Western North American Naturalist最新文献

{"title":"Are Shrubs a Necessary Component of the Habitat for Ammospermophilus nelsoni in the San Joaquin Desert?","authors":"David J. Germano, L. Saslaw","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0204","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The San Joaquin antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelsoni; SJAS) is a state-listed Threatened species in California that evolved in the shrublands of the San Joaquin Desert. Due to livestock overgrazing and fires, much of the desert has lost its shrub cover, which would be a conservation concern if shrubs are a necessary component of the habitat for squirrels. We established two 64-trap plots on the Lokern area of Kern County, California: one covered by saltbush scrub (Atriplex spp.) and another nearby without shrubs. We trapped quarterly starting in January 2019 and ending in November 2021 (12 trap sessions). When a squirrel was found in a trap, we permanently marked it with a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag, recorded its trap location on the plot, and assessed its sex, weight (using a spring scale), age (young or adult), and reproductive condition. In the 3 years of trapping, we marked 90 SJAS on the shrub plot and 194 on the shrubless plot. On both plots, numbers of squirrels trended upward for the 3 years, with significantly higher numbers of SJAS on the shrubless plot in 2021. Survivorship did not differ significantly between plots, but we recorded more young squirrels on the shrubless plot. Although our plots were not replicated, our results and those of recent other studies show that shrubs are not a necessary component of the habitat for SJAS. Resumen. La ardilla antílope de San Joaquín (Ammospermophilus nelsoni; SJAS) es una especie que evolucionó en los matorrales del desierto de San Joaquín y que actualmente figura en la lista estatal de especies amenazadas de California. Debido al sobrepastoreo del ganado y a los incendios, gran parte del desierto ha perdido su cubierta arbustiva, lo que podría suponer un problema de conservación debido a que los arbustos son un componente necesario del hábitat de las ardillas. En este estudio, establecimos dos parcelas con 64 trampas en el área de Lokern en el condado de Kern, California: una cubierta por arbustos saltbush (Atriplex spp.) y otra cercana sin arbustos. Realizamos trampeos trimestrales que comenzaron en enero de 2019 y finalizaron en noviembre de 2021 (12 sesiones de trampeo). Cuando se encontró una ardilla en una trampa, la marcamos permanentemente con una etiqueta de transpondedor integrado pasivo (PIT), registrábamos la ubicación de la trampa en la que cayó, su sexo, peso (usando una báscula de resorte), edad (joven o adulta) y condición reproductiva. Durante los tres años de trampeo, marcamos 90 SJAS en la parcela con arbustos y 194 en la parcela sin arbustos. En ambas parcelas, la cantidad de ardillas tendió a incrementar durante los tres años, con un número significativamente mayor de SJAS en la parcela sin arbustos en 2021. La supervivencia no difirió significativamente entre parcelas, pero registramos más ardillas jóvenes en la parcela sin arbustos. Aunque nuestras parcelas no fueron replicadas, nuestros resultados y los de otros estudios recientes muestran ","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"3 1","pages":"180 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139356000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Puma (Puma concolor) Sex Influences Diet in Southwest New Mexico","authors":"Kelly M. T. Bernard, Travis W. Perry, N. Mgqatsa","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0201","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Puma (Puma concolor) is a wide-ranging, large felid species, and site-specific research on its diet is important for local management. Like the diets of other large felids, puma diets may differ between sex due to size dimorphism and between seasons due to changes in prey vulnerability and availability. We investigated the influence of sex and season on puma diet in southwest New Mexico in terms of prey species and size categories. Pumas (10 males, 6 females) were tracked with GPS collars for an average of one year per individual between February 2008 and July 2020. Puma location was recorded every 2 hours between 19:00 and 7:00, and kill sites were identified by a minimum of 2 GPS fixes occurring within 100 m and 100 hours of the first fix. Pumas specialized on mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus) but also preyed upon a range of other species of different sizes. The probability of making a medium-sized kill such as a mule deer was higher for females than for males, while the probability of making an extra-large kill, such as an elk, was considerably greater for males than for females. There was substantial variation in prey species and size categories killed by individual pumas, particularly of smaller-sized prey like collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) and skunks (e.g., Spilogale gracilis, Mephitis mephitis). Our findings concur with previous research on the importance of mule deer and elk in puma diet, demonstrate individual variation in prey killed, and may have management implications. Resumen. El puma (Puma concolor) es una especie de felino grande de amplia distribución y la investigación acerca de su dieta específica de cada sitio es importante para la gestión local. Al igual que otros grandes felinos, la dieta del puma puede diferir entre sexos debido al dimorfismo en tamaño y también entre estaciones del año a causa de cambios en la disponibilidad y vulnerabilidad de las presas. Investigamos la influencia del sexo y la estacionalidad en la dieta del puma en el suroeste de Nuevo México en cuanto a las especies de presas y categorías de tamaño. Los pumas (10 machos, 6 hem-bras) fueron rastreados durante un promedio de un año, usando collares con Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS, por sus siglas en inglés), entre febrero de 2008 y julio de 2020. La ubicación de los pumas se registró cada dos horas entre las 19:00 y las 7:00, y se identificaron los sitios de caza con un mínimo de dos puntos de GPS que ocurrieron dentro de los 100 m y 100 horas del primer punto. Los pumas cazaron especialmente ciervos bura y alces, y una amplia gama de otras especies de diferentes tamaños. La probabilidad de que una hembra lograra cazar una presa de tamaño mediano, tal como un ciervo bura, fue mayor que la de los machos. Mientras que, la probabilidad de cazar una presa extragrande, tal como un alce, fue considerablemente mayor en los machos. Hubo una gran variación en las especies y el tamaño de las presas cazadas por pumas in","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"92 1","pages":"153 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139355622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Documentation of Ergasilus centrarchidarum on Smallmouth Bass in Idaho","authors":"Danielle Perkins, John W. Heckel, Brett High, E. Billman","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0214","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ergasilus centrarchidarum is a parasitic copepod that infects the gills of fishes in the family Centrarchidae. This parasite has been introduced in many regions of North America through introduction of infected Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu); however, effects of E. centrarchidarum on its hosts have been poorly studied. Ergasilus centrarchidarum was first discovered infecting Smallmouth Bass in Ririe Reservoir in 2020, although timing of introduction remains uncertain. Our objective was to determine prevalence and intensity of infection of E. centrarchidarum on Smallmouth Bass in Ririe Reservoir. We used angling to collect Smallmouth Bass in the upstream portion of Ririe Reservoir in July 2021. On each fish, we documented presence of copepods and categorized intensity of infection in the left gill chamber (i.e., low, <10 copepods; medium, 10–20 copepods; and high, >20 copepods). Additionally, we euthanized 24 Smallmouth Bass to quantitatively determine intensity of infection. Prevalence of infection of E. centrarchidarum on Smallmouth Bass was 100% (n = 69 fish). Half of the Smallmouth Bass sampled were classified as having a high infection, while only 10% were classified with a low infection. In the lethally sampled fish, mean intensity of infection in the left gill chamber was 27 copepods (SE = 3.9). We did not observe damage to the gills of infected Smallmouth Bass. Additionally, we did not observe a relationship between relative weight and the category of intensity of infection. Therefore, we did not find evidence that E. centrarchidarum negatively influenced Smallmouth Bass in Ririe Reservoir; however, further research should directly study potential negative impacts of E. centrarchidarum on Smallmouth Bass. We did not find documentation of E. centrarchidarum elsewhere in Idaho; however, free-living Ergasilus spp. have been documented in Dworshak Reservoir, suggesting that E. centrarchidarum may be found in other waterbodies in Idaho. Resumen. Ergasilus centrarchidarum es un copépodo parásito que infecta las branquias de los peces de la familia Centrarchidae. Este parásito se ha introducido en muchas regiones de Norteamérica mediante la introducción de la lobina de boca pequeña infectada. Sin embargo, los efectos de E. centrarchidarum en sus hospederos han sido poco estudiados. Ergasilus centrarchidarum se descubrió por primera vez infectando a la lobina de boca pequeña en el embalse de Ririe en 2020, aunque el momento de la introducción sigue siendo incierto. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia e intensidad de la infección por E. centrarchidarum en la lobina de boca pequeña (Micropterus dolomieu) del embalse de Ririe. En julio de 2021, utilizamos la pesca con caña para colectar individuos de lobina de boca pequeña, situados corriente arriba del embalse de Ririe. En cada pez, documentamos la presencia de copépodos y clasificamos la intensidad de la infección en la cámara branquial izquierda (i.e, baja, <10 copépod","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"10 1","pages":"283 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139368258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva) in the Stansbury Mountains, Utah","authors":"D. Burchfield, Otto W. De Groff, M. Bekker, S. Kitchen, S. Petersen","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey) presence in the Stansbury Mountains of north-central Utah has been reported prior to the year 2020, but these reports lack adequate population characterization and the delineation of distinct stands of trees. In summer 2020, we identified and documented the presence of 5 separate stands of bristlecone pine in the Stansbury Mountains. These stands are removed from the nearest bristlecone populations in other mountain ranges by a distance of approximately 120 km; as such, they represent a unique outlier population of the species. We used GPS data to create a geographic information system (GIS) database delineating the 5 stands we identified, and we sampled tree age and size in one of the stands for comparison with other bristlecone pine populations in the Great Basin. We present here 2 hypotheses to explain the occurrence of bristlecone pine in the Stansbury Mountains: first, that this population is a relict from a time when bristlecone pine was widely distributed across the Great Basin; and second, that the species arrived in the range via long-distance dispersal mechanisms at some point during or after the Pleistocene/Holocene transition (ca. 12,000 14C YBP). Neotoma (woodrat) midden data suggest that bristlecone pine was absent or at least not widespread in the northern Bonneville Basin during the late Pleistocene, but midden data are sparse for the Stansbury Mountains and surrounding ranges. Additionally, we present possible migration pathways that the species could have taken to reach the Stansbury Mountains from the southern Bonneville Basin, where it was widespread during the late Pleistocene, using the largest extent of Lake Bonneville as a limiting boundary. Hypothesized migration vectors include windborne long-distance dispersal events or transport by granivorous birds. We also postulate that a small population of bristlecone pine may be present in the Oquirrh Mountains to the east of the Stansbury Mountains based upon the existence of similar habitat characteristics there, as well as our identification of a likely misdetermined 1964 voucher specimen from the Oquirrh Mountains that appears to be of bristlecone pine. Resumen. La presencia del pino longevo de la Gran Cuenca (Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey) en las montañas Stansbury del centro-norte de Utah fue registrada antes del año 2020. No obstante, estos reportes carecen de caracterización adecuada de la población y delineación de distintos rodales de árboles. En el verano de 2020, identificamos y documentamos la presencia de cinco rodales separados de pino longevo en las montañas Stansbury. Estos rodales se encuentran alejados de las poblaciones de pinos longevos más cercanas en otras cadenas montañosas, a una distancia de aproximadamente 120 km, y como tales, representan una población atípica única de la especie. Usamos datos de GPS para crear una base de datos del sistema de información geográfica (SIG) que delinea los ","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"3 1","pages":"8 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83648051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plains to Peaks: An Analysis of the Relationship between Colorado Butterfly Communities and Altitude","authors":"Anna O. James, Kathryn Hokamp, Chris García-Hellmuth, R. Reading","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0108","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We compared butterfly communities of the Plains, Foothills, and Montane Zones of the Colorado Front Range and examined 3 groups of butterflies—blues (Polyommatinae species), fritillaries (Speyeria and Boloria spp.), and painted ladies (species Vanessa cardui)—for altitude shifts between 2014 and 2020. We conducted these analyses using data collected by volunteer butterfly monitors from the Colorado Butterfly Monitoring Network, a group organized and run by Butterfly Pavilion in Westminster, Colorado. Monitors walked designated routes and counted all butterflies they saw, identifying each to the lowest possible taxonomic group they could. We sorted routes into the 3 altitude zones, organized data by family, species, and group (blues/fritillaries), and standardized data by time spent monitoring. We used ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests to compare the altitude zones and examine the data for altitude shifts. Finally, we calculated relative abundance (number of individuals captured each session), species richness, Shannon–Wiener diversity index, Simpson's diversity index, and 2 evenness indices for a smaller subset of the data. We found that the Plains Zone differed significantly from the Foothills and Montane Zones in terms of family and species composition. We also found that species richness and diversity peaked in the Foothills Zone. We found no evidence for altitude shifts among the 3 butterfly groups studied but did observe a significant increase in painted ladies from 2016 to 2017 in all zones. We concluded that the 3 altitude zones have differing butterfly communities and that the Foothills Zone should be a priority for conservation efforts along the Colorado Front Range. Resumen. Comparamos las comunidades de mariposas de llanuras, estribaciones y zonas montañosas de las montañas rocosas de Colorado y examinamos tres grupos de mariposas—azul (especie Polyommatinae), fritillary (Speyeria y Boloria spp.) y vanesa de los cardos (especie Vanessa cardui)—para determinar los cambios de altitud entre 2014 y 2020. Llevamos a cabo estos análisis utilizando datos recopilados por monitores voluntarios de mariposas de la Red de Monitoreo de Mariposas de Colorado, un grupo organizado y dirigido por Butterfly Pavilion en Westminster, Colorado. Los monitores caminaron rutas designadas y contaron todas las mariposas que vieron, identificando cada una de ellas hasta el grupo taxonómico más bajo posible. Clasificamos las rutas en tres zonas de altitud, organizamos la información por familia, especie y grupo (azul/fritillary) y estandarizamos los datos de acuerdo con el tiempo de seguimiento. Utilizamos las pruebas ANOVA y Kruskal–Wallis para comparar las zonas de altitud y examinar los datos de los cambios de altitud. Finalmente, calculamos abundancia relativa (número de individuos capturados en cada sesión), riqueza de las especies, el índice de diversidad de Shannon–Wiener, el índice de diversidad de Simpson y dos índices de uniformidad en un conjunt","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"27 1","pages":"114 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77337474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Shasta Ground Sloth (Nothrotheriops; Xenarthra) from the Eastern Great Basin, Nevada","authors":"Jim I. Mead, Sandra L. Swift, H. G. McDonald, S. Emslie","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0212","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We present the first record of the Shasta ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastensis) for the eastern Great Basin. The single right upper second molariform was recovered from the back dirt pile of archaeological test pits excavated during the 1960s and 1970s in Smith Creek Cave, northern Snake Range, White Pine County, Nevada. The precise age of the specimen is indeterminate, although all sediment layers in the area produced radiocarbon dates older than 11,000 cal BP; thus, the specimen is considered of the Rancholabrean Land Mammal Age. All previous accounts of this sloth in the Great Basin are from its southernmost margin, making the Smith Creek Cave record both the northernmost (39.2°N) and highest (1963 m) documentation for the Great Basin; this record is also among the greatest of both parameters for the species in general. Resumen. Presentamos el primer registro del perezoso terrestre de Shasta (Nothrotheriops shastensis) en el este de la Gran Cuenca. El único segundo molariforme superior derecho, se recuperó de una pila de tierra proveniente de pozos de prueba arqueológicos, excavados en las décadas de 1960 y 1970 en Smith Creek Cave, en el norte de Snake Range, White Pine County, Nevada. No fue posible determinar la edad precisa del espécimen, aunque todas las capas de sedimentos en el área produjeron fechas de radiocarbono anteriores a 11,000 cal BP, por lo que se considera que el espécimen pertenece a la Edad de los Mamíferos Terrestres de Rancholabrean. Todos los registros anteriores de este perezoso en la Gran Cuenca son de su margen más sureño, lo que hace que Smith Creek Cave sea su registro más norteño (39.2°N) y más elevado (1963 m) no sólo en la Gran Cuenca, sino que se encuentra entre los más grandes de ambos parámetros de la especie en general.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"81 1","pages":"269 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139368970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acarosporaceae of New Mexico: Eight New Species of Acarospora and Sarcogyne","authors":"K. Knudsen, J. Kocourková, E. Hodková, J. Malíček, Yan Wang","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Eight new species are described from the Chihuahuan Desert in southern New Mexico: Acarospora agostiniana, A. divisa, A. fissurata, A. ryanii, Sarcogyne brouardiana, S. coeruleonigricans, S. malpaiensis, and S. nogalensis. Three species, Acarospora coloradiana, A. peltastica, and A. utahensis are not treated as synonyms of A. strigata, a South American endemic. Thirty-four species of Acarosporaceae are reported from the Chihuahuan Desert in southern New Mexico. Fifty-six species of Acarosporaceae are reported from New Mexico. It is estimated that 416 species of described Acarosporales occur worldwide, most in need of revisions. Including species described or taken out of synonymy in this paper, there are 120 species of Acarosporaceae reported from North America north of Mexico. Caeruleum heppii is not a member of the Acarosporales. A key is supplied for 93 species of Acarosporaceae in the southwestern United States (Arizona, southern and central California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and western Texas), which covers 77.5% of the described species in North America. Resumen. En este trabajo se describen ocho nuevas especies del desierto de Chihuahua en el sur de Nuevo México: Acarospora agostiniana, A. divisa, A. fissurata, A. ryanii, Sarcogyne brouardiana, S. coeruleonigricans, S. malpaiensis y S. nogalensis, y tres especies Acarospora coloradiana, A. peltastica y A. utahensis, que no con tratadas como sinónimos de A. strigata, una especie endémica de América del Sur. Además, se reportan 34 especies de Acarosporaceae en el desierto de Chihuahua en el sur de Nuevo México y 56 especies de Acarosporaceae en Nuevo México. Se estima que 416 especies de Acarosporales has sido descritas en el mundo, la mayoría de las cuales necesita revisión. Incluyendo las especies descritas o eliminadas de la sinonimia en este trabajo, hay 120 especies de Acarosporaceae reportadas de Norteamérica al norte de México. Caeruleum heppii no es miembro de las Acarosporales. Finalmente, se proporciona una clave para 93 especies de Acarosporaceae en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos (Arizona, sur y centro de California, Nevada, Nuevo México, Utah, y el oeste de Texas), cubriendo el 77.5% de las especies descritas en América del Norte.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"21 1","pages":"51 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77805125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conspecific Tolerance in a Solitary Small Carnivore, the Pacific Marten","authors":"Matthew S. Delheimer, Marie E. Martin, Katie M. Moriarty","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0213","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Holarctic martens (genus Martes) are small carnivores that are considered functionally solitary, with both resource scarcity and martens' inability to store energetic reserves posited as precluding social behavior. Interactions between martens are expected to be largely agonistic with the exception of mating and rearing of kits by adult females. Nonetheless, we documented multiple instances of conspecific tolerance by Pacific martens (M. caurina) during long-term monitoring of radio-marked animals in 2 study populations. Observations from radio-tracking and remotely triggered camera trap photographs suggested that pairs of martens traveled, foraged, and rested together. Presumed marten associations occurred both inter- and intrasexually and often, but not exclusively, consisted of younger (i.e., juvenile and subadult) individuals. Although social interactions between martens appeared to be highly uncommon, our work nonetheless supports mounting evidence that carnivore social systems are more nuanced than presumed. We briefly explore mechanisms that could allow for plasticity in marten sociality and offer suggestions on how future efforts can continue to elucidate behavioral phenomena that may be rare and difficult to document. Resumen. Las martas holárticas (género Martes) son pequeños carnívoros considerados funcionalmente solitarios, y se postula que la escasez de recursos y la incapacidad de almacenar reservas energéticas impiden su comportamiento social. Se espera que las interacciones entre martas sean en gran medida agonísticas, con la excepción del apareamiento y cuidado de las crías por parte de las hembras adultas. No obstante, hemos documentado múltiples casos de tolerancia conespecífica por parte de martas del Pacífico (M. caurina) durante el monitoreo a largo plazo de animales marcados por radio en dos poblaciones de estudio. Las observaciones realizadas a partir del monitoreo por radio y de fotografías tomadas con cámaras trampa disparadas a distancia, sugieren que las parejas de martas viajaban, buscaban comida y descansaban juntas. Las presuntas asociaciones de martas se produjeron tanto intersexualmente como intrasexualmente y a menudo, aunque no exclusivamente, estaban formadas por individuos jóvenes (i.e., juveniles y subadultos). Aunque las interacciones sociales entre martas parecen poco frecuentes, nuestro trabajo apoya la creciente evidencia de que los sistemas sociales de los carnívoros tienen más matices de lo que se presume. En este trabajo, exploramos brevemente los mecanismos que podrían permitir la plasticidad en el comportamiento social de la marta y ofrecemos sugerencias sobre cómo futuros esfuerzos pueden continuar para dilucidar fenómenos de comportamiento que pueden ser raros y difíciles de documentar.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"204 1","pages":"277 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139369338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silver Sagebrush (Artemisia cana) Survival and Regrowth after Fire in the Mixed Grass Prairie","authors":"Marcus A. Comfort, Eric G. Lamb","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Silver sagebrush (Artemisia cana) is a low shrub species that is common in northern mixed grass prairies and that provides important wildlife habitat. Silver sagebrush habitat has historically experienced frequent wildfires, but postsettlement fire control efforts have reduced fire frequencies. The effects of fire on silver sagebrush growth and regeneration are not clearly understood; this study examined the effects of fire on silver sagebrush regeneration by evaluating post-fire plant size and distribution data from one season. Sites were located in the northern mixed prairie in Saskatchewan, Canada, and included pastures where the plant community was recovering from both prescribed fires and an intense wildfire. Silver sagebrush responded to fire by producing new shoots via rhizomes, with some plants also regenerating from the crown. No seedlings were observed. Larger plants and dense stands of silver sagebrush appeared to regenerate more successfully than did thin stands. These results demonstrated that silver sagebrush recovery is primarily vegetative, with clone mortality rare. Resumen. La artemisa plateada (Artemisia cana) es una especie de arbusto bajo común en las praderas mixtas septentrionales que constituye un importante hábitat para la fauna salvaje. Históricamente, el hábitat de la artemisa plateada ha sufrido frecuentes incendios forestales, pero los esfuerzos de control de incendios posteriores al asentamiento han reducido su frecuencia. Los efectos del fuego sobre el crecimiento y la regeneración de la artemisa plateada no se conocen con claridad. Este estudio examinó los efectos del fuego en la regeneración de la artemisa plateada, utilizando datos sobre el tamaño y la distribución de las plantas una temporada después del incendio. Los sitios de estudio se ubicaron en la pradera mixta septentrional de Saskatchewan, Canadá, e incluían pastizales en los que la comunidad vegetal se encontraba en recuperación tras incendios controlados y un incendio forestal intenso. La artemisa plateada respondió al fuego produciendo nuevos brotes a través de rizomas, y algunas plantas también se regeneraron desde la corona. No se observaron plántulas. Las plantas más grandes y los rodales densos de artemisa plateada tuvieron mayor éxito de regeneración que los rodales delgados. Estos resultados demuestran que la recuperación de la artemisa plateada es principalmente vegetativa, siendo rara la mortalidad de clones.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"19 1","pages":"176 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139369333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nest Success by a Female Black-Chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri) with Male-Like Plumage","authors":"Cooper M. Farr, John Middleton","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0211","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Female-limited polymorphism, a phenomenon in which female animals can exhibit male-like coloration, is known to occur in approximately 25% of hummingbird species, but it has not previously been recognized in Black-chinned Hummingbirds (Archilochus alexandri). Between May and July 2021, we documented a Black-chinned Hummingbird with male plumage features that built a nest, incubated eggs, and successfully fledged 2 chicks in Salt Lake City, Utah. The bird's gorget feathers, including the chin and upper throat, were predominantly dark with a small number of white feathers interspersed. Because the bird participated in nest building, presumed egg production, and incubation—behaviors not known to occur in male hummingbirds—we hypothesize that this bird was a female Black-chinned Hummingbird with male-like plumage. Past occurrences of male-like color morphs have been observed in older female birds of other species, especially in those with hormone imbalances and decreased fecundity, so it is notable that this individual was able to successfully produce eggs and fledge 2 chicks. Resumen. Se sabe que el polimorfismo limitado por hembras, un fenómeno en el que las hembras pueden exhibir una coloración similar a la de los machos, ocurre en aproximadamente el 25% de las especies de colibríes, pero no se ha reconocido previamente en los colibríes de mentón negro (Archilochus alexandri). En mayo-julio de 2021, documentamos un colibrí de mentón negro con características de plumaje masculino que construyó un nido, incubó huevos y emplumó con éxito dos polluelos en Salt Lake City, Utah. Las plumas del gorjal del pájaro, incluida la barbilla y la parte superior de la garganta, eran predominantemente oscuras con una pequeña cantidad de plumas blancas intercaladas. Debido a que el ave participó en la construcción de nidos, la presunta producción de huevos y la incubación, comportamientos que no se sabe que ocurren en los colibríes machos, planteamos la hipótesis de que esta ave era una hembra de colibrí de mentón negro con plumaje de macho. Se han observado apariciones pasadas de morfos de color parecidos a los machos en aves hembras mayores, y especialmente en aquellas con desequilibrios hormonales y disminución de la fecundidad, por lo que es notable que este individuo pudo producir y emplumar con éxito 2 huevos.","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":"77 1","pages":"264 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139369496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}