Systems & Control LettersPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106365
Tian Zhang , Hong-Xiang Hu , Xiaoling Wang , Yun Chen , Tingwen Huang
{"title":"Stabilization of highly nonlinear stochastic coupled systems with pantograph delay via completely aperiodically intermittent control","authors":"Tian Zhang , Hong-Xiang Hu , Xiaoling Wang , Yun Chen , Tingwen Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper addresses the exponential stabilization of highly nonlinear stochastic coupled systems with pantograph delay under aperiodically intermittent control. Two main obstacles are overcome. First, the unbounded pantograph delay coupled with high-order nonlinearities invalidates conventional Halanay-type inequalities for intermittent control analysis. We establish a novel Halanay-type inequality to resolve this. Second, in the stochastic setting, direct use of this inequality is hindered by Jensen’s inequality (which, for <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>, gives <span><math><mrow><mi>E</mi><msup><mrow><mi>W</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></msup><mo>≥</mo><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>[</mo><mi>E</mi><mi>W</mi><mo>]</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>), preventing the interchange of expectation and nonlinear powers. To bridge this gap, we construct an auxiliary Lyapunov functional. This functional, when differentiated by Leibniz’s rule, cancels key pantograph delay terms and enables rigorous application of the new inequality. Integrating this framework with Itô’s formula and graph theory, we derive two verifiable exponential stability criteria: a Lyapunov-type and a coefficient-type criterion. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated through a modified stochastic coupled Fitzhugh–Nagumo model and numerical simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems & Control LettersPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106352
Mohsen Amiri , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
{"title":"A dynamic embedding method for the real-time solution of time-varying constrained convex optimization problems","authors":"Mohsen Amiri , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Mehdi Hosseinzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a method for solving time-varying constrained convex optimization problems in real time. The key idea is to embed the optimal solution within the internal state of a virtual dynamical system that evolves in parallel with the underlying optimization problem. This system is designed such that its trajectory tracks the optimal solution with a tunable, analytically-computable bound and remains feasible with respect to the problem constraints at all times, without requiring prior knowledge of the dynamics of either the cost function or the constraints. Moreover, when the cost function and constraints are time-invariant, the proposed method guarantees exponential convergence to the optimal solution. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through two numerical examples: (i) a multi-agent tracking scenario; and (ii) a collision-free robot navigation task.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems & Control LettersPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106338
Ramen Ghosh
{"title":"Stochastic ergodic control in hybrid systems: A framework for safe autonomy in adversarial environments","authors":"Ramen Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study the ergodic control of stochastic hybrid systems by <em>shaping their invariant distribution</em>. Given a regime-switching diffusion with feedback, we pose long-run optimal control with <em>convex constraints on the stationary occupation measure</em> to encode safety, fairness, and coverage requirements. Our analysis establishes (i) verifiable conditions ensuring existence and uniqueness of an invariant measure under controlled switching; (ii) a variational formulation on <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> with a <em>Wasserstein–KKT</em> optimality system that links dual multipliers to sensitivities of stationary constraints; and (iii) <em>sharp bifurcations</em> of the optimal invariant law and dual variables as constraint thresholds, switching rates, or noise intensities vary, revealing phase-transition phenomena predicted by large-deviation heuristics. We further develop a simulation-based primal–dual synthesis method that estimates stationary occupancies from long trajectories and provably converges to a KKT point under standard step–size and convexity assumptions. Case studies — marine navigation in adversarial seas, battery–inverter management under stochastic load, and safety–enveloped medical device scheduling — demonstrate distributional guarantees unattainable by transient or average-cost criteria. The results provide a principled route to safe and interpretable autonomy in hybrid systems, with certificates phrased directly at the level of invariant laws.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Remote tube MPC over lossy networks for constrained control without prediction consistency","authors":"Matthias Pezzutto , Marcello Farina , Ruggero Carli , Luca Schenato","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work we consider the problem of controlling a dynamical system affected by bounded disturbances and subject to constraints through a wireless network. Existing works guarantee constraint satisfaction despite packet losses and delays by enforcing the past input sequence used in the estimation at the remote unit and the past input sequence applied at the plant to be the same. This condition, typically referred to as prediction consistency, requires strong assumptions on the network, such as a TCP-like protocol or a known delay bound, and conservative control design. In this work, we propose a novel approach to enforce constraints without requiring prediction consistency by handling unmatched input sequences as an additive disturbance. We define a theoretically sound Tube MPC to be implemented at the remote side and we introduce a novel acceptance rule at the plant side that allows to use control packets even if the past input sequences used in the estimation and applied at the plant are different. Simulations with real Wi-Fi channel realizations show that the proposed strategy has a more reactive response and better performance compared to existing solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems & Control LettersPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106361
Dong-Hui Yang , Bao-Zhu Guo
{"title":"Null controllability of a class of degenerate parabolic equations subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions","authors":"Dong-Hui Yang , Bao-Zhu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper draws inspiration from Araruna et al. (2019), wherein the null controllability of a two-dimensional degenerate parabolic partial differential equation was demonstrated by restricting the control domain to lie near the degenerate boundary. In contrast, this study relaxes this constraint, allowing the control domain to be any small nonempty open subset. The approach adopted here is the Lebeau–Robbiano spectral inequality. Firstly, we define the solution space and discuss the properties of the solution. Additionally, the method of separation of variables is incorporated. The controllability, contingent upon uniform observability, is subsequently established. Finally, as an illustrative application, we extend this methodology to a different higher-dimensional example to highlight the limitations inherent in this approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems & Control LettersPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106351
Xin Zhang, Zongyuan Huang
{"title":"Well-posedness and comparison theorems of coupled mean-field forward–backward stochastic differential equations","authors":"Xin Zhang, Zongyuan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>By using the generalized continuity method in the mean-field framework, we obtain the existence and uniqueness results of fully coupled mean-field forward–backward stochastic differential equations with an arbitrarily large time duration, in the sense of <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>th (<span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>) power integrability. The coefficients of the equations depend not only on the solution processes, but also on their expectations. Furthermore, we establish the comparison theorems for coupled mean-field forward–backward stochastic differential equations in one-dimension and multi-dimension by the probabilistic method and duality technique in the mean-field context. Some stochastic Hamiltonian systems arising in stochastic optimal control systems and mathematical finance can be treated within our framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems & Control LettersPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106358
Yuchen Yang , Kaihong Lu , Long Wang
{"title":"High probability convergence of distributed clipped stochastic gradient descent with heavy-tailed noise","authors":"Yuchen Yang , Kaihong Lu , Long Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the problem of distributed optimization is studied via a network of agents. Each agent only has access to a noisy gradient of its own objective function, and can communicate with its neighbors via a network. To handle this problem, a distributed clipped stochastic gradient descent algorithm is proposed, and the high probability convergence of the algorithm is studied. Existing works on distributed algorithms involving stochastic gradients only consider the light-tailed noises. Different from them, we study the case with heavy-tailed settings. Under mild assumptions on the graph connectivity, we prove that the algorithm converges in high probability under a certain clipping operator. Finally, a simulation is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems & Control LettersPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106342
Siteng Ma , Jun Hu , Zhihui Wu , Weilu Chen
{"title":"Finite-time fault detection for T–S fuzzy systems with dynamic quantization under a new improved FlexRay protocol via event-based redundant channel access mechanism","authors":"Siteng Ma , Jun Hu , Zhihui Wu , Weilu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2026.106342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper addresses the fault detection (FD) issue of T–S fuzzy systems under limited network bandwidth. To alleviate the communication burden between sensors and the remote filter, a dynamic quantizer pre-processes transmitted data. Moreover, a new FlexRay protocol (FRP) is proposed to schedule communication sequences, where an event-based redundant channel access mechanism is embedded, balancing resource conservation against filtering performance. Based on available measurements, a fuzzy FD filter with mismatched membership functions (MFs) is constructed. By employing the Lyapunov stability theory, sufficient criteria are developed to guarantee that the filtering error system (FES) is finite-time stable with specified <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> performance. Furthermore, the expected filter gains are determined by solving the recursive linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the efficiency of the FD algorithm is demonstrated by the mass–spring–damper mechanical system and the single-link robotic manipulator model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems & Control LettersPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106329
Feng Xiao , Xiaoyu Wang , Bo Wei , Qian Feng
{"title":"Synchronization of asynchronous networked systems via hybrid edge-event-triggered control with model uncertainties","authors":"Feng Xiao , Xiaoyu Wang , Bo Wei , Qian Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In networked systems with limited communication capacities, model-based control can reduce the frequency of data transmission and control updates by estimating the system dynamics during each sampling interval. In this paper, synchronization problems in asynchronous networked systems with model uncertainties are investigated under model-based hybrid edge-event-triggered control. A novel model-based hybrid edge-event-triggering scheme is proposed, where the term hybrid refers to the combination of an edge-event-triggering condition and a sampling scheduling mechanism. Sampling tasks are rescheduled via a timer when the event detection logic returns TRUE, ensuring a positive lower bound for inter-sampling time intervals. Prediction models based on relative states are developed without requiring exact prior knowledge of system matrices. A robust model-based controller is proposed accounting for communication delays in the transmission links. The control gain parameter is designed using the available model information. Sufficient conditions for systems to achieve synchronization and conditions for the design of prediction models are derived using an integral approach. Our stability results contribute to the robustness analysis of asynchronous networked systems with parameter uncertainties. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of this novel approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems & Control LettersPub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106328
Zhipeng Niu , Jun Moon , Qingxin Meng
{"title":"Stochastic maximum principle for fully coupled nonlinear FBSΔEs under generalized monotonicity and LQ control applications","authors":"Zhipeng Niu , Jun Moon , Qingxin Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sysconle.2025.106328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the optimal control problem for a class of nonlinear fully coupled forward–backward stochastic difference equations (FBS<span><math><mi>Δ</mi></math></span>Es). Under the convexity assumption of the control domain, we establish a variational formula for the cost functional involving the Hamiltonian system and adjoint equations, deriving both necessary and sufficient optimality conditions via the Pontryagin maximum principle. Innovatively, we employ a generalized monotonicity framework to ensure the existence and uniqueness of solutions for nonlinear systems and directly derive variational inequalities through the convexity properties of the Hamiltonian function, simplifying the analysis of fully coupled systems. As an application, we formulate a linear-quadratic (LQ) optimal control problem inspired by energy storage scheduling (a real-world example) to demonstrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results. The study reveals that discrete-time FBS<span><math><mi>Δ</mi></math></span>Es models offer significant computational advantages for practical systems with future-dependent constraints, such as power dispatch and financial decision-making, providing a new theoretical foundation for high-dimensional optimal control problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49450,"journal":{"name":"Systems & Control Letters","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 106328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}