Western Journal of Nursing Research最新文献

{"title":"Sleep Deficiency and Fatigue in Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Samantha Conley, Youri Hwang, Stacy Al-Saleh, Kendra Kamp, Abigail Cahalan, Nancy S Redeker","doi":"10.1177/01939459251314941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459251314941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms experienced by people with inflammatory bowel disease; however, interventions to treat fatigue are limited. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the relationship between sleep deficiency and fatigue in adults with inflammatory bowel disease and to describe the demographic and clinical factors associated with fatigue to inform future intervention work.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and reported the results using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and CENTRAL on 3/7/24. We included studies with adults (≥18 years of age) who had a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or indeterminate colitis) and measured fatigue and sleep using a validated self-report questionnaire or objective measurement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria for a total sample of 16 927, of whom 58.7% (n = 9937) had Crohn's disease, and 66.3% (n = 11 226) were female. 56.1% of the participants experienced fatigue and 66.3% experienced sleep deficiency. Sleep quality and insomnia were consistently associated with fatigue. Baseline poor sleep quality was associated with persistent and worsening fatigue over 12 to 24 months. Clinical but not objective assessment of disease activity, anxiety, depression, female gender/sex, and younger age were also associated with more severe fatigue.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sleep quality and insomnia represent important modifiable contributors to fatigue. Future research should explore whether sleep interventions can improve fatigue in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"1939459251314941"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Influencing the Self-Reported Palliative Care Practices of Acute Care Nurses.","authors":"Keshia Kotula, Catherine Dingley, Du Feng, Lori Candela, Megan Pfitzinger Lippe","doi":"10.1177/01939459251314699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459251314699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Provision of palliative care in acute care settings is significantly lacking despite evidence that early integration leads to better patient/family-related outcomes and improved healthcare cost and efficiency.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated influencing factors that affect the nature and frequency of palliative care practices of acute care nurses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to examine the effects of personal and environmental factors on nurses' palliative care practices in the acute care setting. Registered nurses (<i>N</i> = 325) completed an electronic survey including a demographic questionnaire and 6 other measures to measure the study variables (palliative care practices, palliative care knowledge, self-efficacy, perceived competency, attitudes toward care of the dying, and perceived barriers). Hierarchical multiple linear regression evaluated the degree to which each set of variables explained the variance in self-reported frequency of palliative care practices while controlling for the others.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final regression model with demographics, personal factors, and environmental factors accounted for 32.1% of the variance in the frequency of nurses' self-reported palliative care practices and was significant (<i>F</i>_{[14, 238]} = 8.050, <i>P</i> < .001). Step one (demographics) explained 12.3% of the variance (<i>F</i>_{[7, 245]} = 4.916, <i>P</i> < .001). Step two (personal factors) explained 19.4% (<i>F</i>_{[5, 240]} = 13.678, <i>P</i> < .001). Step three (environmental factors) explained 0.4% (<i>F</i>_{[2, 238]} = 9.053, <i>P</i> = .519).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Personal factors, especially self-efficacy and attitudes toward care of the dying, are the most significant influencing factors to the frequency of acute care nurses' palliative care practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"1939459251314699"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143061036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical Incident Stress in Healthcare Education: An Integrative Review.","authors":"Rachel Kunkle, Katrina M Poppert Cordts, Lisa Walters, Alyson E Hanish","doi":"10.1177/01939459251314939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459251314939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Healthcare professionals' repeated exposure to critical incidents can cause various physical and psychological symptoms with potentially severe personal and professional consequences. Healthcare students' exposure to critical incidents begins during their clinical education. Despite known consequences, healthcare education has yet to implement a standardized approach for preparing students for critical incidents. Critical incident stress management, one identified program, has been utilized in healthcare organizations. However, formal critical incident stress management programs may not be appropriate for healthcare education with requirements to educate students on the clinical knowledge, skills, and judgment needed during critical incidents.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this review was to determine the state of the science related to critical incident stress in the context of healthcare education.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted, and peer-reviewed articles were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four articles were identified for inclusion, signaling a need for more research on critical incident stress in healthcare education.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The available literature suggests that students are impacted by critical incident stress. The studies in this review did not incorporate critical incident stress or components of critical incident stress management programs into their overall curricula or educational programs. The studies did demonstrate that students may be positively or negatively influenced by critical incident stress. Critical incident stress programs are not widely incorporated into healthcare education; however, it has been demonstrated that a standardized approach to preparing and supporting students is needed. Future studies need to determine if critical incident stress should be integrated into healthcare education and the outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"1939459251314939"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Inclusion by Creating Inclusion: A World Café Among Nurse Scientists.","authors":"Inga M Zadvinskis, Élise N Arsenault Knudsen, Ann C Falkenberg Olson, Rosemary W Eustace, Nancy M Albert, Colleen J Klein, Nicole L Bohr, Lisa E Guthrie, Martha Mathews Libster","doi":"10.1177/01939459241310751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459241310751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The concept of inclusion within diversity, equity, and inclusion has broad meanings and implications and has not been explored in nursing through a World Café.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the process and experiences of 9 nurse scientists who hosted a World Café focused on inclusion, to share participants' insights, and to offer considerations to advance inclusion in nursing.</p><p><strong>Approach: </strong>We hosted and encouraged active participation in a World Café that focused on 7 inclusion topics in nursing during the 2024 Midwestern Nursing Research Society Annual Research Conference. During the 90-min World Café, 40 participants (\"members\") engaged in iterative rounds of small group dialogue, moving from table to table every 10 min and randomly changing groups. Table hosts welcomed new members, provided background information, and asked probing questions about topics related to inclusion. Members shared insights verbally and through creative expression using colored markers/pencils or craft supplies and creating images on paper tablecloths. Table hosts used notes, photographs of words and images from the paper tablecloths, and collective post-Café reflections to synthesize insights regarding inclusion.</p><p><strong>Discoveries: </strong>Across all topics, members stated that inclusion requires connecting as human beings, creating welcoming spaces, being open to others, and actively listening. Table hosts described the World Café process as engaging, invoking, and inspiring. Hosts found the World Café process itself to be inclusive, inviting diverse perspectives, and gleaning insights about inclusion in nursing. Considerations generated from this World Café offer tangible behaviors to promote inclusion across various nursing topics, roles, and settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"1939459241310751"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between a Family Caregiver's Relationship to Persons With Dementia and Cardiovascular Disease by Race and Ethnicity: A Secondary Analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data.","authors":"Dawon Baik, Sophia Centi, Sarah J Schmiege","doi":"10.1177/01939459241311501","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459241311501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Caregiver stress is linked to key mechanisms for developing cardiovascular disease and the burden differs by caregiving relationship (eg, spouse). Furthermore, cardiovascular disease risk in family caregivers (FCGs) has been shown to differ by race and ethnicity. However, little is known about whether the association between caregiving relationship and FCGs' cardiovascular health differs by race and ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined the association between an FCG's relationship to persons with dementia and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease conditions and identified how these associations differed by race and ethnicity in FCGs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a secondary analysis of the 2015-2020 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between predictors (caregiving relationship, race/ethnicity, and their interaction) and outcomes (cardiovascular disease risk and conditions).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A sample of 6042 FCGs of persons with dementia were included. When analyzing race/ethnicity groups as a whole, cardiovascular disease risk and conditions differed significantly by caregiving relationship. Notably, spouse caregivers were at higher risk of diabetes, stroke, angina, and myocardial infarction, while showing lower rates of current smoking, heavy drinking, and obesity, compared to adult children. The associations between caregiving relationship and select cardiovascular disease risk factors (depression, previous smoking) differed significantly between racial and ethnic groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is a need to develop culturally appropriate cardiovascular preventive health care strategies that reduce cardiovascular disease risks by considering caregiving relationship. Research is especially needed among minoritized racial and ethnic FCG groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"1939459241311501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing Oncologic Nursing Care Plans in Electronic Health Records With Two Taxonomies: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Serena Togni, Lucia Saracino, Mariangela Cieri, Rosita Bianco, Stefano Terzoni, Santini Magda Giulia, Emanuela Zito, Maura Lusignani, Pazzaglia Maria Silvia, Letizia Depalma","doi":"10.1177/01939459241310402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459241310402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nursing care plans document the nursing process, displaying actions, and illustrating expected outcomes. Their integration into electronic health records (EHRs) is critical for accurate documentation, enhanced by standardized nursing terminologies that promote communication, critical reasoning, and patient safety through consistent language for information.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to identify appropriate standardized nursing terminology tailored to the context of a Northern Italian Cancer Center and research facility for developing nursing care plans and starting their integration into institutional EHRs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participatory action research was conducted to select proper terminology respecting the oncological setting, develop nursing care plans, and start their implementation in EHRs. The nursing team of a pilot ward collaborated closely with the researchers as coresearchers. Care plan samples were presented using the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association-International Nursing Intervention Classification, Nursing Outcomes Classification, and International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) in the test section of the EHRs to gather nurses' preferences. Quantitative data collection, focus groups, and survey analyses were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nurses chose the ICNP for its flexibility but sought better methods to define patient severity in assessments and outcomes. They suggested incorporating the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events to enable context-sensitive care plans.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>End-user involvement is essential for developing EHRs, enhancing system usability, and reducing implementation resistance. Including nurses in management decisions empowers them, and improves care quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"1939459241310402"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient Interpretations of Heart Failure Symptom Recognition and Self-Management Using Vignettes: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Natany da Costa Ferreira Oberfrank, Erica Watkinson, Harleah Buck, Karen Dunn Lopez","doi":"10.1177/01939459241310085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459241310085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Heart failure is a condition with significant symptom burden and high hospitalization rates. Effective self-management, including recognizing symptoms and making behavior changes, is crucial but often inadequately addressed by current educational methods. To improve this, heart failure self-care vignettes were developed to measure knowledge of managing physical and psychological symptoms. However, the vignettes' face validity and reliability have not been thoroughly evaluated.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To ensure the understandability of a novel instrument to measure knowledge of heart failure symptom recognition and self-management and to examine its inter-rater reliability with individuals diagnosed with heart failure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cognitive interviews were conducted with heart failure patients admitted to an academic hospital in the Midwest U.S. Vignette segments and interview questions were analyzed, totaling 74 items. Five patients aged 65 and older, participated without cognitive, visual, or hearing impairments. The interviews were coded by two independent raters using a cognitive interview coding book. Vignettes were evaluated qualitatively with a 3-point Likert scale (1 = misunderstanding, 2 = partial understanding, and 3 = full understanding). Inter-rater reliability was assessed using percent agreement and Cohen's kappa.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients understood an average of 76% of the psychological and 83% of the physical vignette items, indicating acceptable preliminary understandability. Inter-rater reliability was moderate, with Cohen's kappa values of 0.39 (psychological) and 0.43 (physical).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This pilot study suggests that vignettes could be a useful tool for assessing knowledge of symptom recognition and self-management. Cognitive interviewing helped evaluate how vignette segments were interpreted before using them in future data collection.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"1939459241310085"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142933249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Competencies and Ability to Care for the General Population: Design and Validation of the Spanish COMCAPCARE Scale.","authors":"Elena Espadas-Calzado, Ana Alejandra Esteban-Burgos, Concepción Capilla-Díaz, Daniel Puente-Fernández, Celia Martí-García, Rafael Montoya-Juárez","doi":"10.1177/01939459241302568","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459241302568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As the population ages, the demand for social and health systems grows, especially due to chronic diseases and dependency. Informal caregivers, particularly women, face significant burdens including physical, emotional, and financial strain. Current caregiving assessment tools focus on those already in caregiving roles or health professionals, with no tools for the general population without prior caregiving experience.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to develop and validate the Spanish COMCAPCARE scale, which assesses the skills and abilities necessary to care for dependent individuals, including those nearing the end of life, among individuals without prior caregiving experience.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scale validation study was conducted. A Delphi panel of 13 experts developed an 18-item scale, which was administered to 253 participants over the age of 18 who had not previously served as primary caregivers. Main measurements were psychometric analyses, including principal components analysis (PCA) and reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient. Correlation with a single-item self-assessment of caregiving competence was verified through Spearman's rho.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 253 participants (73.9% women) with a mean age of 33 years (SD 13.7) participated. The scale identified 3 factors: financial and work situation (4 items), adaptability (8 items), and care and communication (6 items). The total scale demonstrated high reliability (α = 0.84) and significant correlations between the scale's total score and a single-item self-assessment of caregiving competence (<i>r</i> = 0.693, <i>P</i> < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Spanish COMCAPCARE scale provides a reliable and valid tool for assessing caregiving competencies in the general population without caregiving experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"47-54"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Health Literacy on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors in Older Patients with Coronary Artery Disease.","authors":"Sun-Hwa Shin, Mi Hwa Won","doi":"10.1177/01939459241297394","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459241297394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coronary artery disease is a chronic condition that requires continuous adherence to healthy behaviors. Adhering to physical activity and reducing prolonged sedentary behavior are important for the physical health of older patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Health literacy is increasingly recognized as a key factor in secondary prevention for these patients. However, evidence regarding the associations among health literacy, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors for secondary prevention in older patients with coronary artery disease remains limited.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to identify the prevalence of limited health literacy and the influence of health literacy on physical activity and sedentary behaviors in older patients with CAD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from May to December 2022 in South Korea. A total of 186 patients aged 65 and older diagnosed with coronary artery disease participated. Data on health literacy, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors were collected through self-reported questionnaires and electronic medical records.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of limited health literacy in older patients was 66.7%. Hierarchical linear regression revealed that health literacy was a significant determinant of physical activity (β = -0.50, <i>P</i> < .001) and sedentary behaviors (β = 0.58, <i>P</i> < .001) after adjusting for confounding variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our main findings showed that health literacy can facilitate improvements in physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Health literacy can facilitate health decisions for secondary prevention in older patients with CAD. Thus, healthcare professionals should assess patient health literacy and illness severity when designing secondary prevention programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"24-32"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142607147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acquiring Resourcefulness Skills: Formal Versus Informal Training.","authors":"Jaclene A Zauszniewski, Christopher J Burant, Evanne Juratovac, Alexandra Jeanblanc, John S Sweetko, Catherine Larsen, Rayhanah Almutairi, Hang Ying She, Evelina DiFranco, Kari Colon-Zimmerman, Martha Sajatovic","doi":"10.1177/01939459241296613","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01939459241296613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although resourcefulness has been successfully taught during formal training programs, it can also be acquired informally through life experiences. Family caregivers have many opportunities for learning to be resourceful on their own and those who participate in research may acquire knowledge or skills that increase their resourcefulness. The effects of such differential experiences on the resourcefulness of family caregivers have not been examined over time.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study compared changes in resourcefulness over time in caregivers who received no intervention, an educational program, biofeedback, or Resourcefulness Training^©.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This longitudinal analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial involved 219 caregivers of persons with bipolar disorder who completed the Resourcefulness Scale^© before no intervention, an educational program, biofeedback, or Resourcefulness Training, and at 6 and 12 months afterward. Differences across the groups were examined using RMANOVA. Patterns of mean scores including differences and linear trends in resourcefulness for the four groups were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, caregivers increased linearly in resourcefulness over time [<i>F</i>(1,215) = 4.836, <i>P</i> = .015]. Although each group showed improvement in resourcefulness, caregivers who received Resourcefulness Training showed the greatest improvement from baseline (estimated mean = 88.244, SE = 2.734) at both 6 months (estimated mean = 92.610, SE = 2.813, <i>P</i> = .026) and 12 months post-intervention (estimated mean = 95.049, SE = 2.752, <i>P</i> = .003).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Consistent with resourcefulness theory, the findings showed caregivers of persons with bipolar disorder became more resourceful over time with or without formal training. However, those who received Resourcefulness Training demonstrated resourcefulness skills sooner and to a greater extent, thereby providing the rationale for formal Resourcefulness Training programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49365,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"5-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142631354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}