Urban Forestry & Urban Greening最新文献

{"title":"Perceived constraints for psychological restoration in nearby greenspaces. An exploratory and multi-dimensional approach","authors":"María García-Martín ,&nbsp;Julia Schaupp ,&nbsp;Anton Stahl Olafsson ,&nbsp;Jonas Vester Legarth ,&nbsp;Thomas H. Beery ,&nbsp;Silvia Tobias","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stress-related illnesses are a major problem among urban societies. Greenspaces near residential areas are crucial for supporting mental well-being and mitigating urban stressors. While various studies have demonstrated the benefits of greenspaces for stress recovery, the constraints to experiencing these benefits are less explored. This study aims to explore the multidimensional factors constraining psychological restoration in everyday outdoor activities, to inform urban planning and enhance environmental psychology theories. In an online survey 1134 Swiss residents were presented with an open-ended question about the constraints they experienced during their latest outdoor activity, along with closed-ended questions about their personal traits, the activity performed, and the restorativeness of the experience. Through an inductive coding process followed by a deductive classification, we identified a wide range of constraints and categorized them into structural, interpersonal, and intrapersonal constraints, further distinguishing between supply and demand factors. Structural supply constraints were predominant, particularly overcrowding, traffic, and noise, which negatively correlated with the perceived restorativeness of the environment. Intrapersonal demand constraints, such as thoughts and stress were mentioned frequently, and hindered restoration outcomes. Women and younger adults were more frequently affected by these constraints. Results underscore the subjective and context-dependent nature of restorative experiences in everyday environments, shaped by the interplay of individual, societal, and environmental factors. Our findings highlight the need for inclusive planning and social measures to support vulnerable groups in enhancing the restorative potential of outdoor activities in nearby greenspaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128746"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to quantify multidimensional perception of urban parks? Integrating deep learning-based social media data analysis with questionnaire survey methods","authors":"Wenwen Huang ,&nbsp;Xukai Zhao ,&nbsp;Guangsi Lin ,&nbsp;Zhifang Wang ,&nbsp;Mengyun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban parks are places where people regularly connect with nature and each other. Quantifying perceptions of urban parks presents significant changes. Recently, social media data has been increasingly used for studying landscape perceptions, preferences, and management. With the advent of deep learning techniques, the performance of NLP tasks has seen considerable improvement. We posed research questions at the methodological level: How could deep learning-based NLP methods be constructed to assess the multidimensional perception (MDP) of urban parks? How could the assessment performance of this method be validated? In this study, we constructed an MDP of urban parks assessment model based on ERNIE and subsequently conducted a questionnaire survey. By comparing the differences and similarities between the two data sets, we verified the model's assessment performance and proposed the application potential of deep learning-based methods. The findings indicated: (1) our model effectively obtained and assessed sentiment information from online reviews about park accessibility, safety, aesthetics, attractiveness, maintenance, and usability with an accuracy rate exceeding 80 %. (2) The questionnaire survey data confirmed the model's high efficacy, showing consistency in accessibility, aesthetics, and maintenance, but inconsistency in attractiveness and usability due to differences in data expression and timeliness. (3) Deep learning-based NLP methods significantly enhanced sentiment analysis of social media data, showing great potential for practical applications. The results could enhance the performance of sentiment analysis on social media data, serving as a decision-aid tool for park managers and policymakers, and providing valuable insights and guidance for park construction and management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128754"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The contribution of geolocated data to the diagnosis of urban green infrastructure. Tenerife insularity as a benchmark","authors":"Clara García-Mayor ,&nbsp;Álvaro Bernabeu-Bautista ,&nbsp;Pablo Martí","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban Green Infrastructure —UGI— development has become essential for fostering sustainable and liveable cities, enhancing human wellbeing and quality of life. Integrating UGI into urban planning, however, remains a challenge: a nuanced understanding of local contexts and user preferences is crucial to ensure its successful implementation. This study presents a pioneering approach in which geolocated social media data —sourced from platforms like Wikiloc, Strava, and Foursquare— were leveraged to identify urban dynamics derived from user preferences in relation to UGI. Adopting Santa Cruz de Tenerife —Spain— as a case study, geolocated social media data was used to integrate user preferences into the definition and diagnosis of the UGI, emphasizing the significance of aligning infrastructure development with community needs and desires. As a result, social media data provided rich insights into the popularity and connectivity of natural spaces, attractor hubs, and key urban corridors, enabling to achieve a complex reading of the urban activity dynamics taking place in open spaces. Additionally, the user-generated data revealed frequently used routes connecting urban and natural environments as well as dynamic mobility trends across the urban landscape. Thus, integrating user-generated digital footprints into UGI planning can significantly enhance urban resilience, biodiversity, and community well-being by levelling urban decisions with local users’ behaviours and preferences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128756"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting patches of invasive shrubs using high-density airborne LiDAR data and spectral imagery","authors":"Dennis Heejoon Choi ,&nbsp;Isaac S. Morton ,&nbsp;Lindsay E. Darling ,&nbsp;Jianmin Wang ,&nbsp;Bina Thapa ,&nbsp;Edward P.F. Price ,&nbsp;David N. Zaya ,&nbsp;Songlin Fei ,&nbsp;Brady S. Hardiman","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban forests are increasingly threatened by invasive shrub species in the understory. Accurate mapping of these species is crucial for effective management of their prevention and mitigation. This study focuses on the detection of invasive shrub species in forested areas of the Chicago metropolitan region using high-density airborne LiDAR data and high-resolution imagery. We analyzed the structural and spectral characteristics of forests with and without invasive shrub species. We tested whether forests with invasive shrub species have a simpler canopy structure than those not invaded, and whether high-density LiDAR based structural metrics are more effective in detecting the presence of invasive shrub species than spectral-based NDVI. Our binomial logistic model demonstrated a test accuracy rate of 93 % for detecting invasive shrub species. Our findings show that forest patches invaded by these species exhibit higher vegetation area density, lower height, and lower NDVI (full leaf on season) values than non-invaded patches. LiDAR-derived canopy structural metrics are shown to be more effective than NDVI for detecting invasive shrub species. To ensure the reliability of our predicted map, we tested correspondence between our invasion estimation map with the ground identified samples that were not used in model testing and training. These validation results demonstrated the predictive ability of our model, showing accuracy rates of 83 % and 77 % for tree survey (DBH &gt; 5 cm) and shrub survey (Height &gt; 1 m &amp; DBH &lt; 5 cm), respectively. Our study demonstrates that LiDAR-derived metrics along with spectral imagery can successfully map invasive shrubs in urban forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128764"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant smellscape: A key avenue to connect nature and human well-being","authors":"Chun Wang ,&nbsp;Bingtao Gao ,&nbsp;Zezhou Hao ,&nbsp;Le Li ,&nbsp;Long Yang ,&nbsp;Wendy Y. Chen ,&nbsp;Nancai Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intrinsic connection between humans and nature, which significantly impacts human well-being in our increasingly urbanized society, has attracted considerable scholarly attention in the last decades. Urban vegetation offers city dwellers multiple ecosystem services, enabling multiple sensory experiences and interactions, thereby benefiting human health. In comparison with visual interaction, the olfactory experience of urban vegetation is less studied and undervalued. In this study, existing literature is reviewed to summarize and synthesize how plant scents increase the multiple ecological values especially cultural and health-related benefits of urban green spaces (UGS), improve environmental equity, and enhance residents’ well-being. Three key pathways have been investigated in the literature, including physiological, psychological, and social pathways, which enable both direct and indirect interactions between urban residents and vegetation. Facing the uneven distribution of plant smellscape driven by geophysical and anthropogenic factors, a research framework is proposed to integrate plant smellscape into green space planning, thereby enhancing human health and well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128757"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban tree carbon storage estimation using unmanned aerial vehicles remote sensing","authors":"Hangfei Tian,&nbsp;Chaozhen Xie,&nbsp;Meiheng Zhong,&nbsp;Yuxin Ye,&nbsp;Rixiu Zhou,&nbsp;Dehua Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban green spaces play a crucial role in the carbon cycling process. The rapid remote sensing of carbon storage in trees within urban built environments remains a challenging endeavor due to the highly fragmented distribution of trees and complex land surface. The study aims to validate the feasibility of estimating individual urban tree carbon storage using UAV remote sensing and explore the driving factors of spatial variations in tree carbon storage. The diameter at breast height (DBH) of 841 <em>Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl</em> trees along six representative streets in Nanjing City was manually measured, and parameters including tree height (TH), crown area (CA), crown circumference (CC), and crown width (CW) were extracted from images of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using software such as DJI Terra, ArcGIS Pro, and Python. The results showed that the allometric growth relationship between urban tree DBH and TH was less stable than that of natural forests, which was related to the variation of the competition between individuals and building shading. In terms of determination coefficient (R²), UAV remote sensing could estimate urban tree DBH (R²=0.62) and carbon storage (R²=0.71) using multivariate estimation models in which all the input parameters was obtainable from UAV. Unexpectedly, the carbon storage of individual tree was positively correlated with competition intensity between canopies and building shading. This conclusion is useful to develop strategies to enhance carbon storage in urban green space, such as the appropriate increasing of tree planting density which can improve carbon storage of both individual tree and unit land area, and the more tree planting in densely built regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128755"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does perceived biophilic design contribute to human well-being in urban green spaces? A study of perceived naturalness, biodiversity, perceived restorativeness, and subjective vitality","authors":"Shih-Han Hung","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Through the application of biophilic design, urban environments provide insights into the dynamic interplay of nature, biodiversity, and human health. This study examined how perceived biophilic design (PBD) and perceived restorativeness in urban parks influenced visitors' subjective vitality, focusing on the mediating roles of perceived naturalness and biodiversity elements. Out of the 1177 questionnaires collected across four types of urban parks (ecological parks, inclusive playground parks, sports parks, and open green spaces), 1133 were complete and thus valid. The results showed that ecological parks were rated highest in perceived naturalness, while open green spaces were perceived to have greater biodiversity in bird and plant/tree species. Positive correlations were found among PBD, perceived restorativeness, perceived naturalness, and subjective vitality. Path analyses revealed that PBD and perceived restorativeness had significant direct effects on subjective vitality, with perceived naturalness as a mediator. Perceptions of biodiversity elements such as plants/trees, birds, and butterflies also contributed to PBD, perceived restorativeness, and the subjective vitality, although their impacts varied across the four park types. This research contributes to the existing literature on environmental psychology by providing the pathways through which biophilic design and restorative urban environments improve people’s psychological health. The study emphasizes the need for urban planning strategies that incorporate natural elements and biodiversity to promote public health and well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128752"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of urban greenspaces on public health and wellbeing: Serial mediation model of objective and subjective measures","authors":"Junyi Hua ,&nbsp;Chao Ren ,&nbsp;Shi Yin ,&nbsp;Wendy Y. Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is widely acknowledged that sufficient provision of urban greenspaces can facilitate public exposure to nature and recreational use, thereby improving public health and wellbeing. While both objective and subjective measures have been adopted to associate urban greenspaces with public health and wellbeing, little attention has been paid to the nuanced serial mediation effects of objective matrices of greenspaces on residents’ subjective perception, use behaviors, and health/wellbeing. Using Hong Kong, one of the most densely-populated cities in the world, as a case study, a total of 1196 residents were surveyed, whose residential locations are geo-coded and a serious of objective measures of greenspace provision within 500-meter walking distance, including size, proximity, crowdedness, naturalness, facilities, and maintenance, are established using street view images, satellite images, and digital topographic maps. Potential pathways are constructed to link objective measures of greenspace provision, subjective matrices, use behaviors, and self-rated health and wellbeing, directly or indirectly via serial mediation model. Empirical results show that subjective measures of greenspaces play significant mediating roles in associating objective greenspace provision with residents’ health and wellbeing. Additionally, serial mediation effects of subjective satisfaction and use behaviors could be specified for greenspace-health relationship, but not greenspace-wellbeing relationship. This study extends the conventional knowledge base of greenspace-health/wellbeing association established from the direct/indirect pathways to account for the serial mediating role of subjective perception and use behaviors, and sheds additional light on the effects of urban greenspaces on public health and wellbeing based on individual-level analysis in a high-density urban context. Along with enhancing greenspace provision, improving residents’ satisfaction with greenspaces in their residential neighborhoods holds the promise to promote their physical interaction with and exposure to urban nature, and improve public health effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"106 ","pages":"Article 128753"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flooding and land use drive variation in phylogenetic structure and taxonomic diversity of plant communities in urban riparian zones of a regulated river","authors":"Nannan Du ,&nbsp;Juanjuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Kunrong Qin ,&nbsp;Haiyang Wang ,&nbsp;Yajun Yang ,&nbsp;Fengping Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Riparian zones in urban areas have been persistently affected by human-mediated disturbances such as dam construction and urbanization. However, the driving patterns of variation in the phylogenetic diversity (PD) and taxonomic diversity (TD) of urban riparian plants remain unclear due to the complexity of the urban riparian environment. Therefore, 15 sample sites along rivers affected by the Three Gorges Dam in the urban areas of Chongqing, Southwest China, were selected to investigate the variations in TD and PD and their driving factors in riparian plant communities subjected to multiple disturbances. The middle position of the riparian zone had the highest plant TD compared with that in the upper and lower positions, while the upper position had the highest plant PD. Flood duration and the proportion of urban green space within a 500 m radius (PGS) adversely affected riparian plant TD. However, invasive plant TD was positively affected by the flood duration, suggesting that invasive plant species have a greater ability to occupy ecological niches under flood stress than native plant species. Fragmented, heterogeneous surrounding landscapes drive plant invasions. Phylogenetic structure was aggregated, indicating an environmental filtering strategy of the riparian plant community. Plant PD was positively related to riparian position and soil pH. It was also negatively affected by PGS probably due to fragmentation in nearby urban green spaces. Flood duration and PGS significantly influenced the composition of riparian plant communities. A majority of invasive species were flood tolerant, which may threaten the stability of riparian ecosystems. The implications for maintaining riparian plant diversity in the riparian zones along the watersheds heavily disturbed by dam construction and urbanization were explored. Our research contributes to sustainable planning and ecological restoration strategies that support the resilience and functionality of urban riparian zones in reservoir-regulated basins worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128741"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Edge and the city: Evaluating the role of edge effects on urban forest structure and tree species composition","authors":"J.P. Hellenbrand ,&nbsp;P. Kelly-Voicu ,&nbsp;J.T. Bowers ,&nbsp;A.B. Reinmann","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban forests are highly valued for the important services they provide (e.g., carbon sequestration, supporting biodiversity), many of which are closely linked to ecosystem structure and tree species composition. High pressure from non-native species and a prevalence of edge effects often characterizes urban forests, but how the confluence of these factors alters tree species composition and structure remains uncertain. We hypothesized that edge effects would increase urban forest basal area and stem density but also shift tree communities towards higher abundances of non-native species. We tested these hypotheses in the forests of New York City, New York using two approaches that employ: (1) high spatial resolution data from 8 transect-style plots and (2) a New York City-wide ecological assessment that includes 1124 plots. We find that urbanization and fragmentation each play a distinct role in shaping the structure and composition of the urban forest. Forest basal area and stem density were significantly higher near forest edges compared to the interior. By contrast, edge effects had only a small impact on the occupancy rates of non-natives in the canopy. Instead, we found evidence of compositional shifts between the canopy and regenerating forest strata exemplified by native oaks (Quercus spp.), which currently dominate the canopy, being replaced within the regenerating stratum by other native and non-native species. Taken together, these findings suggest that urban forests likely store more carbon than initially assumed, but also that the urban forests of tomorrow will likely be compositionally different, with important implications for ecosystem function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128745"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}