American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Cross-Linguistic and Multicultural Considerations in Evaluating Bilingual Adults With Aphasia.","authors":"Jee Eun Sung, Michael Scimeca, Ran Li, Swathi Kiran","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00496","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The current study delineated a clinical and theoretical framework that clinicians and researchers can use to guide the assessment of bilingual aphasia at morphosyntactic, lexical-semantic, and phonological levels of language processing.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This tutorial outlines cross-linguistic and multicultural considerations that should be addressed in evaluating bilingual adults with aphasia (BWAs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the morphosyntactic level, we presented three features that should be taken into account when evaluating linguistic symptoms in languages considering whether they are typologically similar or dissimilar: word order, pro(noun)-drop, and morphological inflections of verbs. We suggest that clinicians need to conduct additional error analyses that reflect typological differences in syntactic templates, argument-deletion phenomena, and morphological inflections to better understand linguistic characteristics of impairments arising from the interactions of the two languages that may differ in many ways. At the lexical-semantic level, we addressed three cross-linguistic features that may impact naming performance in BWAs: cognates, lexical frequency, and semantic typicality. The presence of cognates between the two languages can lead to differential interpretations of naming performance. In addition, the same lexical items may exhibit varying lexical frequency and typicality across languages due to cultural and linguistic differences. We suggest that clinicians should thoroughly prepare the testing items considering the linguistic distance. Finally, we emphasized differences in segmental and suprasegmental features of phonology that could contribute to cross-linguistic phenomena during assessment of two or more languages.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This cross-linguistic assessment framework contributes to a better understanding of linguistic impairments and communication difficulties experienced by BWAs. This framework can be utilized in current clinical practice to facilitate culturally and linguistically appropriate assessment and treatment approaches for BWAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"2716-2731"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11546902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142086390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Functional Reading Activities to Motivate and Empower for Autistic Young Adults: A Single-Case Design Study.","authors":"Alison Prahl","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00425","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Functional Reading Activities to Motivate and Empower (FRAME) on use of reading comprehension strategies in intellectually and/or developmentally disabled young adults.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A single-case, multiple-probe design across functional literacy stimuli (e.g., text messages, e-mails) was replicated across three intellectually or developmentally disabled 23- to 26-year-old young adults, all of whom had a primary diagnosis of autism. Within FRAME, reading comprehension strategies were taught and practiced within the context of functional texts or activities of daily living that involve written language (e.g., text messages, e-mails). Each session followed the teach-model-coach-review approach and was conducted via telepractice. Participants' use of reading comprehension strategies was measured in baseline, intervention, maintenance, and with generalization probes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Visual analysis of the data indicated a functional relation between FRAME and the use of reading comprehension strategies for two of the three autistic young adults. All participants maintained increased use of reading comprehension strategies post-intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides preliminary evidence that FRAME is associated with improved use of reading comprehension strategies that maintains over time. Thus, FRAME has the potential to support continued improvement of functional reading skills throughout the lifespan, which is critical as autistic individuals make the transition from adolescence to adult life. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of the intervention on more distal outcomes of written language and to examine how to best tailor the intervention to individual differences to optimize outcomes.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26882422.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"2805-2822"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142299459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When No Speech Norms Exist: Observations From Sinhala.","authors":"Shyamani Hettiarachchi, Mahishi Ranaweera, Shakeela Saleem, Kanagendran Krishnaveni","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00359","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>A well-established set of language-specific norms for phonological development is imperative in the assessment of child speech sound difficulties. Currently, English norms are used clinically (in the absence of norms for local languages) to determine if a child displays age-appropriate, delayed or disordered speech patterns in Sinhala. This preliminary exploratory study aimed to document phonological processes observed in typically developing Sinhala-speaking children aged 3;0-6;11 (years;months).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The Test of Articulation and Phonology-Sinhala, a picture-based assessment, was devised by the researchers and administered to 102 Sinhala-speaking children from three geographical locations (Colombo, Kandy, and Gampaha). The quantitative measures included percent consonants correct, percent vowels correct, and percent phonemes correct, while the qualitative analysis identified phonological processes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The quantitative results showed a marked influence of age on phoneme production accuracy with over 75% consonants correct by 3 years 6 months. The qualitative findings demonstrate common typical phonological processes and less common phonological processes in Sinhala compared to the speech pathology and cross-linguistic literature. Common phonological processes included fronting, stopping, and weak syllable deletion widely documented in linguistic and speech-language pathology literature. Many shared phonological processes were observed between Sinhala and Sri Lankan Tamil, the two main local languages, including fronting of retroflex sounds and lateralization. The phonological process of denasalization of prenasalized stops was observed in Sinhala, with no documentation of the phonological process found within the mainstream speech-language pathology literature.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and implications: </strong>These findings reinforce the need to document and use language-specific typical phonological processes in Sinhala given the implications for early and accurate identification of speech difficulties and intervention.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27068173.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"2767-2792"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142367177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Flu-ID: A New Evidence-Based Method of Assessing Fluency in Aphasia.","authors":"Jean K Gordon, Sharice Clough","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00424","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Assessing fluency in aphasia is diagnostically important for determining aphasia type and severity and therapeutically important for determining appropriate treatment targets. However, wide variability in the measures and criteria used to assess fluency, as revealed by a recent survey of clinicians (Gordon & Clough, 2022), results in poor reliability. Furthermore, poor specificity in many fluency measures makes it difficult to identify the underlying impairments. Here, we introduce the Flu-ID Aphasia, an evidence-based tool that provides a more informative method of assessing fluency by capturing the range of behaviors that can affect the flow of speech in aphasia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The development of the Flu-ID was based on prior evidence about factors underlying fluency (Clough & Gordon, 2020; Gordon & Clough, 2020) and clinical perceptions about the measurement of fluency (Gordon & Clough, 2022). Clinical utility is maximized by automated counting of fluency behaviors in an Excel template. Reliability is maximized by outlining thorough guidelines for transcription and coding. Eighteen narrative samples representing a range of fluency were coded independently by the authors to examine the Flu-ID's utility, reliability, and validity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall reliability was very good, with point-to-point agreement of 86% between coders. Ten of the 12 dimensions showed good to excellent reliability. Validity analyses indicated that Flu-ID scores were similar to clinician ratings on some dimensions, but differed on others. Possible reasons and implications of the discrepancies are discussed, along with opportunities for improvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Flu-ID assesses fluency in aphasia using a consistent and comprehensive set of measures and semi-automated procedures to generate individual fluency profiles. The profiles generated in the current study illustrate how similar ratings of fluency can arise from different underlying impairments. Supplemental materials include an analysis template, extensive guidelines for transcription and coding, a completed sample, and a quick reference guide.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27078199.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"2972-2990"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142394679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delivering Enhanced Milieu Teaching to Toddlers With Down Syndrome via Hybrid Telepractice: A Single-Case Experimental Design.","authors":"Emily D Quinn, Kim Kurin, Alexandria R Cook, Ann P Kaiser","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00454","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This pilot study investigated delivering enhanced milieu teaching tailored for children with Down Syndrome (EMT-DS) through hybrid telepractice.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this multiple-baseline design across behaviors study, a speech-language pathologist (SLP) taught EMT-DS to three caregivers and their children with DS (22-40 months) using a hybrid service delivery model. Sessions were conducted in person and via telepractice. The SLP taught caregivers EMT-DS, emphasizing the use of (a) four target EMT strategies: matched turns, expansions, time delays, and milieu teaching episodes; (b) augmentative and alternative communication (AAC; manual signs, speech-generating device); and (c) aided AAC modeling. The SLP provided caregiver instruction following the teach-model-coach-review approach. Caregiver outcomes were the accuracy (primary) and frequency (secondary) of EMT strategy use. Child outcomes were exploratory and included the rate of symbolic communication acts, weighted number of communication acts, and number of different words (NDW).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a functional relation between the intervention and the accuracy and frequency of EMT strategy use for all three caregivers. All caregivers showed an increase in the accuracy for all four target strategies. Caregivers also increased the frequency of the three EMT strategies: expansions, time delays, and milieu teaching episodes. There were no changes in the frequency of matched turns. Caregiver use of EMT strategies maintained for 6 weeks post-intervention. After caregivers learned EMT strategies, gradual increases in the rate of symbolic communication acts and NDW occurred for all three children.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results demonstrate the preliminary efficacy of using a hybrid service delivery model to teach caregivers EMT-DS.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27115252.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"2991-3011"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142394676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Motor Skill Learning in American and Israeli Toddlers With Varied Language Proficiency.","authors":"Shari L DeVeney, Shirly Dotan, Inbal Weberman, Mona S Julius, Esther Adi-Japha","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00142","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of the present study was twofold: to determine if deficits in motor skill proficiency and learning were present in 2-year-old children identified with early expressive language delay compared to peers without the delay, and to distinguish how motor skill proficiency and learning behaviors may manifest differently across culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study involved 54 children (24-36 months of age), 23 of whom were identified as having an expressive language delay. Furthermore, 16 participants were American and English-speaking and 38 were Israeli and Hebrew-speaking. After motor and language skill proficiency was assessed using a variety of measures, each child and participating parent were introduced to a nonsymmetrical-shaped insertion task so that motor learning skills could be observed. This block insertion task was observed for each child at three time points and included a transfer task (same task, new nonsymmetrical shape).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children with early expressive language delay were statistically significantly more likely to exhibit deficits in fine-motor proficiency than peers without language delay, regardless of country of origin or language spoken. Furthermore, participants with language delay demonstrated significantly higher error rates in transfer task completion compared with peers. Finally, participants in the U.S. sample indicated lower fine-motor skills and higher error rates than those in the Israeli sample.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Differences in motor skill proficiency were universally associated with language delay status, indicating support for the notion that language acquisition deficits may extend beyond the linguistic system even in young children identified as late talkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"2855-2870"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142407013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Right ICD Code, Right Now: A Call to Action for Pragmatic Language Disorders After Right Hemisphere Stroke.","authors":"Jamila Minga, Shanika Phillips Fullwood, Deborah Rose, Danai Kasambira Fannin","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00090","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Diagnosis of language impairments after stroke is important to optimizing stroke outcomes. After right hemisphere brain damage (RHD), apragmatism can impact the comprehension and production of pragmatic language. However, despite decades of empirical evidence, there is no International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code for RHD pragmatic language impairments. The absence of an ICD code has far reaching ramifications that impact patient outcomes, including reduced clinical and public awareness, limited curricular content, and underdiagnosis. This viewpoint justifies the need to appropriately classify the pragmatic language symptomology after RHD with an ICD code.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An ICD code can positively influence health care practitioner knowledge, education, and practice while informing public health considerations vital to epidemiological analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"3121-3128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11547046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142037465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supporting Participation Through Project-Based Intervention: A Tutorial for Working With People With Aphasia in Individual Sessions.","authors":"Thomas W Sather, Katie A Strong","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00094","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Participation is an integral focus of services to people with aphasia and is considered best practice within the scope of practice for speech-language pathology. The Life Participation Approach to Aphasia encourages meaningful participation in life for people living with aphasia. In theory, providing participation-based services to people with aphasia seems logical; however, embedding these constructs of participation into practice can be challenging for speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Project-based intervention (PBI) provides an authentic opportunity to target participation and support identity reformulation in aphasia intervention. Historically, projects have been provided primarily in group-based settings, which may be difficult for the majority of SLPs who primarily offer individual sessions due to reimbursement. This tutorial provides a framework for using PBI in individual sessions for clients with aphasia using five evidence-based components: (a) shared decision making, (b) patient-reported outcomes, (c) goal setting, (d) the project, and (e) ongoing evaluation. Evidence-based tools and a case example are provided to support each component.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Projects and PBI provide tangible means of placing participation at the center of intervention while also providing opportunities to target language impairments, identity reconstruction, and various environments in a meaningful and personalized way. Projects can be scaled to the client's needs and abilities as well as to the constraints and options of the service delivery setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"2732-2745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142143454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Impairment-Specific Gains in Individual Cognitive Rehabilitation Through a Systematic Therapy Protocol.","authors":"Riya Saxena, Christianna Gilbert, Swathi Kiran, Claire Cordella","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00421","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-23-00421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated treatment-induced performance gains in memory function following therapy through the Intensive Cognitive Communication Rehabilitation (ICCR) program for young adults with acquired brain injury (ABI). We aimed to determine the utility of a novel approach to measuring memory performance improvement across semesters of therapy using (a) systematic treatment tasks called Individualized Quantitative Protocols (IQPs) as compared to (b) standardized measures of memory function.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Retrospective IQP data spanning five consecutive ICCR semesters were collected from patients (<i>N</i> = 13) with ABI. Raw task-accuracy data were scaled to account for task difficulty gradation. Linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) were used to evaluate the degree of memory improvement-measured by scaled IQP scores-as a function of therapy duration, age, time postinjury, and aphasia; pre- to posttreatment effect sizes were also calculated. For comparison, similar LMMs were run using standardized metrics of memory abilities as the outcome measure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed significant treatment-induced improvements, with gains at the session level (β = 2.76; <i>t</i> = 2.23; <i>p</i> = .047), when improvement was measured using IQP scaled scores. Standardized metrics did not show significant improvement as a function of therapy. Effect size analysis mirrored LMM results, with a large (<i>d</i> = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [0.35, 1.49]) pre- to posttreatment effect when change was measured using IQP scaled scores and a small effect for standardized measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This preliminary study demonstrates the utility of a granular, individualized metric to index significant impairment-based performance gains following ICCR treatment. These results introduce promise for future analysis of complex treatment data. Additionally, they provide another lens with which to assess treatment progress and its significance.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27045937.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"3069-3081"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142367176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Impacts What: Clinicians' Perspectives of Causality in Aphasia Rehabilitation.","authors":"Nichol Castro, Sameer A Ashaie","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00174","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Determining the prognosis of aphasia recovery is an important task for clinicians in the rehabilitation of persons with aphasia. Although there are many variables identified as impactful to aphasia recovery, it is less clear (a) how clinicians perceive causality in aphasia rehabilitation and (b) how prognostic variables interact with each other. This study aimed to understand causal relations between prognostic variables from the clinician perspective.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Ratings of perceived causality were obtained from 11 clinicians serving people with aphasia. Participants were presented with 255 directed causal relations (e.g., depression → aphasia severity), representing a total of 18 demographic, diagnostic, and psychosocial variables. Participants rated the perceived causality on a Likert scale from 0 (<i>no causal effect</i>) to 10 (<i>strong causal effect</i>). We also obtained ratings about frequency of access to information about each of the 18 variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A perceived causal network showed differences among variables in their perceived causality. There were many causal relations identified, particularly between diagnostic and psychosocial variables. The variables with the strongest perceived causality were predominantly psychosocial variables, including depression, social support, and participation. However, these psychosocial variables were also the variables that clinicians had the least frequent access to information about. There were also notable differences between participants in their perceived causal networks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Clinicians hold valuable information about aphasia rehabilitation, including what variables are important to aphasia recovery. Understanding the complexity of interaction among prognostic variables and obtaining data from clinicians about prognostic variables and causality will advance the rehabilitation of aphasia.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27105865.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"3012-3025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11546980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142394680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}