Western North American Naturalist最新文献

{"title":"Providing Context for Advancements in Arctomecon californica Conservation: A Comprehensive Literature Review with Case Studies","authors":"Lydia N. Bailey, Tiffany J. Pereira, Brad D. Sion, Lara Kobelt, Dominic Gentilcore, Anita J. Antoninka, M. Bowker","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0409","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140457123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Territorial Intrusion by Resident Male Wilson's Warblers: Breeding Stages of the Intruders and Distances They Travel","authors":"William M. Gilbert","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0405","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140460518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying Citizen Science Data to Quantify Differences in Song between Controversial Avian Taxa, the Sagebrush and Timberline Subspecies of the Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri)","authors":"Brett L. Walker","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0410","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140468340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Trends in the Plant Community in Three Habitats in the Big Bend of Texas","authors":"Calvin A. Porter, Harish H. Ratnayaka, Peter J. Martinat","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0408","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140486943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Historic Data to Understand the Shrinking Pollinators of the Endangered Salt Marsh Bird's Beak (Chloropyron maritimum subsp. Maritimum)","authors":"Denise A. Knapp, Stephanie M. Calloway, Sarah Cusser","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0407","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140503058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecosystem Structure and Function across Western Dryland Ecosystems: A Cross-Site Comparison of Semiarid Ecosystem Types in Colorado and Wyoming","authors":"C. Beltz, W. Lauenroth, I. Burke","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0308","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Drylands extend over large portions of the globe, including a significant share of the western United States, yet they remain understudied. We examined ecosystem structure and function at 3 semiarid dryland sites in Colorado and Wyoming, each of which was dominated by a different ecosystem type and plant community—shortgrass steppe, mixed-grass prairie, and sagebrush steppe. This initial study was conducted to fill gaps in knowledge about how sagebrush steppe compares to dryland grasslands in the western United States. Soil respiration was higher at the sagebrush steppe than at the 2 grassland sites (P = 0.001). Aboveground biomass, microbial abundance, and soil inorganic nitrogen were not significantly different among ecosystem types after the 2017 summer season. Soil carbon was largely similar across all ecosystem types down to 5 cm, with more widespread differences among all sites in the 5–10 cm depth. Plant, bacterial, and fungal communities all differ between sites (P < 0.001), though they have large numbers of shared species among the sites. Despite these differences in ecosystem structure between ecosystem types, we found only a single significant difference in ecosystem function: soil respiration was higher at the sagebrush steppe than at the other 2 sites. Given the importance of global drylands, broad and high-powered systematic sampling across dryland types would be beneficial to understanding the extent of similarities and ability to extrapolate across and within dryland ecosystem types. Resumen. Si bien gran parte del mundo está compuesto de tierras áridas, incluida una parte significativa del oeste de los Estados Unidos, estas aún permanecen sin ser estudiadas. Examinamos la estructura y función de los ecosistemas en tres sitios de tierras áridas semiáridas en Colorado y Wyoming, cada uno de los cuales estaba dominado por un tipo de ecosistema y una comunidad de plantas diferentes: la estepa de pasto corto, la pradera de pasto mixto y la estepa de artemisa. El estudio inicial se llevó a cabo para conocer cómo se compara la estepa de artemisa con los pastizales de tierras áridas en el oeste de los Estados Unidos. La respiración del suelo fue mayor en la estepa de artemisa que en los dos sitios de pastizales (P = 0.001). La biomasa aérea, la abundancia microbiana y el nitrógeno inorgánico del suelo no fueron significativamente diferentes entre los tipos de ecosistemas después de la temporada del verano de 2017. El carbono del suelo fue similar en todos los tipos de ecosistemas hasta 5 cm, con diferencias más generalizadas entre todos los sitios a una profundidad de 5 a 10 cm. Las comunidades de plantas, bacterias y hongos difirieron entre los sitios (P < 0.001), aunque comparten un gran número de especies. A pesar de estas diferencias en la estructura del ecosistema entre los tipos de ecosistemas, encontramos solo una única diferencia significativa en la función del ecosistema: la respiración del suelo fue más alta en la est","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139315262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field-Based Selenium Partitioning Coefficients, Trophic Transfer Factors, and Otolith Time-Series Analyses for a Walleye Community from an Ecotonal Plains Reservoir, Colorado. III.","authors":"S. J. Herrmann, Del Wayne R. Nimmo, Lynn M. Herrmann-Hoesing, Igor V. Melnykov, Norman M. Halden","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0307","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Little is known about partitioning coefficients, tissue bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and otolith time-series analyses of selenium (Se) in a fishery dominated by walleye (Sander vitreus) that consume multiple prey species and occur in a Se-rich reservoir. Concentrations of dissolved total Se in Pueblo Reservoir water consistently exceeded the current EPA criterion benchmark for lentic aquatic ecosystems. The major objectives of this study were to analyze Se in diet-borne consumables of a walleye fishery and perform time-series trend tests of 21 walleye sagittae. In contrast to previous reports, we proposed investigating Se partitioning from water to subsequent trophic levels in a meso-eutrophic ecotonal reservoir using concentrations in water, sediment, periphyton, filamentous algae, diatom mats, chironomids, whole crayfish, muscle of stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), whole gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), and tissues of walleye analyzed by ICP-MS. The indicator values for the level-1 (water to particulate) partitioning coefficients (Kd values) or enrichment factors were as high as 2325 L/kg dw and as low as 588 L/kg dw. Of 36 trophic transfer factors (TTFs) for invertebrates, 33 were >1, while for walleye tissues, 57 of 90 TTFs were <1. For gizzard shad, 8 of 8 TTFs were >1.8. We proposed nonlinear food-web exposure scenarios for walleye and gizzard shad in the Pueblo Reservoir ecosystem. Temporal series analyses of walleye sagittal otoliths showed significantly increasing annular Se concentrations over time for 19 of 21 walleye. Concentrations of Se in whole-body gizzard shad were greater than Se levels in the 3 highest walleye tissues (liver, gill, and kidney). This is the first comprehensive Se study that addresses nearly all components of a walleye ecosystem. Resumen. Poco se conoce acerca de los coeficientes de fraccionamiento, bioacumulación de tejido, transferencia trófica y análisis de series temporales de otolitos de selenio (Se) en la pesca dominada por peces leucoma, quienes consumen múltiples especies de presas que están presentes en un yacimiento rico en seleníferos. Las concentraciones totales de selenio disuelto en el agua del “Embalse de Pueblo” sistemáticamente excedieron el criterio de referencia actual de la EPA para los ecosistemas acuáticos lénticos. El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la presencia y cantidad de selenio (Se) consumido a través de la dieta en una pesquería de leucomas, así como analizar su tendencia utilizando series de tiempo en 21 peces leucoma sagitaria. A diferencia de reportes previos, en este trabajo investigamos la fragmentación de selenio en el agua en los niveles tróficos posteriores, en un reservorio ecotonal meso-eutrófico, muestreando concentraciones en agua, sedimentos, perifiton, algas filamentosas, esteras de diatomeas, quironómidos, cangrejos de río, músculo de trucha arcoiris (Oncorhynchus mykiss), peces sábalo molleja (Dorosoma cepedianum) y tejido","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139316636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescribed Fire and Changes in Annual Precipitation Alter Biocrust Cover in a Coastal Grassland","authors":"Brianne Palmer, Dawn Lawson, David A. Lipson","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0303","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Prescribed fires are often used as a management tool in grasslands to promote the growth of desired plant species. These fires also impact other ecological communities where they occur. One ecological community that is often overlooked regarding fire is biological soil crusts (biocrusts). Biocrusts contain an assemblage of cyanobacteria, lichens, and bryophytes living on the soil surface and are important for nutrient cycling and soil stability. Here, we used prescribed burns in a California coastal grassland on San Clemente Island (SCI) to understand how fire impacts biocrust cover. Two sites were burned in a prescribed fire in 2012 and then again in 2017, and one site was burned in a wildfire in 2012 and a prescribed fire in 2017. We compared the percent cover of biocrusts in the burned and unburned plots in 2018 and 2019. However, precipitation differed drastically between sampling years; therefore, we also assessed the role of precipitation in moderating biocrust cover in the burned and unburned plots. In 2018 and 2019, one and two years after the last prescribed fire, the burned plots had more cyanobacterial biocrust cover than the controls. Annual precipitation had a negative effect on cyanobacterial biocrust cover, though lichen- and bryophyte-dominated biocrusts increased with increasing precipitation. The abundance of cyanobacterial biocrusts in the burned plots suggests either a level of recovery after the fire or the ability of biocrusts to withstand a grassland fire, though the effect is mediated by precipitation. Resumen. La quema prescrita se utiliza a menudo como una herramienta de gestión de pastizales para promover el crecimiento de las especies de plantas deseadas, pese a que estos incendios también tienen un impacto en otras comunidades ecológicas. Una comunidad ecológica que a menudo se pasa por alto con respecto a la quema son las costras biológicas del suelo (biocostras). Las biocostras contienen un conjunto de cianobacterias, líquenes y briófitas que viven en la superficie del suelo y son importantes para el ciclo de nutrientes y la estabilidad del suelo. Llevamos a cabo quemas prescritas en un pastizal costero de la isla de San Clemente (SCI) en California para comprender cómo el fuego afecta la cubierta de biocostra. Se quemaron dos sitios en un incendio prescrito en 2012 y luego nuevamente en 2017, uno de los sitios se quemó en un incendio forestal en 2012 y posteriormente un incendio prescrito en 2017. Comparamos el porcentaje de cobertura de biocostras en las parcelas quemadas y no quemadas en 2018 y 2019. Sin embargo, la precipitación difirió drásticamente entre los años de muestreo; por lo tanto, también evaluamos el papel de la precipitación en el crecimiento de la cobertura de biocostras en las parcelas quemadas y no quemadas. En 2018 y 2019, uno y dos años después de la última quema prescrita, las parcelas quemadas tenían mayor cobertura de biocostras de cianobacterias que la de los controles. La precipi","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139317733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Fire on Kangaroo Rats in the San Joaquin Desert of California","authors":"David J. Germano, L. Saslaw, B. Cypher, Linda Spiegel","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0304","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Fire can alter ecological communities, particularly those that are not fire-adapted, such as desert communities. We examined the effects of fire on rodent communities in the San Joaquin Desert of central California. Of particular interest were the effects on kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) including 2 rare species, the giant kangaroo rat (D. ingens) and the short-nosed kangaroo rat (D. nitratoides brevinasus). Lightning caused multiple fires in arid scrub habitat in western Kern County in 1993. We trapped rodents at 7 sites along paired transects, with one transect in a burned area and one in a nearby unburned area. We conducted 5 trapping sessions from July 1993 to November 1995. Kangaroo rat abundance trends were similar between burn and control transects across the sessions. We also compared abundance of giant kangaroo rats between a trapping grid in an area subjected to controlled burning and a grid in a nearby unburned area on the Carrizo Plain in eastern San Luis Obispo County. Abundance trends were similar between the burned and unburned grids, although kangaroo rat numbers were maintained on the burn site over several sessions compared to the unburned site. We did not detect any adverse effects to kangaroo rat abundance from fire in the 2 study areas. Sheltering in burrows and storing seed underground may mitigate the effects of fire on kangaroo rats. Also, fire may actually benefit kangaroo rats by reducing groundcover density, thereby improving their mobility and predator detection. We do not recommend fire as a management strategy, however, because burning may adversely impact other species, kill shrubs, and erode air quality in a region where the air is chronically polluted. Resumen. Los incendios pueden alterar las comunidades ecológicas, especialmente aquellas comunidades desérticas que no están adaptadas al fuego. Examinamos el efecto de los incendios en las comunidades de roedores del desierto de San Joaquín en el centro de California, con particular interés en su efecto sobre las ratas canguro (Dipodomys spp.), incluidas dos especies raras, la rata canguro gigante (D. ingens) y la rata canguro de hocico corto (D. nitratoides brevinasus). Los relámpagos causaron múltiples incendios en hábitats de matorrales áridos en el oeste del condado de Kern en 1993. Atrapamos roedores en siete sitios a lo largo de transectos emparejados con un transecto en un área quemada y otro en un área cercana no quemada. Llevamos a cabo cinco sesiones de captura desde julio de 1993 hasta noviembre de 1995. Las tendencias de abundancia de ratas canguro fueron similares entre los transectos quemados y control en todas las sesiones. También comparamos la abundancia de ratas canguro gigantes entre un cuadrante de captura en un área sujeta a quema controlada y un cuadrante en un área cercana no quemada en Carrizo Plain en el este del condado de San Luis Obispo. Las tendencias de abundancia fueron similares entre los cuadrantes quemados y no quemados,","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139320484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Ecology of the Texas Alligator Lizard (Gerrhonotus infernalis) in Blanco County, Texas","authors":"Corey M. Fielder, Wade A. Ryberg, Danielle K. Walkup, Jared M. Holmes, Toby J. Hibbitts","doi":"10.3398/064.083.0302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3398/064.083.0302","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Texas Alligator Lizards (Gerrhonotus infernalis) range from Central Texas into adjacent northeastern Mexico, and published ecological studies on their terrestrial and arboreal movement patterns are lacking. We used radiotelemetry to assess movements, annual home range, and arboreal activity of G. infernalis at Bamberger Ranch Preserve, Blanco County, Texas, to provide baseline ecological data for populations occurring in the northernmost extent of the species' range. Movement patterns were influenced by temporal (e.g., seasonal) and behavioral cues (e.g., breeding period), but generally no differences were observed between sexes. Annual home range varied, but males averaged larger 95% MCP (minimum convex polygon) annual home ranges, while females averaged larger 50% MCP core use areas, although we were unable to test for differences due to low sample sizes. Males and females exhibited similar arboreal trends, but arboreal activity did vary by season and diurnal period. Most arboreal activity occurred during the summer and late spring, with less during the fall and winter months. Gerrhonotus infernalis, on average, inhabited higher perch sites during the evening and morning diurnal periods and lower perch sites during the afternoon periods. These findings provide novel insights into the ecology of G. infernalis in Central Texas and will aid in future management activities. Resumen. El Cantil de Tierra (Gerrhonotus infernalis) se distribuye desde la parte central del estado de Texas en los Estados Unidos, hasta la zona fronteriza del Noreste de México. La información ecológica publicada formalmente sobre sus patrones de movimiento tanto arbóreos como terrestres es muy escasa y con la finalidad de proveer información ecológica básica sobre las poblaciones existentes en la parte mas al norte de su rango de distribución natural, hemos utilizado radiotelemetria para analizar el área de distribución anual y la actividad arbórea de G. infernalis en Bamberger Ranch Preserve, en el condado de Blanco, Texas. De movimiento en G. infernalis fueron influenciados por señales ambientales (estaciones) y de comportamiento (periodo de reproducción), pero en términos generales, no se encontraron diferencias entre sexos. El rango anual de distribución espacial fue variable y los machos promediaron un mayor uso total del espacio, mientras que las hembras promediaron un uso mayor de sus áreas de preferencia, aunque dicha diferencia no fue significativa. Machos y hembras presentaron hábitos arbóreos similares, aunque vale destacar que la actividad arbórea presento variaciones estacionales y también durante el periodo diurno. La mayoría de la actividad arbórea ocurrió durante el verano y el fin de la primavera, mostrando una reducción en el final del otoño y el invierno. En promedio, G. infernalis utilizo sitios de percha más altos durante las últimas horas de la tarde y las primeras horas de la mañana. Los sitios de percha de menor elevación fueron utilizados ","PeriodicalId":49364,"journal":{"name":"Western North American Naturalist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139320326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}