Western Journal of Nursing Research最新文献

{"title":"Pathways to Excellent Health Status in Autism: A Secondary Analysis of the 2022 National Survey of Children's Health.","authors":"Anna C Quon, Edward J Miech, Jessica C Bishop-Royse, Tricia J Johnson, Sarah H Ailey","doi":"10.1177/01939459261426896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459261426896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health disparities in autistic people are well-documented. Less is known, however, about how health determinants intersect, including what factors make a difference, for whom, and under what conditions. Coincidence analysis (CNA) is a cross-case, mathematical approach that pinpoints minimally sufficient and necessary conditions for an outcome to appear, making it particularly well-suited to identify intersecting determinants and multiple paths to the same outcome.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Guided by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework, the study aimed to identify difference-makers for \"excellent/very good\" overall health among autistic children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The 2022 National Survey of Children's Health contains parent-reported data about 1231 autistic children with \"excellent/very good\" overall health. A literature review informed the selection of 62 potentially relevant factors for analysis. CNA was applied to develop a model for explaining parents' reporting \"excellent/very good\" health for their autistic children.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Initial exploratory analyses identified 7 strongly related factors. The final model revealed a 2-pathway solution that accounted for 82% of the respondents with 80% consistency: (1) a combination of no intellectual disability, no difficulty with chronic pain, and high family resilience; or (2) a combination of no intellectual disability, no difficulty with chronic pain, and no history of being overweight.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Combinations of health determinants accounted for differences in the reported overall health of autistic children. This nuanced explanation for \"excellent/very good\" health among autistic children can guide future interventions and practices aimed at modifiable determinants of health.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"1939459261426896"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Simulation Training based on the Jennings Disaster Nursing Management Model on Nursing Students' Disaster Preparedness Perception and Intervention Self-Efficacy.","authors":"Mehmet Emre Altinkaynak, Yasemin Gümüş Şekerci","doi":"10.1177/01939459261435403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459261435403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Strengthening nursing students' disaster preparedness and response capacity is fundamental for effective disaster management.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to examine the effect of simulation training that was based on the Jennings Disaster Nursing Management Model on nursing students' perception of disaster preparedness and response self-efficacy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study had a pretest-posttest parallel controlled quasi-experimental design and was conducted in a nonrandomized cohort of senior students. The participants were studying at the Faculty of Nursing between October, 2024 and January, 2025. Of the 130 nursing students, 65 were assigned to the intervention group and 65 to the control group. In the study, the intervention group participated in a 14-week training program, including theoretical and simulation practices based on the Jennings Disaster Nursing Management Model. Data were collected with the Introductory Information Form, the Perception of Disaster Preparedness in Nurses Scale, and Disaster Intervention Self-Efficacy Scale and analyzed using chi-square and <i>t</i>-tests while effect sizes were estimated with Cohen's <i>d</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following simulation training, the intervention group had significantly higher total posttest scores on the Disaster Preparedness Perception Scale than the control group (<i>t</i> = 12.92, <i>P</i> < .001, <i>d</i> = 2.267). Additionally, total posttest scores on the Nurses' Disaster Response Self-efficacy scale were significantly higher in the intervention group compared with the control group (<i>t</i> = 9.55, <i>P</i> < .001, <i>d</i> = 1.675).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Simulation training enhanced nursing students' disaster self-efficacy, highlighting the value of evidence-based simulations in nursing education for effective disaster care.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"1939459261435403"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Therapeutic Touch Based on Watson's Human Care Theory Applied to Infants With Infantile Colic for Different Durations on Colic Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Study.","authors":"Selda Ates Besirik, Emine Geçkil","doi":"10.1177/01939459261422813","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459261422813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to determine the effect of the different numbers of therapeutic touch sessions, based on Watson's Human Care Theory, on colic symptoms (crying time, sleep time, Infant Colic Scale [ICS]) in infants with infantile colic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This randomized controlled trial included 96 infants aged 4 to 8 weeks who met Rome IV criteria for infantile colic in a hospital outpatient pediatric unit. Infants were randomly assigned into 3 groups: intervention 1 (therapeutic touch for 1 week, n = 32), intervention 2 (therapeutic touch for 2 weeks, n = 32), and control (usual care only, n = 32). In both intervention groups, therapeutic touch was administered in addition to usual care, 3 times per week. Data were collected at baseline and at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 8th weeks. The primary outcome was crying time; secondary outcomes were sleep time and ICS Score.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were statistically significant differences among the groups' crying times (<i>F</i> = 222.612; <i>P</i> < .001; <math><mrow><msubsup><mi>η</mi><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></math> = 0.827), sleep times (<i>F</i> = 47.244; <i>P</i> < .001; <math><mrow><msubsup><mi>η</mi><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></math> = 0.504), and ICS total scores (<i>F</i> = 219.247; <i>P</i> < .001; <math><mrow><msubsup><mi>η</mi><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></math> = 0.825). When infants in intervention groups were compared with the control group infants, the effect size (group × time interaction) was large. Infants receiving therapeutic touch showed reductions in crying and improvements in sleep compared with those receiving usual care. Infants in the 2-week therapeutic touch group demonstrated greater and longer-lasting benefits than those receiving therapeutic touch for 1 week.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Therapeutic touch based on Watson's Human Care Theory effectively reduced colic symptoms in infants, with greater benefits observed as the number of sessions increased.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05244291.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"516-528"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Latent Class Analysis of Inhaled Medication Adherence and Influencing Factors in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.","authors":"Ping Huang, Huixin Huang, Wenli Chen, Qiuxuan Zeng, Xiaohong Lin, Huan Dong, Wei He, Yanqin Lin","doi":"10.1177/01939459261416343","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459261416343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adherence to inhaled medication adherence is critical for reducing the risk of acute exacerbations, controlling disease progression, improving quality of life and lowering healthcare costs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, significant variability in adherence exists among patients. This study aimed to identify distinct patterns of inhaled medication adherence and their influencing factors using latent class analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 621 inpatients with COPD (85.3% men) hospitalised at a tertiary hospital between September and December 2023 were enrolled. Inhaled medication adherence was evaluated using the Chinese version of the Test of Adherence to Inhalers (TAI). Medication knowledge and beliefs were measured using a self-administered questionnaire. Latent class analysis based on TAI scores, along with multinomial logistic regression, was used to explore factors influencing inhalation medication adherence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three adherence classes were identified: poor adherence (13.9%), moderate adherence (28.8%) and good adherence (57.3%). Significant differences among these groups were found in treatment payment methods, income sources, duration of inhaled drug use, frequency of drug usage, number of disease-related hospital visits in the past 2 years, self-care ability and scores on the medication knowledge and belief questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Distinct adherence patterns exist among patients with COPD, influenced by socioeconomic and behavioural factors. These findings highlight the need for targeted intervention programmes based on adherence profiles to improve inhaled medication adherence in patients with COPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"479-488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146259668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Person-Level Correlates of Nonadherence to Co-Medication in Spanish Heart Transplant Recipients.","authors":"Maria Generosa Crespo-Leiro, Teresa Rosalía Pérez-Castro, Luis Almenar-Bonet, Carmen Segura-Saint-Gerons, Vicenç Brossa-Loidi, Javier Segovia-Cubero, Carmen Naya-Leira, Raquel López-Vilella, Amador López-Granados, Dolores Gil-Alonso, Ana Briceño-Hinojo, Javier Muñiz, Zulaika Grille-Cancela, Kris Denhaerynck, Sabina De Geest","doi":"10.1177/01939459261422817","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459261422817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nonadherence to heart transplantation-related medications involves both immunosuppressant drugs and co-medications; yet the correlates of heart transplantation patients' overall medication nonadherence remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We aimed to (1) describe nonadherence to both immunosuppressive and co-medication among Spanish heart transplantation patients, (2) to identify individual-level predictors of co-medication nonadherence, and (3) to describe nonadherence to non-pharmacological advice (eg, sun protection, physical activity, alcohol use) and clinical practice patterns of transplant centers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this multicenter cross-sectional study, we surveyed 224 adult patients attending 5 Spanish centers 1 to 5 years post-transplantation. We assessed nonadherence to immunosuppressants and co-medications using the Basel Assessment of Adherence to Immunosuppressive Medication Scale (BAASIS^©). Correlates of nonadherence to co-medications were derived from the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction using self-report instruments, as were non-pharmacological treatment adherence and treatment centers' practice patterns. Supported by causal mapping, multiple logistic regression analysis allowed adjustment for relevant confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nonadherence prevalence was 16.5% for co-medications (range across centers: 7.4%-25.0%), versus 9.4% (range: 2.6%-22.2%) for immunosuppressants. Adherence support varied across centers. Barriers to immunosuppressant nonadherence predicted co-medication nonadherence (odds ratio = 11.80; 95% CI, 2.59-53.69). Nonadherence to non-pharmacological treatments, particularly sunscreen use (59.3%) and physical activity (31.8%), were also common.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Post-heart transplantation co-medication nonadherence surpasses immunosuppressant nonadherence. Barriers to immunosuppressant adherence strongly predict co-medication nonadherence. While no direct causal relationship is clear, immunosuppressant nonadherence may prove useful for identifying patients prone to co-medication nonadherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"468-478"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision Health Needs Nursing Science.","authors":"Todd M Ruppar","doi":"10.1177/01939459261437379","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459261437379","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":"48 5","pages":"467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147724215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Person-Centered Care and Nursing Professionalism: Mediating Effects of Compassion Competence and Nurse-Parent Partnership Among Pediatric Nurses.","authors":"Da-Gyeon Lee, Mi-Young Choi","doi":"10.1177/01939459261415665","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459261415665","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Person-centered care is a core competency in health care, including pediatric care, highlighting the need to explore its influencing factors in pediatric nurses. However, few previous studies have examined the relationship between the key factors, including nursing professionalism, compassion competence, and nurse-parent partnership (NPP), and person-centered care in pediatric nursing.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study identified the double mediating effect of compassion competence and NPP between nursing professionalism and person-centered care among pediatric nurses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This descriptive cross-sectional study collected data using the Korean Nursing Professional Values scale, the Compassion Competence Scale, the NPP scale, and the Person-Centered Nursing Assessment Tool. Data were collected from a total of 181 pediatric nurses in South Korea. Data were analyzed using Hayes' PROCESS macro (Model 6) with bootstrapping.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The direct effect of nursing professionalism on person-centered care was not statistically significant. The double mediating effect of compassion competence and NPP in the relationship between nursing professionalism and person-centered care was statistically significant (<i>B</i> = 0.20; 95% Confidence interval, 0.13-0.28).</p><p><strong>Conclusion/implications for practice: </strong>These findings underscore the need for intervention programs and institutional policies that incorporate nursing professionalism, compassion competence, and NPP to effectively strengthen person-centered care competency among pediatric nurses. Further investigation is needed to identify the factors influencing this competency in pediatric nurses. To improve person-centered care in pediatric nursing, a strategy should be developed to strengthen professional nursing identity, enhance compassion competence, and reinforce pediatric NPPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"489-498"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147500366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature-Based Virtual Reality: A Scoping Review of Cancer Care.","authors":"Gwen Wyatt, Jessica Sender, Rebecca Lehto, Arienne Patano","doi":"10.1177/01939459251414790","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459251414790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with cancer and their friend/family caregivers experience emotional strain across the cancer trajectory, from diagnosis and curative treatment to palliative care. Thus, there is a need for therapies that can support emotional health and well-being. Given the emotional health benefits from nature exposure, nature-based virtual reality (VR) may hold promise.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to examine and synthesize the literature on nature-based virtual reality to improve emotional support and well-being among patients with cancer and their caregivers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a scoping review, searching 6 databases. The initial search focused on caregiving, cancer, nature, and VR. After very limited results, a broader search was constructed focusing on cancer, nature, and virtual reality. Screening criteria included cancer caregiving, nature-based VR, well-being, and emotional outcomes. Eligible articles included patients with cancer, cancer caregivers, and nature-based VR interventions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following screening, 35 articles were included: 24 implementing immersive nature-based VR with adult patients with cancer, 1 with only caregivers, 10 involved children and were a mix (3 with caregiver-child dyads; 7 children only). Most studies were conducted during clinic procedures, often with the caregiver present and/or participating. Improvements in emotional health and/or well-being were reported in the majority of studies. Overall, the quality of included studies was low.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nature-based VR has the potential to promote improvement in emotional health and well-being for patients with cancer; however, studies of higher quality are needed. Further, there is a gap in the science regarding the use of nature-based VR for emotional support among caregivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"566-582"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146197958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prelicensure Nursing Students' Perceptions of Person-Centered Dementia Care: A Qualitative Exploration Using the VIPS Framework.","authors":"Thefaf Hashem, Laura Wagner, Yura Lee, Julia Snethen, Julie Ellis","doi":"10.1177/01939459261416318","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459261416318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although progress has been made in teaching dementia care to nursing students, there is still a need to include person-centered dementia care (PCDC) education, because nursing students have a limited understanding of this approach.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to explore the perceptions of prelicensure nursing students regarding PCDC within the context of their professional nursing education.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used a qualitative descriptive design using Brooker's VIPS model as a conceptual framework. Data were collected through individual and semi-structured interviews conducted virtually from January 22, 2024, to March 8, 2024, and analyzed using thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty prelicensure nursing students completed the interviews. Five primary themes were identified: knowledge of PCDC interventions, PCDC perceived negatively as an intervention, education, long-term care facilities (LTCFs), and joining the dementia care workforce.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prelicensure nursing students demonstrated a higher level of knowledge of PCDC than anticipated. However, 2 key educational gaps were noted: first, nursing students require more instruction on the safe and ethical use of restraints; and second, they need greater awareness that older adults, including those with dementia, receive care across nearly all healthcare settings, not only in LTCFs. The findings of this study inform curriculum modifications and provide guidance to educators on teaching strategies that are derived from the experience of nursing students, who emphasized their desire for more role modeling or simulation on communicating with people with dementia.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"499-506"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146144403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Patterns in Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy Worldwide: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Kirsten E Hepburn, Cynthia M Schmidt, Tiffany A Moore, Carol Reynolds Geary","doi":"10.1177/01939459251414553","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459251414553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ectopic pregnancy has been observed to follow temporal patterns. Despite nearly a century of documented trends, no standardized approach has been established to define, understand, or investigate these patterns. Doing so could provide insights into possible environmental, biological, or sociocultural factors driving these patterns.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This scoping review aimed to synthesize the evidence of temporal patterns in tubal ectopic pregnancy rates worldwide, assess the methodologies, and identify research gaps possibly hindering causal factors inquiry.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, we searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar in June 2024. Peer-reviewed studies, gray literature, and editorial sources reporting seasonal, monthly, or quarterly fluctuations in tubal ectopic pregnancy incidence in humans were considered without limitation to publication year. Study characteristics, analytic approaches, noted limitations, temporal trends, and hypotheses to explain those trends were extracted and summarized descriptively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-two studies spanning 18 countries, published between 1932 and 2022, met eligibility criteria. Many studies reported seasonal or monthly peaks, though findings were inconsistent worldwide. Data sources, incidence denominators, and methods for analyzing ectopic pregnancy temporal patterns were heterogenous. Studies used either the estimated conception date or diagnosis date as the timepoint of interest for analysis, a methodological difference that limited cross-study comparisons.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There are significant methodological gaps in the study of ectopic pregnancy temporal patterns. To improve temporal analysis and generalizability, future research should use data sets that include outpatient records and conduct conception date-based analysis with universal units of time like weeks or months.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"553-565"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147311976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}