Systems & Control Letters最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Power-constrained networked process control system design 功率约束网络化过程控制系统设计
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106231
Alejandro J. Rojas , Hugo O. Garcés
{"title":"Power-constrained networked process control system design","authors":"Alejandro J. Rojas ,&nbsp;Hugo O. Garcés","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Networked control systems (NCSs) operate at the interface between the physical world and cyberspace enabling the realization of emergent cyber–physical systems that can be controlled over long distance, potentially even from the cloud, thereby reducing the complexity associated with wired solutions. Networked process control systems (NPCSs), as proposed herein, incorporate the challenges inherent in NCS design within the context of process control (the application of automatic control theory). For this purpose, the essential components of an NPCS are considered to be: on the process side, the presence of dominant unstable dynamics, modeled by a first-order (or at most a second-order) transfer function; and on the network side, the presence of additive white noise (AWN) channels on both over the control and feedback paths. The contribution of this work lies in the development of new optimal designs for the stabilization of a first-order unstable NPCS that minimize the associated channel power constraints, thereby mitigating signal distortion, and preserving battery life in cases where the transmitters are not connected to an external power supply. The NPCS optimal controller configures the closed loop dynamics to exhibit a repeated stable pole, while simultaneously minimizing one of the following objectives: the input power of the AWN channel over the control path; the input power of the AWN channel over the feedback path; or the sum of the input powers of both AWN channels, all under a constant reference signal. To illustrate the theoretical developments, a first-principles-based linearized ball and beam model is derived, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed NPCS optimal controller designs, and their properties, in comparison to those of a classical proportional-integral (PI) design. The contributions presented in this work are readily extendable to any arbitrary linear plant model possessing a single unstable pole.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Good Lie Brackets for classical and quantum harmonic oscillators 经典谐振子和量子谐振子的Good Lie托架
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106233
Andrei Agrachev , Bettina Kazandjian , Eugenio Pozzoli
{"title":"Good Lie Brackets for classical and quantum harmonic oscillators","authors":"Andrei Agrachev ,&nbsp;Bettina Kazandjian ,&nbsp;Eugenio Pozzoli","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study the small-time controllability problem on the Lie groups <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>⋉</mo><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> with Lie bracket methods (here <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> denotes the <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-dimensional real Heisenberg group). Then, using unitary representations of <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>⋉</mo><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> on <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup><mo>,</mo><mi>ℂ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup><mo>,</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>,</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>[</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>∞</mi><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, we recover small-time reachability properties of the Schrödinger PDE for the quantum harmonic oscillator, and find new small-time reachability properties of the Liouville PDE for the classical harmonic oscillator.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Global controllability properties of linear control systems 线性控制系统的全局可控性
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106229
Fritz Colonius , Alexandre J. Santana
{"title":"Global controllability properties of linear control systems","authors":"Fritz Colonius ,&nbsp;Alexandre J. Santana","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For linear control systems with bounded control range, the state space is compactified using the Poincaré sphere. The linearization of the induced control flow allows the construction of invariant manifolds on the sphere and of corresponding manifolds in the state space of the linear control system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A distributed influence measurement algorithm in leader–follower networks 领导-追随者网络中的分布式影响力度量算法
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106230
Hyung-Gon Lee , Jeong-Min Ma , Nam-Jin Park , Hyo-Sung Ahn
{"title":"A distributed influence measurement algorithm in leader–follower networks","authors":"Hyung-Gon Lee ,&nbsp;Jeong-Min Ma ,&nbsp;Nam-Jin Park ,&nbsp;Hyo-Sung Ahn","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a <em>vector-wise step-sized consensus dynamics (VSCD)</em> for distributed networks represented by positively weighted leader–follower graphs. Unlike traditional discrete consensus dynamics, VSCD employs node-specific vector step sizes, enabling faster convergence. We define an influence matrix in continuous consensus dynamics and extend it to a discrete influence matrix in VSCD, demonstrating equivalent convergence properties under specific vector step size conditions. To facilitate the application of VSCD in distributed networks, we analyze the maximum boundary vector step size conditions using graph-theoretic methods. Building on this formulation, we propose a fully <em>distributed influence measurement algorithm (DIMA)</em>, which enables each node in a distributed network to determine its valid influence nodes and their corresponding influence using only local information, without requiring global parameters. The effectiveness and scalability of the proposed methods are validated through simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Data-driven adversarial online control for unknown linear systems 未知线性系统的数据驱动对抗在线控制
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106224
Zishun Liu, Yongxin Chen
{"title":"Data-driven adversarial online control for unknown linear systems","authors":"Zishun Liu,&nbsp;Yongxin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We consider the online control problem with an unknown linear dynamical system in the presence of adversarial perturbations and adversarial convex loss functions. Although the problem is widely studied in model-based control, it remains unclear whether data-driven approaches, which bypass the system identification step, can solve the problem. In this work, we present a novel data-driven online adaptive control algorithm to address this online control problem. Our algorithm leverages the behavioral systems theory to learn a non-parametric system representation and then adopts a perturbation-based controller updated by online gradient descent. We prove that our algorithm guarantees an <span><math><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>O</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>̃</mo></mrow></mover><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> regret bound with high probability, which matches the best-known regret bound for this problem. Furthermore, we extend our algorithm and performance guarantee to the cases with output feedback. A numerical experiment is conducted to validate our theoretical results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Harnessing optimal robustness towards PI regulators of linear perturbed unstable systems 利用线性摄动不稳定系统的PI调节器的最优鲁棒性
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106225
Qi Mao , Jun Chen , Fei Xie , Liqian Dou , Bailing Tian , Qun Zong
{"title":"Harnessing optimal robustness towards PI regulators of linear perturbed unstable systems","authors":"Qi Mao ,&nbsp;Jun Chen ,&nbsp;Fei Xie ,&nbsp;Liqian Dou ,&nbsp;Bailing Tian ,&nbsp;Qun Zong","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we investigate how a regulator can be implemented for gaining the optimal robustness margin of second-order plants in the presence of uncertain perturbations. We are primarily interested in an intricate system, i.e., the second-order unstable plant with a zero relative degree that is accompanied by at least one unstable pole and non-minimum phase dynamics, both implemented by the proportional and proportional–integral (PI) type regulators. More specifically, we shall examine three scenarios of the system ranging from the worst case of two unstable poles and two minimum phase zeros to the case of one unstable pole and one minimum phase zero. For each class of systems, we furnish the bi-dimensional feasible horizons for the controller parameters of PI regulators. Drawing upon the feasible domains, we derive the explicit expressions of the optimal robustness margin against unknown uncertainties. Beyond that, we determine the regulator parameters for accomplishing the maximum margins, i.e., the optimum proportional and integral gains. At last, we extend to explore the optimum robustness margin achievable with a PI regulator for third-order non-minimum phase systems. Our results illustrate that the optimal robustness margins obtainable are dependent on the locations of the system’s unstable poles and non-minimum phase dynamics while attaining the optimized margin is relevant to the control parameters of the PI regulator, thus casting insight upon the design and adaptation of the regulator parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Identifiable specializations for ODE models ODE模型的可识别专门化
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106226
Alexey Ovchinnikov , Anand Pillay , Gleb Pogudin , Thomas Scanlon
{"title":"Identifiable specializations for ODE models","authors":"Alexey Ovchinnikov ,&nbsp;Anand Pillay ,&nbsp;Gleb Pogudin ,&nbsp;Thomas Scanlon","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The parameter identifiability problem for a dynamical system is to determine whether the parameters of the system can be found from data for the outputs of the system. Verifying whether the parameters are identifiable is a necessary first step before a meaningful parameter estimation can take place. Non-identifiability occurs in practical models. To reparametrize a model to achieve identifiability is a challenge. The existing approaches have been shown to be useful for many important examples. However, these approaches are either limited to linear models and scaling parametrizations or are not guaranteed to find a reparametrization even if it exists. In the present paper, we prove that there always exists a locally identifiable model with the same input–output behavior as the original one obtained from a given one by a partial specialization of the parameters. Our result applies to parametric rational ODE models with or without input, and our algorithm can find non-scaling reparametrizations. As an extra feature of our approach, the resulting (at least) locally identifiable reparametrization has the same shape: the monomials in the new state variables in the new model are formed in the same way as in the original model. Furthermore, we give a sufficient observability condition for the existence of a state space transformation from the original model to the new one. Our proof is constructive and can be translated to an algorithm, which we illustrate by several examples, with and without inputs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 106226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adaptive sampling-based event-triggered consensus for multi-agent systems 基于自适应采样的多智能体系统事件触发共识
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106218
Yiming Wu , Nan Tang , Xiaozhen Pan , Ming Xu , Shuai Liu
{"title":"Adaptive sampling-based event-triggered consensus for multi-agent systems","authors":"Yiming Wu ,&nbsp;Nan Tang ,&nbsp;Xiaozhen Pan ,&nbsp;Ming Xu ,&nbsp;Shuai Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This brief addresses the event-triggered consensus problem of linear multi-agent systems (MASs) considered limited resources. A novel adaptive sampling dynamic event-triggered control (ASDETC) is proposed. It incorporates an inner self-learning term into the triggering conditions, enabling each agent to adaptively adjust its sampling detection interval based on the frequency of event triggering. To ensure effectiveness, a detection interval updating algorithm is developed. Further, we consider the adaptive sampling-based event-triggered consensus issue in directed and switching topology. With the aid of Lyapunov analysis, it is demonstrated that ASDETC can drive the MAS towards exponential consensus while effectively avoiding potential Zeno behavior. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to validate the results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 106218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144921303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Maximum principle for optimal control problems of extended mean-field forward–backward regime-switching systems with general singular controls 广义奇异控制下扩展平均场前向-后向状态切换系统最优控制问题的极大值原理
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106216
Hongyu Shi, Zhen Wu
{"title":"Maximum principle for optimal control problems of extended mean-field forward–backward regime-switching systems with general singular controls","authors":"Hongyu Shi,&nbsp;Zhen Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study the optimal control problems for a class of extended mean-field forward–backward regime-switching systems with general singular controls, where the coefficients depend, nonlinearly, on the state and the control process as well as on their law. In particular, we assume that the singular control is a general finite variation process that is not necessarily non-negative non-decreasing. By virtue of separation and variational methods, we establish the related stochastic maximum principle, which consists of two components: the absolutely continuous part and the singular part. It is essentially different from that in the classical situation. Additionally, we obtain the verification theorem for optimal control problems under certain convexity assumptions. Since this paper extends singular controls to general finite variation processes, our conclusions can be applied to optimal impulse control problems. Finally, we also provide the feedback representation for the optimal singular control of a class of linear quadratic problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 106216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adaptive prescribed-time stabilization for uncertain unmeasured-state-dependent systems 不确定非测量状态相关系统的自适应定时镇定
IF 2.5 3区 计算机科学
Systems & Control Letters Pub Date : 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106228
Yuan Wang, Yungang Liu
{"title":"Adaptive prescribed-time stabilization for uncertain unmeasured-state-dependent systems","authors":"Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Yungang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes an adaptive output-feedback scheme for prescribed-time stabilization of uncertain unmeasured-state-dependent systems. Notably, the systems admit nonlinearities with unknown arbitrary function-of-output growth rate and for the first time allow state-dependent disturbances. The two ingredients lead to the stabilization rather intractable and appeal to new methods and analysis routes. We propose a dynamic-high-gain prescribed-time filter-based observer which owns control-free and tractable error dynamics. This novel and concise observer makes controller design and performance analysis possible. By devising a new set of time-varying scalings, an entire system is obtained whose boundedness amounts to the wanted prescribed-time convergence. From the entire system, the adaptive controller is designed. The dynamics of high gains are endowed with multiple components. It is by the tailored components that the boundedness of the high gains is ensured, getting rid of the noticeable theoretical flaw that the high gains are unbounded in the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 106228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信