Western North American Naturalist最新文献

{"title":"Reproductive Ecology and Bee Associates of Packard's Milkvetch (Astragalus packardiae), a Rare Plant Endemic to Southwestern Idaho","authors":"Justin R Fulkerson, C. L. Kinter","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0209","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Conservation of rare plants is dependent on identifying mechanisms that limit their population or persistence. Successful pollination of flowers is one life history trait that is often limiting in plants occurring in fragmented landscapes. We studied pollinator associates and seed production in Astragalus packardiae (= A. cusickii var. packardiae, Packard's milkvetch), a narrow endemic that is imperiled as a result of nonnative annual grasses, increased wildfire, recreational off-highway vehicle use, and livestock use. We used pollinator exclusion bags to examine the breeding system of Packard's milkvetch. We collected and videotaped floral visitors to determine the makeup of the associates and the visitation rate to flowers. Our study demonstrates that Packard's milkvetch is highly dependent on pollinators for reproductive success. Plants that were excluded from pollinator visitation produced a mean of 0.05 seeds/fruit (SD = 0.21), while plants open to pollinator visitation produced 2.44 seeds/fruit (SD = 1.03) (Wilcoxon signed-rank test: n = 23, P < 0.001). We collected a total of 203 floral visitors of A. packardiae. The order Hymenoptera (bees and wasps) made up 86% of the visitors, of which wasps were merely 1% of the collected insects. Lepidoptera (butterflies), Coleoptera (beetles), and Diptera (flies) accounted for the remaining 7%, 4.4%, and 2.5% of visitors, respectively. The bee associates were markedly composed of Osmia bee species. Visitation rate for Packard's milkvetch was 3.8 visits/flower per hour, which is within the range of other studied Astragalus species. Because seed production in Packard's milkvetch is highly dependent on native bees, future conservation of Packard's milkvetch is reliant on the conservation of native bee habitat. Resumen. La conservación de las plantas raras depende de la identificación de los mecanismos que limitan su población o persistencia. La polinización exitosa de las flores es un rasgo de historia de vida vital que suele ser limitante en plantas que se desarrollan en paisajes fragmentados. Estudiamos la asociación de polinizadores y la producción de semillas en Astragalus packardiae (= A. cusickii var. packardiae, milkvetch de Packard), una planta endémica que se encuentra en peligro como consecuencia de la presencia de hierbas anuales no autóctonas, el aumento de los incendios forestales, el uso recreativo de vehículos todoterreno y el uso ganadero. Utilizamos bolsas de exclusión de polinizadores para examinar el sistema de reproducción del milkvetch de Packard. Recogimos y grabamos en video a los visitantes florales para determinar la composición de los asociados y la tasa de visitas a las flores. Nuestro estudio demuestra que el milkvetch de Packard depende en gran medida de los polinizadores para su éxito reproductivo. Las plantas que fueron excluidas de la visita de polinizadores produjeron un promedio 0.05 semillas/fruto (SD = 0.21). Mientras que, las plantas no excluidas produjeron","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139351659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewers for 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0112","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136145406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insects are Attracted to White Wind Turbine Bases: Evidence from Turbine Mimics","authors":"Madison S. Crawford, Delina E. Dority, Michael E. Dillon, Lusha M. Tronstad","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0208","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Wind power is one of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy, but the interactions between wind turbines and insects are largely unknown beyond the observation that the accumulation of dead insects on turbine blades drastically reduces the power produced. Insects may be attracted to wind energy facilities because of topography, the heat that turbines produce, the lighting, or the visual cue of the turbine itself. Turbines can present a striking visual contrast relative to the surrounding landscape, particularly when they are painted bright white and reflect ultraviolet wavelengths. To test the hypothesis that wind turbine color attracts insects, we sampled insects near experimental wind turbine mimics of 9 colors. The mimics were located on a hill with characteristics similar to sites of nearby wind energy facilities. Passive traps painted the same colors and placed next to their corresponding turbine mimic provided an estimate of insect attraction to turbines of different colors. Insect abundance was highest next to the white, violet, and blue turbine mimics, and lowest adjacent to the green, orange, yellow, light gray, and dark gray turbine mimics. Our results suggest that white, the predominant color of wind turbines globally, is one of the most attractive colors to insects. We encourage others to investigate whether painting turbine bases a less attractive color (e.g., gray or green) may drastically reduce the attraction of insects to wind energy facilities. Resumen La energía eólica es una de las formas de energía renovable de más rápido crecimiento, pero se desconocen en gran medida las interacciones entre las turbinas eólicas y los insectos, más allá de la observación de que la acumulación de insectos muertos en las aspas de las turbinas reduce drásticamente la potencia producida. Los insectos pueden sentirse atraídos por las instalaciones de energía eólica debido a la topografía, el calor que producen las turbinas, la iluminación de las instalaciones de energía eólica o la señal visual de la propia turbina. Las turbinas pueden presentar un llamativo contraste visual en relación con el paisaje circundante, en particular cuando están pintadas de blanco brillante y reflejan longitudes de onda ultravioleta. Para probar la hipótesis de que el color de las turbinas eólicas atrae a los insectos, tomamos muestras de insectos de nueve imitaciones de turbinas eólicas experimentales de diferentes colores, situadas en una colina con características similares a las instalaciones de energía eólica cercanas. Las trampas pasivas pintadas de los mismos colores y colocadas junto a su correspondiente turbina de imitación proporcionaron una estimación de la atracción de los insectos hacia las turbinas de diferentes colores. La abundancia de insectos fue más alta junto a las turbinas de imitación blancas, violetas y azules, y más baja junto a las turbinas de imitación verdes, naranjas, amarillas, grises claras y grises oscuras. Nuestros result","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139351805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Western Pearlshell (Margaritifera falcata) Extirpation in the Smith River, Montana, with a Possible Link to Warming Water Temperatures","authors":"D. Stagliano","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0210","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Western pearlshell (Margaritifera falcata) populations are in decline across the species' range in western North America. In 2008, Montana categorized the western pearlshell as an imperiled species of concern (S2) based on reduced detections at historically occupied sites and few viable populations. Between 2004 and 2014, we surveyed 24 Smith River reaches (61 total sites in the watershed) for the presence of western pearlshell populations. Despite historical and anecdotal descriptions of abundant western pearlshell in the Smith River, intensive structured surveys between 2004 and 2007 documented only 4 sections with low-density, nonviable western pearlshell populations (<10 individuals, large size classes [average total length = 70 mm], with no signs of recruitment). In 2014, we revisited these occupied sites to repeat surveys (expending significantly more search time) and observed no live individuals. This was surprising given that, although those populations would certainly die out without recruitment, older individuals can oftentimes persist for decades. Therefore, we consider the western pearlshell mussel extirpated from the Smith River watershed. We reviewed long-term USGS gage discharge and temperature data near the western pearlshell populations to evaluate the potential causal factors for, and timing of, the extirpation. From 3 July to 3 August 2007, water temperatures were at or above the thermal stress levels of the western pearlshell (>25 °C, with maximum daily temperatures of 28 °C) for 23 days. Water temperatures did not reach these threshold levels on any days between 2008 and 2012, and in 2013, only 6 days reached temperatures >25 °C (max. 26 °C). Therefore, we hypothesize that the lack of live individuals reported in 2014 was most likely a result of population losses occurring during the summer of 2007. We could not evaluate viruses or bacterial infections as possible causes of the extirpation, but these factors are being implicated in recent mussel mass mortality events. Such infections may have been additional causal factors in the Smith River extirpations because of already high E. coli loads in conjunction with thermally and/or oxygen-stressed individuals. Two eDNA samples collected in July 2022 downstream of the Hwy. 360 bridge and Fort Logan WMA tested negative for western pearlshell DNA fragments, confirming their continued absence. Resumen. Concha de perla occidental, Margaritifera falcata, las poblaciones de mejillones están en declive en todo el oeste de los Estados Unidos. En 2008, Montana enumeró la concha de perlas como una especie de preocupación en peligro (S2) basada en detecciones severamente reducidas en sitios históricamente ocupados y muy pocas poblaciones viables. Entre 2004 y 2014, examinamos 24 secciones del río Smith (61 sitios totales de cuencas hidrográficas) para la presencia de poblaciones de conchas de perlas occidentales. A pesar de las descripciones históricas y anecdóticas de abundantes c","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139352467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mexican Gartersnakes (Thamnophis eques) along the Gila River in Southwestern New Mexico","authors":"Keith Geluso","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0216","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Mexican gartersnake (Thamnophis eques) is a federally threatened species in the United States, with only a few isolated populations remaining in Arizona and New Mexico. For some populations, only limited knowledge exists regarding their status and natural history; thus, all observations are noteworthy. Along the Gila River in New Mexico, for example, only 2 observations of this species have been published, one in 1883 and one in 1973. Herein, I report on 6 additional observations of Mexican gartersnakes from along the Gila River in southwestern New Mexico. Five individuals were documented in riparian habitats close to or in water, but one was observed in more arid habitats away from riparian habitats. Two individuals were found dead on paved roadways, demonstrating that mortality along roads is a threat to this limited population that generally is associated only with wetland habitats. Further surveys are warranted in the area to better understand the status and habitats used by this rare species in the region. Resumen. La serpiente de jarretera o culebra de agua nómada mexicana (Thamnophis eques) es una especie amenazada a nivel federal en los Estados Unidos, con solo unas pocas poblaciones aisladas en Arizona y Nuevo México. Muy poco se conoce sobre el estado e historia natural de algunas poblaciones, por lo tanto, cualquier observación es novedosa. A lo largo del río Gila en Nuevo México, por ejemplo, solo se publicaron dos observaciones de esta especie han sido publicadas: una en 1883 y otra en 1973. A continuación, se reportan seis observaciones adicionales de las serpientes de jarretera a lo largo del río Gila en el suroeste de Nuevo México. Se documentaron cinco individuos en hábitats ribereños cerca o en el agua, y un individuo se observó en hábitats más áridos lejos de los hábitats ribereños. Adicionalmente, se encontraron dos individuos muertos en carreteras pavimentadas, lo que demuestra que la mortalidad en las carreteras representa una amenaza para esta población limitada que generalmente se asocia únicamente con hábitats de humedales. Por lo anterior, resulta necesario llevar a cabo más estudios en el área para comprender mejor la condición, así como los hábitats utilizados por esta rara especie en la región.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139356119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Shrubs a Necessary Component of the Habitat for Ammospermophilus nelsoni in the San Joaquin Desert?","authors":"David J. Germano, L. Saslaw","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0204","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The San Joaquin antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelsoni; SJAS) is a state-listed Threatened species in California that evolved in the shrublands of the San Joaquin Desert. Due to livestock overgrazing and fires, much of the desert has lost its shrub cover, which would be a conservation concern if shrubs are a necessary component of the habitat for squirrels. We established two 64-trap plots on the Lokern area of Kern County, California: one covered by saltbush scrub (Atriplex spp.) and another nearby without shrubs. We trapped quarterly starting in January 2019 and ending in November 2021 (12 trap sessions). When a squirrel was found in a trap, we permanently marked it with a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag, recorded its trap location on the plot, and assessed its sex, weight (using a spring scale), age (young or adult), and reproductive condition. In the 3 years of trapping, we marked 90 SJAS on the shrub plot and 194 on the shrubless plot. On both plots, numbers of squirrels trended upward for the 3 years, with significantly higher numbers of SJAS on the shrubless plot in 2021. Survivorship did not differ significantly between plots, but we recorded more young squirrels on the shrubless plot. Although our plots were not replicated, our results and those of recent other studies show that shrubs are not a necessary component of the habitat for SJAS. Resumen. La ardilla antílope de San Joaquín (Ammospermophilus nelsoni; SJAS) es una especie que evolucionó en los matorrales del desierto de San Joaquín y que actualmente figura en la lista estatal de especies amenazadas de California. Debido al sobrepastoreo del ganado y a los incendios, gran parte del desierto ha perdido su cubierta arbustiva, lo que podría suponer un problema de conservación debido a que los arbustos son un componente necesario del hábitat de las ardillas. En este estudio, establecimos dos parcelas con 64 trampas en el área de Lokern en el condado de Kern, California: una cubierta por arbustos saltbush (Atriplex spp.) y otra cercana sin arbustos. Realizamos trampeos trimestrales que comenzaron en enero de 2019 y finalizaron en noviembre de 2021 (12 sesiones de trampeo). Cuando se encontró una ardilla en una trampa, la marcamos permanentemente con una etiqueta de transpondedor integrado pasivo (PIT), registrábamos la ubicación de la trampa en la que cayó, su sexo, peso (usando una báscula de resorte), edad (joven o adulta) y condición reproductiva. Durante los tres años de trampeo, marcamos 90 SJAS en la parcela con arbustos y 194 en la parcela sin arbustos. En ambas parcelas, la cantidad de ardillas tendió a incrementar durante los tres años, con un número significativamente mayor de SJAS en la parcela sin arbustos en 2021. La supervivencia no difirió significativamente entre parcelas, pero registramos más ardillas jóvenes en la parcela sin arbustos. Aunque nuestras parcelas no fueron replicadas, nuestros resultados y los de otros estudios recientes muestran ","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139356000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Puma (Puma concolor) Sex Influences Diet in Southwest New Mexico","authors":"Kelly M. T. Bernard, Travis W. Perry, N. Mgqatsa","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0201","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Puma (Puma concolor) is a wide-ranging, large felid species, and site-specific research on its diet is important for local management. Like the diets of other large felids, puma diets may differ between sex due to size dimorphism and between seasons due to changes in prey vulnerability and availability. We investigated the influence of sex and season on puma diet in southwest New Mexico in terms of prey species and size categories. Pumas (10 males, 6 females) were tracked with GPS collars for an average of one year per individual between February 2008 and July 2020. Puma location was recorded every 2 hours between 19:00 and 7:00, and kill sites were identified by a minimum of 2 GPS fixes occurring within 100 m and 100 hours of the first fix. Pumas specialized on mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus) but also preyed upon a range of other species of different sizes. The probability of making a medium-sized kill such as a mule deer was higher for females than for males, while the probability of making an extra-large kill, such as an elk, was considerably greater for males than for females. There was substantial variation in prey species and size categories killed by individual pumas, particularly of smaller-sized prey like collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) and skunks (e.g., Spilogale gracilis, Mephitis mephitis). Our findings concur with previous research on the importance of mule deer and elk in puma diet, demonstrate individual variation in prey killed, and may have management implications. Resumen. El puma (Puma concolor) es una especie de felino grande de amplia distribución y la investigación acerca de su dieta específica de cada sitio es importante para la gestión local. Al igual que otros grandes felinos, la dieta del puma puede diferir entre sexos debido al dimorfismo en tamaño y también entre estaciones del año a causa de cambios en la disponibilidad y vulnerabilidad de las presas. Investigamos la influencia del sexo y la estacionalidad en la dieta del puma en el suroeste de Nuevo México en cuanto a las especies de presas y categorías de tamaño. Los pumas (10 machos, 6 hem-bras) fueron rastreados durante un promedio de un año, usando collares con Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS, por sus siglas en inglés), entre febrero de 2008 y julio de 2020. La ubicación de los pumas se registró cada dos horas entre las 19:00 y las 7:00, y se identificaron los sitios de caza con un mínimo de dos puntos de GPS que ocurrieron dentro de los 100 m y 100 horas del primer punto. Los pumas cazaron especialmente ciervos bura y alces, y una amplia gama de otras especies de diferentes tamaños. La probabilidad de que una hembra lograra cazar una presa de tamaño mediano, tal como un ciervo bura, fue mayor que la de los machos. Mientras que, la probabilidad de cazar una presa extragrande, tal como un alce, fue considerablemente mayor en los machos. Hubo una gran variación en las especies y el tamaño de las presas cazadas por pumas in","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139355622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Documentation of Ergasilus centrarchidarum on Smallmouth Bass in Idaho","authors":"Danielle Perkins, John W. Heckel, Brett High, E. Billman","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0214","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ergasilus centrarchidarum is a parasitic copepod that infects the gills of fishes in the family Centrarchidae. This parasite has been introduced in many regions of North America through introduction of infected Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu); however, effects of E. centrarchidarum on its hosts have been poorly studied. Ergasilus centrarchidarum was first discovered infecting Smallmouth Bass in Ririe Reservoir in 2020, although timing of introduction remains uncertain. Our objective was to determine prevalence and intensity of infection of E. centrarchidarum on Smallmouth Bass in Ririe Reservoir. We used angling to collect Smallmouth Bass in the upstream portion of Ririe Reservoir in July 2021. On each fish, we documented presence of copepods and categorized intensity of infection in the left gill chamber (i.e., low, <10 copepods; medium, 10–20 copepods; and high, >20 copepods). Additionally, we euthanized 24 Smallmouth Bass to quantitatively determine intensity of infection. Prevalence of infection of E. centrarchidarum on Smallmouth Bass was 100% (n = 69 fish). Half of the Smallmouth Bass sampled were classified as having a high infection, while only 10% were classified with a low infection. In the lethally sampled fish, mean intensity of infection in the left gill chamber was 27 copepods (SE = 3.9). We did not observe damage to the gills of infected Smallmouth Bass. Additionally, we did not observe a relationship between relative weight and the category of intensity of infection. Therefore, we did not find evidence that E. centrarchidarum negatively influenced Smallmouth Bass in Ririe Reservoir; however, further research should directly study potential negative impacts of E. centrarchidarum on Smallmouth Bass. We did not find documentation of E. centrarchidarum elsewhere in Idaho; however, free-living Ergasilus spp. have been documented in Dworshak Reservoir, suggesting that E. centrarchidarum may be found in other waterbodies in Idaho. Resumen. Ergasilus centrarchidarum es un copépodo parásito que infecta las branquias de los peces de la familia Centrarchidae. Este parásito se ha introducido en muchas regiones de Norteamérica mediante la introducción de la lobina de boca pequeña infectada. Sin embargo, los efectos de E. centrarchidarum en sus hospederos han sido poco estudiados. Ergasilus centrarchidarum se descubrió por primera vez infectando a la lobina de boca pequeña en el embalse de Ririe en 2020, aunque el momento de la introducción sigue siendo incierto. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia e intensidad de la infección por E. centrarchidarum en la lobina de boca pequeña (Micropterus dolomieu) del embalse de Ririe. En julio de 2021, utilizamos la pesca con caña para colectar individuos de lobina de boca pequeña, situados corriente arriba del embalse de Ririe. En cada pez, documentamos la presencia de copépodos y clasificamos la intensidad de la infección en la cámara branquial izquierda (i.e, baja, <10 copépod","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139368258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva) in the Stansbury Mountains, Utah","authors":"D. Burchfield, Otto W. De Groff, M. Bekker, S. Kitchen, S. Petersen","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey) presence in the Stansbury Mountains of north-central Utah has been reported prior to the year 2020, but these reports lack adequate population characterization and the delineation of distinct stands of trees. In summer 2020, we identified and documented the presence of 5 separate stands of bristlecone pine in the Stansbury Mountains. These stands are removed from the nearest bristlecone populations in other mountain ranges by a distance of approximately 120 km; as such, they represent a unique outlier population of the species. We used GPS data to create a geographic information system (GIS) database delineating the 5 stands we identified, and we sampled tree age and size in one of the stands for comparison with other bristlecone pine populations in the Great Basin. We present here 2 hypotheses to explain the occurrence of bristlecone pine in the Stansbury Mountains: first, that this population is a relict from a time when bristlecone pine was widely distributed across the Great Basin; and second, that the species arrived in the range via long-distance dispersal mechanisms at some point during or after the Pleistocene/Holocene transition (ca. 12,000 14C YBP). Neotoma (woodrat) midden data suggest that bristlecone pine was absent or at least not widespread in the northern Bonneville Basin during the late Pleistocene, but midden data are sparse for the Stansbury Mountains and surrounding ranges. Additionally, we present possible migration pathways that the species could have taken to reach the Stansbury Mountains from the southern Bonneville Basin, where it was widespread during the late Pleistocene, using the largest extent of Lake Bonneville as a limiting boundary. Hypothesized migration vectors include windborne long-distance dispersal events or transport by granivorous birds. We also postulate that a small population of bristlecone pine may be present in the Oquirrh Mountains to the east of the Stansbury Mountains based upon the existence of similar habitat characteristics there, as well as our identification of a likely misdetermined 1964 voucher specimen from the Oquirrh Mountains that appears to be of bristlecone pine. Resumen. La presencia del pino longevo de la Gran Cuenca (Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey) en las montañas Stansbury del centro-norte de Utah fue registrada antes del año 2020. No obstante, estos reportes carecen de caracterización adecuada de la población y delineación de distintos rodales de árboles. En el verano de 2020, identificamos y documentamos la presencia de cinco rodales separados de pino longevo en las montañas Stansbury. Estos rodales se encuentran alejados de las poblaciones de pinos longevos más cercanas en otras cadenas montañosas, a una distancia de aproximadamente 120 km, y como tales, representan una población atípica única de la especie. Usamos datos de GPS para crear una base de datos del sistema de información geográfica (SIG) que delinea los ","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83648051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plains to Peaks: An Analysis of the Relationship between Colorado Butterfly Communities and Altitude","authors":"Anna O. James, Kathryn Hokamp, Chris García-Hellmuth, R. Reading","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0108","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We compared butterfly communities of the Plains, Foothills, and Montane Zones of the Colorado Front Range and examined 3 groups of butterflies—blues (Polyommatinae species), fritillaries (Speyeria and Boloria spp.), and painted ladies (species Vanessa cardui)—for altitude shifts between 2014 and 2020. We conducted these analyses using data collected by volunteer butterfly monitors from the Colorado Butterfly Monitoring Network, a group organized and run by Butterfly Pavilion in Westminster, Colorado. Monitors walked designated routes and counted all butterflies they saw, identifying each to the lowest possible taxonomic group they could. We sorted routes into the 3 altitude zones, organized data by family, species, and group (blues/fritillaries), and standardized data by time spent monitoring. We used ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests to compare the altitude zones and examine the data for altitude shifts. Finally, we calculated relative abundance (number of individuals captured each session), species richness, Shannon–Wiener diversity index, Simpson's diversity index, and 2 evenness indices for a smaller subset of the data. We found that the Plains Zone differed significantly from the Foothills and Montane Zones in terms of family and species composition. We also found that species richness and diversity peaked in the Foothills Zone. We found no evidence for altitude shifts among the 3 butterfly groups studied but did observe a significant increase in painted ladies from 2016 to 2017 in all zones. We concluded that the 3 altitude zones have differing butterfly communities and that the Foothills Zone should be a priority for conservation efforts along the Colorado Front Range. Resumen. Comparamos las comunidades de mariposas de llanuras, estribaciones y zonas montañosas de las montañas rocosas de Colorado y examinamos tres grupos de mariposas—azul (especie Polyommatinae), fritillary (Speyeria y Boloria spp.) y vanesa de los cardos (especie Vanessa cardui)—para determinar los cambios de altitud entre 2014 y 2020. Llevamos a cabo estos análisis utilizando datos recopilados por monitores voluntarios de mariposas de la Red de Monitoreo de Mariposas de Colorado, un grupo organizado y dirigido por Butterfly Pavilion en Westminster, Colorado. Los monitores caminaron rutas designadas y contaron todas las mariposas que vieron, identificando cada una de ellas hasta el grupo taxonómico más bajo posible. Clasificamos las rutas en tres zonas de altitud, organizamos la información por familia, especie y grupo (azul/fritillary) y estandarizamos los datos de acuerdo con el tiempo de seguimiento. Utilizamos las pruebas ANOVA y Kruskal–Wallis para comparar las zonas de altitud y examinar los datos de los cambios de altitud. Finalmente, calculamos abundancia relativa (número de individuos capturados en cada sesión), riqueza de las especies, el índice de diversidad de Shannon–Wiener, el índice de diversidad de Simpson y dos índices de uniformidad en un conjunt","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77337474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}