Urban Forestry & Urban Greening最新文献

{"title":"Governance of urban green spaces: Insights from three top-down urban gardening programs","authors":"Slavica Čepić ,&nbsp;Jelena Tomićević-Dubljević ,&nbsp;Marijana Pantić ,&nbsp;Boris Radić","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban gardens have attracted the attention of scholars, local organisations, and policymakers as they provide a valuable ground for meeting the interests of different urban actors. As a component of green infrastructure, these gardens present a challenge for managing open green spaces. This study examines urban gardening governance through case studies of three top-down programs in Malmö and Zagreb, focusing on how governance structures impact citizen participation. Using qualitative methods, including document analysis and semi-structured key informant interviews, the study provides insights into the participatory governance of these spaces, particularly from the perspective of city officers. The findings demonstrate that while cities aim to foster engagement, governance mechanisms often remain hierarchical, limiting long-term gardener participation. Local governments do assume different roles, ranging from \"leading\" to \"enabling,\" with the latter fostering more participatory governance, as seen in Malmö’s community gardens. The study also suggests that top-down programs like Zagreb’s, with dominantly leading municipal role, can evolve towards more participatory approaches over time. Additionally, it identifies challenges such as balancing enforcement of regulations with granting gardeners more autonomy and managing resource-intensive communication between local authorities and gardeners. The study suggests that urban green space governance should offer diverse models to accommodate varying citizen needs and engagement levels, from individual plot maintenance to active participation in community management. It also offers considerations on how local authorities could support citizen self-organization and involvement in top-down programs, particularly by adapting the role of green space managers to include a focus on communication and collaboration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128802"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beneficial or impactful management? Life Cycle Assessment and i-Tree Canopy to evaluate the net environmental benefits of Mediterranean urban forests","authors":"Eduardo Antenucci ,&nbsp;Elena Di Pirro ,&nbsp;Marco di Cristofaro ,&nbsp;Vittorio Garfì ,&nbsp;Marco Marchetti ,&nbsp;Bruno Lasserre","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several tree-planting initiatives have been launched globally to face challenges related to air pollution and climate change in urban areas. However, different management activities could potentially increase emissions and hence reduce net benefits provided by urban forests, and research on this is still scarce in the literature. This study aims to evaluate the net environmental benefits of different management and planting strategies of an urban forest, comparing the Ecosystem Services (ES) supply assessed by i-Tree Canopy tool and potential implementation impacts assessed by Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA). The main assumption is that the higher the Tree Canopy Cover (TCC), the higher the ES supply, particularly in terms of air pollutants removal (PM_2.5 and SO₂) and CO₂eq sequestration. The urban forest implementation and growth over time were simulated on a 1-hectare plot, proposing three Mediterranean oak species plantations. Three alternative scenarios were designed, reflecting three strategies to achieve 100 %TCC across three-time targets (i.e., 2030, 2050, 2100) increasing the intensity of management. Findings evidenced how CO₂ net balance values are mainly affected by plant density contrary to the net balance for pollutants, strongly influenced by management activities. Accordingly, high management intensity is not sustainable in terms of pollutants, especially to reach short-term targets. The combination of the LCA-ES model supports the planning and management of new urban forests, maximizing net benefits and integrating time growth as a crucial variable. This methodological approach can help model the contribution of single and multiple trees to offset pollutants and CO₂ emissions in different urban and climatic contexts. The study stands as an innovative attempt to optimize the net environmental benefits of alternative management strategies according to policy goals over time targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128800"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating urban green infrastructure for runoff reduction: A flow-based approach","authors":"Xueying Zhuang ,&nbsp;Fanhua Kong ,&nbsp;Kejing Zhou ,&nbsp;Haiwei Yin ,&nbsp;Yulong Ban","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban green infrastructure (UGI) is widely recognized as an effective strategy for mitigating urban flood risk by reducing rainfall runoff. However, the influence of UGI configurations on surface runoff reduction, especially concerning flow paths in two- and three-dimensional (2D/3D) environments, remains underexplored. Taking Kunshan City, China, as a case, this research developed a flow-based approach to estimate the runoff reduction performance of UGI. The airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point cloud data were used to measure the 3D built environment indicators, including terrain characteristics and vertical vegetation structures. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model and the Arc-Malstrøm tool were employed to simulate surface runoff and spillover volumes along flow paths at a high spatial resolution. Additionally, the XGBoost machine learning model and interpretability methods, including SHapely Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Partial Dependence Plots (PDP), were applied to elucidate the relationships between various 2D/3D configurations and UGI’s runoff reduction performance during specific rainfall events. The findings indicate that UGI (including forests, open spaces, orchards, and croplands) can reduce total runoff by up to 28.2 % and spillover volume by up to 48.9 %. UGI coverage had the most significant positive impact on reducing runoff (22.74%), while impervious surfaces exerted the strongest negative influence on spillover mitigation (21.63%). 3D vegetation structure, green volume and canopy coverage, also impacted runoff reduction, contributing 16.3 % and 4.4 %, respectively. Optimal runoff reduction performance was observed when UGI coverage ≥ 35 % and green volume ≥ 0.4 m³/m². This study proposes a novel approach to evaluate the influence of 2D/3D environmental factors on runoff reduction and flow paths, offering valuable insights for urban planning and guiding the implementation of UGI to enhance urban stormwater management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128799"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic green roof placement in Toronto to maximize benefits while incorporating citizen preferences","authors":"Matthew Jung ,&nbsp;Sharlene L. Gomes ,&nbsp;Roy P. Remme","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green roofs provide a broad range of ecosystem services, including air quality regulation, temperature regulation, flood regulation, and habitat provision. Through strategic placement they can address multiple urban challenges. However, city governments often do not engage in strategic spatial and fail to consider citizen preferences. To address this, we developed an approach for strategic placement of green roofs, based on the four mentioned ecosystem services for Toronto, Canada. We designed an approach based on biophysical information, which we further enriched with data on citizen preferences for different ecosystem services. We used literature-derived criteria and spatial analysis to identify optimal green roof placement locations for each ecosystem service separately, and the four services combined. A citizen survey was conducted (n = 402) to rank ecosystem services based on preferences. Mean rankings were used for a citizen-weighted model for strategic green roof placements. Our approach identified key priority areas for Toronto, while also highlighting that a significant portion of the city’s rooftops are sub-optimal for maximizing the benefits of all four ecosystem. However, by focusing on turning roofs in hotspot areas (0.2–1.2 % of total roof space) into green roofs, the four ecosystem services could be enhanced simultaneously. Results showed large spatial variations in priority areas between individual ecosystem services. However, comparing results across the biophysical and citizen weighted approach for all ecosystem services combined indicated similar priority areas, suggesting citizen support for prioritisation related to biophysical needs. Moreover, citizen involvement in governance practices can foster transparency, inclusivity, and satisfaction in strategic planning of green roofs. The methods employed in this study can be adapted to other cities worldwide, enabling more strategic, participatory approaches to implementing green roofs to enhance multiple ecosystem services where they are valued most.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128798"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parks Please! Implementing the 3–30-300 green space rule in developing countries − The case of Surakarta, Indonesia","authors":"Luthfi Muhamad Iqbal ,&nbsp;Gabriel Araújo Njaim ,&nbsp;Daniella Vos ,&nbsp;Chrisna Trie Hadi Permana","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interest in the 3–30–300 green space rule has recently emerged in urban forest scholarship, but its applicability in developing country contexts, especially in intermediate cities, remains largely unexplored. This study assesses the feasibility of the rule’s three components—visibility of three trees from every building, achieving 30 % neighborhood canopy cover, and ensuring 300-meter walking access to 0.5-hectare parks—using geospatial analysis. We employ a combination of remote sensing data, local administrative records, and open-source global datasets to evaluate tree canopy cover, greenspace distribution, and accessibility under different scenarios. Our case study focuses on Surakarta, an intermediate city recognized as Indonesia’s most livable city. Results show that only 29 % of buildings meet the visibility requirement, 2 % are in neighborhoods with 30 % canopy cover, and 25 % are within 300 m of a greenspace. However, accessibility could increase to 79 % if all greenspaces were fenceless and high quality. Our findings highlight disparities in urban greening, as smaller residential buildings tend to have lower scores than larger office buildings. These results underscore the role of park governance in shaping access to green spaces and the persistent challenges of achieving the 3–30–300 targets. We propose place-based recommendations tailored for each urban commune and advocate for the adoption of the 3–30–300 rule as a target for national and local development planning to enhance urban green space accessibility and equity. This framework has the potential to be used in participatory planning processes for consensus-based siting of green infrastructure and nature-based solutions in cities in developing countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128797"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation of the stormwater runoff reduction of two distinct tree species to support urban greening as nature-based solutions","authors":"Mark Bryan Alivio,&nbsp;Matej Radinja,&nbsp;Mojca Šraj,&nbsp;Nejc Bezak","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trees, as a vital element of urban greening, have been increasingly recognized for their hydrologic contributions to stormwater management. However, the representation of tree canopy hydrological processes is often simplified or overlooked in existing stormwater models. This study modelled and evaluated the stormwater runoff reduction potential of birch (<em>Betula pendula</em>) and pine (<em>Pinus nigra</em>) trees in three scenarios (i.e., birch, pine, and mixed planting) on a storm event basis using the updated Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) tree canopy module. The model effectively represents the rainfall interception process of both tree species during different phenoseasons, demonstrating strong correlations between simulated and observed throughfall (<em>r</em> = 0.97–0.99) and interception values (<em>r</em> = 0.72) across all storm events. The results indicate that implementing urban trees in the study area led to an average reduction of 20–25 % in runoff volume and 16–25 % in peak flow, depending on the scenarios and phenoseasons. The most significant runoff reduction benefits were observed in a mixed-species planting scenario and during the leafed season. This interplay between species highlights the advantages of mixed-species plantings in urban environments, where diverse tree characteristics can enhance hydrological performance. However, the effectiveness of trees is limited during intense, high-volume storm events, although they still provide tangible benefits of up to 13.2 % reduction. The relative contribution of canopy interception to runoff reduction is most pronounced during the leafed season, small to moderate storm events, and when trees are situated over directly connected impervious areas. Infiltration and storage beneath tree canopies are the dominant mechanism for managing and reducing surface runoff, accounting for over 20 % of the water balance. This study demonstrates that the stormwater reduction efficiency of urban trees depends on both above- and below-canopy processes and conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128792"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing changes in the extent of urban grasslands through space and time","authors":"Jussi Lampinen ,&nbsp;Minna M. Huovinen ,&nbsp;Pasi Pouta ,&nbsp;D. Johan Kotze","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban grassland restoration has the potential to mitigate biodiversity loss in cities, but effective restoration planning calls for an accurate understanding on how and why the extent of grasslands in cities changes through time and ongoing urbanization. This can help assess regional baselines for grassland restoration and identify urban grasslands of high biodiversity value, but also more broadly to reflect on the aims and outcomes of restoration in different parts of the city. In this paper, we use historical and contemporary spatial data to quantify the extent of different types of grasslands across the late 19th-century and present-day Helsinki capital region, Finland. We assess the overall and spatially explicit changes in grassland extent between these periods and link these changes to patterns of land cover change, with spatial overlap analyses. Our results suggest that urban green infrastructure supports many types of contemporary grasslands, but to a smaller extent and primarily in different places compared to the historical semi-natural grasslands in the 19th-century landscape preceding urban development. Changes in grassland extent in the study region comprise local increases and decreases between the two time periods examined, with land cover changes related to urbanization underlying both of these changes. Grasslands that remain in the study region are dispersed across a diverse set of land cover types, with urban land cover such as parks, sports fields, and road verges hosting the majority of contemporary grasslands. Our results help identify diverse pathways for fostering biodiversity typical to grasslands in cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128796"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of the leaf area index (LAI) of selected tree species in urban environments","authors":"Astrid Moser-Reischl ,&nbsp;Eleonora Franceschi ,&nbsp;Mohammad A. Rahman ,&nbsp;Julia Rodrigues-Leite ,&nbsp;Hans Pretzsch ,&nbsp;Stephan Pauleit ,&nbsp;Thomas Rötzer","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knowledge about a tree’s leaf biomass, leaf area or leaf area index (LAI) are important prerequisites for deriving precise estimates of its ecosystem services. However, data availability on LAI is limited especially for urban trees, and influences including site conditions, tree size and vitality or seasonal changes are hardly known and usually not considered. The aims of this study are (i) to present a comprehensive database of LAI data over tree size for 15 urban tree species, and (ii) to evaluate seasonal LAI data for over 100 trees of six species in relation to species traits and location with hemispherical photography. Further, (iii) data on leaf emergence were analyzed and compared with data from the German Weather Service (DWD) to derive broader ecological trends. Our results showed that LAI increases with size. The highest LAI was observed at maximum stem diameter, with <em>Tilia cordata</em> showing the highest (maximum LAI 4.7) and <em>Gleditsia triacanthos</em> the lowest values (maximum LAI 2.4). Furthermore, we found significant differences in seasonal LAI development and leaf emergence, influenced by species traits like light requirements, sprouting type, wood anatomy and foliage density. Leaf patterns followed the typical course of a steep increase from branch area index (BAI) values of 0.3 in spring to a maximum LAI of 4.0 in summer and autumn/winter values of 0.5 BAI/LAI. The influence of soil sealing on LAI was less pronounced, albeit statistically significant. The study highlights that the hemispheric image method can be applied easily to individual urban trees and can support a precise calculation of ecosystem services. However, the data processing has some weaknesses, and the results should be adjusted with a correction factor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128795"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting native biodiversity: An evaluation of multifactorial and bioclimatic selection criteria for street trees in Italian cities","authors":"Luca D'Amato ,&nbsp;Flavia Bartoli ,&nbsp;Valentina Savo ,&nbsp;Giulia Caneva","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Street trees provide numerous benefits (or ecosystem services) to citizens, as they reduce urban heat, improve air quality, and mitigate intense rainfall events. On the other end, the urban environment is challenging for trees for various reasons, such as water availability, humidity, and increased temperatures (currently exacerbated by current climatic changes). Street trees, however, are rarely chosen according to the benefits they provide or their ecological needs. In Italy, for instance, despite its high biodiversity, species used as urban street trees are relatively limited due to the limited availability of species on the market, historical or cultural preferences, and economic reasons. This study aims to develop a preliminary methodology for selecting native tree species, considering their ecological requirements and potential suitability for the urban environment, factoring in the future warming of temperatures. Our proposed methodology consists of culling species from floristic databases and applying a series of ecological and bioclimatic filters to obtain a list of species that can potentially be used as street trees. When we applied our methodology to Italian cities, we obtained a list of 190 native species (among which 44 species are already used as street trees) that can potentially be recommended for the urban habitat. On the other hand, our analysis highlighted an underutilization of several native species (39 species) and that many species (177) are not suited for the climatic context in which they are used. Our results also suggest a pool of species (22 already used as street trees and 19 not used) that, in the Italian context, can be better suited to withstand the expected temperature increases. The selection of species should primarily be based on their being native but also on their ecological requirements to increase urban biodiversity, reduce tree mortality, and reduce management costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128784"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacies of urbanization and suburbanization on forest patch distribution, ownership, and use: Insights from Baltimore, Maryland","authors":"Miranda H. Mockrin ,&nbsp;Matthew E. Baker ,&nbsp;Michelle Katoski ,&nbsp;Nancy F. Sonti ,&nbsp;Margaret B. Holland","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Comprehensive high resolution land cover and parcel data provide new abilities to map and identify discrete forest patches across different ownerships and land uses, from urban to rural settings. Mapping of forest patches can inform forest management and protection, to maintain ecological benefits for diverse populations. We use parcel data in combination with high resolution land cover to map and characterize 20,146 unique forest patches covering 581.9 km² across urban Baltimore City and suburban and rural portions of Baltimore County. Typical of the eastern United States, initial urban development in this region gave rise to suburban expansion during the 20th century. We found size and number of forest patches, as well as the proportion of forest spanning multiple parcels, all increased when moving outward from urban to rural areas. The number of forest patches went from nearly 2000 in Baltimore City (9.7 % of land area) to 7700 forest patches within suburban Baltimore County, within the urban growth boundary (17.9 % of land area), to nearly 10,500 in the rural portion of Baltimore County (44.7 % of land area). However, ownership type and land use of forest patches, as derived from parcel data, was unique for each region: public ownership was more common within the city, and private ownership, with residential and agricultural land use, more common in suburban and rural Baltimore County, respectively. For all of the regions we considered, most of the forest area and the larger forest patches were distributed across numerous parcels and many types of ownership and land use. For each of these regions, working across parcel boundaries has the potential to expand forest conservation and management, but will involve a range of owners and land use types, including public parks, residential areas, and farmland, from urban to rural settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128778"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}