Urban Forestry & Urban Greening最新文献

{"title":"Ecological species groups and trait convergence of urban spontaneous plants: Evidence from 16 cities within biodiversity hotspots","authors":"Yanyi Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiwen Gao ,&nbsp;Kun Song ,&nbsp;Liangjun Da","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanization profoundly reshapes the diversity patterns of urban spontaneous plants, which are effective indicators of urban environmental change. Categorizing ecological species groups (ESGs) are crucial for understanding species-environment relationships and for supporting biodiversity conservation. In this study, 586 spontaneous plants across 16 cities in Yunnan province, China, were classified into four ESGs using a two-way clustering approach that integrates urban-rural gradients (expressed by the distance to city boundary) and human activity intensity (the proportion of impervious surface), and their indicator species were subsequently identified. The four ESGs—disturbance-sensitive urbanphob plants (DSUP, 29.5 %), disturbance-tolerant urbanphob plants (DTUP, 26.5 %), disturbance-tolerant urbanophil plants (DTUO, 22.9 %), and disturbance-sensitive urbanophil plants (DSUO, 21.2 %). Trend analysis revealed that only DSUP shows consistent response across both urbanization gradients, suggesting that relying on a single urbanization metric may bias in ESG classification and obscure the complexity of plant responses to urbanization intensity. Functional diversity metrics combined with a null model approach revealed significant trait convergence within ESGs (except DSUO) and clear variability among them, suggesting a convergence in traits driven by urbanization filtering effects. Our findings revealed that indicator species of ESGs are predominantly by herbaceous, native, and autochorous species. Nonetheless, trait variations still emerged along disturbance gradients. In particular, fruit type composition varied substantially among indicator species of ESGs, with caryopsis predominated in DSUP (&gt;60 %), pod in DTUP (&gt;25 %), capsule and achene in DTUO (25.0 % and 20.8 %, respectively), and caryopsis (29.4 %) and nut (23.5 %) in DSUO. Our study emphasizes the difference in species adaptation strategies at different levels of urbanization, underscoring the imperative to develop appropriate habitat conservation strategies that align with species-specific habitat preferences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 129250"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145845105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What factors affect resident perceived biodiversity in urban green spaces: Individual attributes, habitat structure or actual biodiversity？","authors":"Xiaoxiao Shi,&nbsp;Xiaohan Xie,&nbsp;Qing Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The disconnect between public perception and actual biodiversity in the social-ecological system has become a challenge in integrating biodiversity conservation with urban development and human well-being. Compared to actual biodiversity, a deep exploration of perceived biodiversity by residents in urban green spaces (UGSs) can help promote understanding the relationship between humans and nature. However, there is still a lack of systematic knowledge regarding what factors affect the perceived biodiversity in UGSs and how they affect it. In this study, we explored how individual attributes, habitat structure and actual biodiversity impact four perceived biodiversity variables (i.e., perceived plant/bird richness and abundance) in UGSs through a survey of 186 respondents. The results showed that all these factors had significant effects on perceived biodiversity, among which individual and environmental features had similar impacts on perceived plant diversity, but individual attributes were more important for perceived bird diversity. Specifically, tree-covered pavement and evergreen tree proportion, as well as actual shrubs, herb and bird species richness positively affected perceived biodiversity, while deciduous tree proportion had a negative effect. Meanwhile, visiting frequency, having knowledge background, visiting for exercise, age and visiting duration had a positive association, but visiting for parent-child interactions showed a negative association. Based on the insights from these results, an adaptive intervention pathway and five evidence-based strategies for policymakers were proposed to promote public perception and participation in urban biodiversity conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 129246"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree shade protection factors by Jacaranda mimosifolia: a summertime comparison of UV dosimetry and whole sky image analysis for residential urban environments","authors":"Nathan J. Downs ,&nbsp;Stijn Dekeyser ,&nbsp;Adrian Dawes ,&nbsp;Alfio V. Parisi ,&nbsp;Harry J. Butler ,&nbsp;Nawin Raj ,&nbsp;Ravinesh C. Deo ,&nbsp;Joanna Turner ,&nbsp;Damien Igoe ,&nbsp;Charlene Jackson ,&nbsp;Catherine Chinnock ,&nbsp;Melanie J. Beckman-Downs","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to characterize <em>Jacaranda mimosifolia</em> in Queensland as a shade protection species for residential urban environments during peak summertime ultraviolet exposure periods, assessed near solar noon and taking into account changes in tree aspect measured relative to the main trunk and with variation in seasonal foliage. Ultraviolet polysulphone dosimeters and whole sky image (WSI) analysis was employed to derive site protection factors (PF) measured on the north, south, east and western sides of trees planted alongside urban street locations in southern Queensland, Australia for the summer months of December, January and February. Dosimetry and WSI analysis of the site PF measured in 5-minute intervals one hour before and following noon confirmed there is a seasonal variation in protection from ultraviolet radiation due to the presence of <em>Jacaranda mimosifolia</em>. Site PF varied from 2 to 12 with protection peaking at the end of summer when canopy foliage is greatest. Protection factors were shown to follow a monthly cycle confirming observed patterns in critical daytime PF either side of noon for the same species derived previously in research from southern Australia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 129260"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145895488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing alternative discourses on urban nature: community-led initiatives in Santiago, Bogotá, and Buenos Aires","authors":"Alexis Vásquez ,&nbsp;Cynnamon Dobbs ,&nbsp;Mariana Giusti ,&nbsp;Diana Ruiz ,&nbsp;Verónica Fabio ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Galdámez ,&nbsp;Miguel Kanai ,&nbsp;Paola Velásquez ,&nbsp;Felipe Labra","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biocultural homogenization has extended worldwide, causing biodiversity and cultural diversity loss, leading to extractive and homogenized human-nonhuman relationships. To overcome this, internationally promoted nature-based solutions (NbS) and ecosystem-based efforts have been promoted, however those have exacerbated diversity loss by advocating a narrow range of actions and values of nature, rather than acknowledging the multiple conceptions and perceptions that different communities have of it. Yet, some bottom-up initiatives have actively resisted this trend by reinforcing local cultural perspectives of engaging with nature to address the triple planetary crisis. This paper analyzes three community-led initiatives (CLIs) in Latin America that exemplify alternative, bottom-up approaches for supporting urban nature. Using in-depth interviews and social media content analysis we identified alternative discourses related to ‘living with’ and ‘living as nature’. The findings highlight the role of CLIs in Latin American cities for promoting and also conserving alternative discourses that withstand homogenization while advocating for biocultural diversity. These initiatives redefine ancestral values and perceptions about nature, drawing on alternative visions and practices such as '<em>buen vivir</em>' and '<em>pachamama</em>' to foster inclusive urban development strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 129251"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the role of community-led urban greenspace programming in advancing belonging, social connection, and health equity: A mixed methods study of Park People's Sparking Change Toronto program","authors":"Nadha Hassen ,&nbsp;Ayan Mohamed ,&nbsp;Kobisha Rajeswaran ,&nbsp;Wesley Reibeling ,&nbsp;Cindy Hashie ,&nbsp;Ayesha Talreja ,&nbsp;Leah Yuyitung ,&nbsp;Eugene Slonimerov ,&nbsp;Mohiuddin Shah Golam ,&nbsp;Joy Sammy ,&nbsp;Natalie Brown ,&nbsp;Kate Mulligan","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban greenspaces have the potential to positively influence individual and population health and wellbeing. However, there are limited published evaluations of urban greenspace programming initiatives influencing social connection, belonging, and health equity, especially with equity-deserving and marginalized communities. This evaluation examined the impact of Park People's Sparking Change Toronto program, a national non-profit focused on urban greenspaces, on social connection, belonging, and health equity. An online survey was conducted in August and September of 2024 with 47 community members from the program along with four focus groups with 11 community members. Two additional focus groups were held with three City of Toronto staff and three Park People staff and two individual interviews were conducted with City of Toronto staff to accommodate schedules. We identified the importance of several factors including resourcing community-led urban greenspace programming, providing organizational support, championing community action, and addressing social access in fostering social connection, belonging, and health equity in urban greenspaces. Equity emerged as a central cross-cutting theme. This study presents three novel contributions to the literature on urban greenspaces and health: (1) the emphasis on taking a community-grounded, strengths-based approach to belonging and social connection; (2) a merged socio-ecological model (SEM) integrating both the material and social factors influencing belonging, social connection, and health equity, and (3) critical insights into the multi-scalar nature of barriers and facilitators and the importance of examining the dynamic interplay between levels and at different scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 129258"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residents’ heterogeneous willingness-to-pay for green roofs revealed via demographic segmentation: A case study in a southern Chinese city","authors":"Jiahong Wu ,&nbsp;Pan Yang ,&nbsp;Guanhui Cheng ,&nbsp;Qian Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green roof (GR) represents a crucial nature-based solution for advancing urban sustainability across multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet, its widespread adoption among urban residents was hindered by a lack of understanding regarding residents’ heterogeneous willingness-to-pay (WTP). This study addresses this issue by employing the latent profile analysis to segment 964 residents from Shenzhen into four groups based on their preferences over a range of GR-related aspects: “Residents with low support” (12.14 %), “Residents with high support” (9.44 %), “Residents with moderate support” (61.41 %), and “Cautious supporter” (17.01 %). The identified groups exhibit distinct socio-economic backgrounds, preferences regarding GR, and WTP. Group-specific multinomial logit regression models reveal significant differences in the drivers of WTP among groups, and offer greater predictive accuracy than a homogeneous model. The findings thus highlight the need for targeted policies to promote GR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 129282"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"False equity: Demographic shifts and urban tree cover in Northeast us cities","authors":"Matthew Walter ,&nbsp;Idowu Ajibade ,&nbsp;Jing Gao ,&nbsp;Pinki Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban tree canopy is unevenly distributed across U.S. cities, often reflecting legacies of discriminatory planning practices such as redlining and disinvestment. While prior research has documented disparities in tree cover favoring wealthier neighborhoods, the drivers of urban tree equity remain complex and context-dependent. In this study, we employ machine learning models to analyze 2020 tree cover data across 3211 census tracts in five U.S. cities: Washington D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston. We assess how tree cover distribution correlates with socioeconomic indicators and historical redlining maps and evaluate whether municipal tree-planting goals are equitably met across income groups. Contrary to earlier studies, we find no consistent correlation between total tree canopy and income across the five cities. However, street tree planting goals are more likely to be met in higher-income neighborhoods, highlighting ongoing implementation disparities. We also confirm that redlined areas continue to have significantly lower tree cover, reinforcing historical inequities in access to green infrastructure. Furthermore, our longitudinal analysis of demographic change within formerly redlined areas reveals growing income gaps between majority White and non-White neighborhoods, an indicator of potential gentrification that can distort tree equity assessments through demographic turnover, a phenomenon we term \"false equity.\" Our findings underscore the need for urban greening initiatives to be paired with affordable housing protections and anti-displacement measures. Without such integration, tree-planting programs risk reinforcing inequality rather than addressing it. Ultimately, equitable greening must be economically, socially, and racially inclusive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 129288"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying cultural ecosystem services in urban parks using social media and large language models: Insights for Beijing’s Garden City initiative","authors":"Shanwen Zheng ,&nbsp;Yuyue Ren ,&nbsp;Chaoyang Zhu ,&nbsp;Xuying Wang ,&nbsp;Mingmin Zhao ,&nbsp;Shihan Wang ,&nbsp;Jianqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Tianren Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban parks are vital components of sustainable cities, providing cultural ecosystem services (CES) that enhance residents’ well-being. Yet understanding how people perceive these intangible benefits remains challenging. This study refines existing CES research by integrating large-scale social media analytics with large language models (LLMs) to capture and interpret public perceptions of parks in Beijing’s core districts. Drawing on more than 46,000 user-generated comments, the LLM-based framework identifies six CES categories (i.e., historical &amp; cultural, aesthetic, recreational, social interaction, educational, and spiritual values) and evaluates their sentiment tendencies. The results reveal that aesthetic value is the most positively perceived dimension, while recreational, educational, and social interaction values show moderate emotional intensity, indicating potential areas for experiential enhancement. Historical &amp; cultural and spiritual values, though less frequently mentioned, generate strong positive affect when recognised. Integrating these findings through Importance-Performance Analysis highlights clear renewal priorities for Beijing’s Garden City initiative. Methodologically, the study demonstrates how LLMs can classify Chinese-language social media text with high accuracy (F1 = 0.8945) and minimal manual annotation, offering a scalable, interpretable, and cost-effective approach for CES assessment. The combined use of social media data, semantic modelling, and performance analysis provides transferable evidence for guiding park management and renewal in other high-density urban contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 129263"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing access efficiency to the cultural ecosystem services of urban parks through a supply–demand planning framework","authors":"Zhiwei Yang ,&nbsp;Jian Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.129255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization has intensified the mismatch between residents’ demand for urban park cultural ecosystem services (CES) and the supply capacity of existing urban park systems. Taking the core districts of Kunming City, China as a case study area, we presented a supply–demand planning framework to enhance CES-access efficiency of urban parks. The framework quantifies residents’ CES-access demand from mobile-phone signaling data, delineates 10- and 15-minute walkable CES-access areas for small (1–5 ha) and large (&gt;5 ha) parks, and ranks candidate parks by supply–demand efficiency, defined as the additional residents newly gaining CES-access per hectare of land required. Because CES-access demands for small and large parks are independent, residents need access to both tiers of parks. The results showed that the existing 88 small and 66 large parks could satisfy only 26.45 % and 33.11 % of their respective CES-access demands, leaving more than 90 % of residents without concurrent access to both tiers. Adding the top priority candidate parks (Levels 1–3) would raise coverage to 89.93 % for small parks and 90.94 % for large parks, and satisfy 85.11 % of the combined CES-access demand, while lifting the overall CES-access efficiency to 648.14 person·ha⁻¹, more than 3.5 times the current value. This study demonstrates that the supply–demand planning framework can effectively expand residents’ CES-access of urban parks, thereby improving social well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 129255"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145894390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing nonlinear impact disparities of vegetation-building configurations on carbon sequestration efficiency through representation learning","authors":"Mengqing Yu ,&nbsp;Yanting Shen ,&nbsp;Jiahong Ye ,&nbsp;Chenfeng Hou ,&nbsp;Mingyi He ,&nbsp;Chenyu Huang ,&nbsp;Jiawei Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE) of urban vegetation is influenced by both intrinsic attributes (e.g., species, morphology, age) and the surrounding environment. However, the effect of vegetation-building configurations on CSE remains largely unclear. In response, this study investigates how a range of urban spatial indicators (plane features, height features, and three-dimensional spatial features) can affect carbon sink capacity under different spatial configurations. We proposed a representation learning framework to analyse spatial disparities of vegetation and building configurations (VBC). First, a variational Autoencoder (VAE) model was employed to extract morphological vectors of clusters within a given study area. Then, machine learning and explainability analysis methods were applied to quantify the effect of indicators on CSE for these clusters. The study results indicate that trees exceeding 11 m serve as a robust positive driver of promoting CSE across diverse urban contexts, and three-dimensional spatial metrics like average vegetation volume suggest that optimal spatial dispersion is often more critical than sheer volume. From the results of the inter-cluster analysis, we can conclude that the sensitivity of the spatial response varies in different clusters. Smaller clusters with more aggregated vegetation exhibit the highest sensitivity to configurational changes. By applying explainable artificial intelligence algorithms, this study offers quantitative evidence to improve the CSE of urban green spaces (UGS) and thereby inform the development of climate resilience planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 129292"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}