where, by employing an instinct-inspired convergence confirmed-or-not logic, pioneering adaptive fixed-time containment control (AFTCC) can switch to deterministic mode, maintaining the MASs’ adaptive parameters as constant values and enabling the online monitoring of control performance metrics. Once poor control performance is detected, signaling an irregular disturbance, the system reverts from deterministic fixed-time containment control (DFTCC) to AFTCC to promptly handle the disturbance. Theoretical analysis shows that the proposed controller achieves containment control within a fixed-time period, independent of the initial states, even in the presence of external disturbances. In addition, the proposed approach circumvents high-frequency chattering. Comparative simulation results are provided to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed non-eternally adaptive estimation-based fixed-time containment control scheme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Differentially private distributed online aggregative game with time-varying constraints 具有时变约束的差分私有分布式在线聚合博弈
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106295
Xin Zhang , Lipo Mo , Tongqing Yang , Kang Li , Yuanshi Zheng
{"title":"Differentially private distributed online aggregative game with time-varying constraints","authors":"Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Lipo Mo ,&nbsp;Tongqing Yang ,&nbsp;Kang Li ,&nbsp;Yuanshi Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the problem of distributed online Nash equilibrium seeking for aggregative games under time-varying constraints and differentially private. The players’ constraint sets are assumed to be non-uniform and time-varying, while their cost functions are deemed to contain sensitive information requiring protection. To characterize the evolution of the time-varying constraints, we employ the one-way Hausdorff distance ensuring that the players’ decisions always stay at the constraints at each time step. For privacy preservation, we mask the players’ gradients with independent Gaussian noise before information exchange among neighbors. By integrating a projected gradient descent approach with a consensus tracking protocol, we develop a distributed online privacy-preserving algorithm that accommodates both time-varying constraints and time-varying communication topologies. We rigorously prove that the proposed algorithm guarantees <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ϵ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-differential privacy. Furthermore, we establish a sub-linear dynamic regret, revealing a fundamental tradeoff between the convergence rate of regret and the level of privacy protection. Finally, through numerical simulations implemented on a Cournot game, the theoretical analysis is verified, and the algorithm’s effectiveness is demonstrated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 106295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exponential synchronization of complex networks on time scales with event-based asynchronous intermittent pinning control 复杂网络在时间尺度上的指数同步与基于事件的异步间歇固定控制
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106313
Liwen Zheng , Shengyuan Xu , Ju H. Park
{"title":"Exponential synchronization of complex networks on time scales with event-based asynchronous intermittent pinning control","authors":"Liwen Zheng ,&nbsp;Shengyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Ju H. Park","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the exponential synchronization problem of nonlinear complex networks (CNs) under an event-based asynchronous intermittent pinning control scheme within the framework of time scales. By leveraging the Lyapunov approach and the foundational theory of time scale, we derive novel exponential synchronization criteria that apply to continuous-time, discrete-time, and hybrid continuous-discrete systems. The proposed control strategy ensures exponential synchronization by dynamically adjusting the pinning node set based on a centralized event-triggered mechanism. Key contributions include the introduction of adaptive control gains and the analysis of synchronization under the asynchronous intermittent strategy. The theoretical results are validated through numerical simulations, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. Our findings generalize existing results by accommodating a unified synchronization treatment across diverse time domains, thereby enhancing the applicability of intermittent control strategies in complex networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106313"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
System realizations by mammillary models with an application to propofol pharmacokinetics 乳腺模型的系统实现及其在异丙酚药代动力学中的应用
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106309
Veronica Beltrami , Luca Consolini , Mattia Laurini , Marco Milanesi , Michele Schiavo , Antonio Visioli
{"title":"System realizations by mammillary models with an application to propofol pharmacokinetics","authors":"Veronica Beltrami ,&nbsp;Luca Consolini ,&nbsp;Mattia Laurini ,&nbsp;Marco Milanesi ,&nbsp;Michele Schiavo ,&nbsp;Antonio Visioli","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work addresses the problem of linear system realizations by mammillary and mammillary-like models, offering necessary and sufficient conditions under which a given transfer function can be represented in this form. Compartmental models, particularly mammillary ones, reflect the physiological dynamics of distribution and elimination. This is especially relevant in clinical pharmacology, where model parameters correspond to meaningful biological processes to support interpretability, personalization, and safe drug delivery, such as in total intravenous anesthesia. To conclude, an application to a propofol infusion model illustrates how mammillary realizations can support physiologically interpretable system representations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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