American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Skills Associated With Atypical Phonological Errors in English: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Elizabeth Roepke","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00179","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Few clinicians report incorporating error type in their assessment of speech sound disorders, despite research reporting differences between children who produce typical and atypical phonological errors. The purpose of this scoping review was to map what is currently known about the related skills of English-speaking children who produce typical versus atypical phonological errors in order to summarize currently available evidence for clinical decision making concerning atypical phonological errors.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic search of databases was completed, including PubMed, Scopus, and APA PsycInfo. Studies that were published between 1985 and 2023, were peer-reviewed, and reported on a related skill for typical and atypical phonological errors were included. The scoping review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven studies were included in the review. These studies were organized into six themes: persistence of speech errors, emergent literacy difficulties, executive function difficulties, language skills, speech perception and auditory processing, and motor skills. Atypical but not typical phonological errors were related to persistence of speech errors. Emergent literacy difficulties, particularly phonological awareness difficulties, and executive function difficulties were frequently reported to be associated with atypical but not typical phonological errors. Motor skills were similar for children who produced typical and atypical errors. More research is needed for speech perception, auditory processing, and language skills.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Children who produce atypical phonological errors have different strengths and weaknesses in related skills than children who produce typical phonological errors. Children who produce atypical phonological errors may benefit from phonological awareness and/or early literacy assessments and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"959-981"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Successful Surgical Treatment of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Aid in the Remediation of Compensatory Misarticulation Errors?","authors":"Jessica L Chee-Williams, Kate Bunton, Elizabeth Alvarez-Montoya, Kelly Nett Cordero, Jamie L Perry, Jenny Philp, Davinder J Singh, Thomas J Sitzman","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00349","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate whether successful surgical management of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) aids in the remediation of compensatory misarticulation errors (CMAs) among children with VPI and CMAs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Fourteen participants with VPI and use of CMAs from a larger study were included in this retrospective cohort study. The mean age at the time of preoperative evaluation was 8.9 years (<i>SD</i> = 1.1). Perceptual ratings of hypernasality, phonetic transcription, and anatomic measurements from magnetic resonance imaging were performed by raters blinded to the participants' medical and surgical history. The mean percentage of CMAs produced on the American English Sentence Sample was calculated. The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used to compare the change in CMA use pre- and postoperatively. During the study period, 71% (<i>n</i> = 10) of participants received speech therapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine participants had resolved hypernasality after surgery, and five had persistent hypernasality. Among those with resolved hypernasality, the mean percentage of CMAs significantly decreased from 14.6% preoperatively to 1.1% postoperatively (<i>p</i> = .028). For participants with persistent hypernasality, the mean percentage of CMAs decreased from 27.6% to 22%; this change was not significant (<i>p</i> = .586).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Correction of VPI may aid in the remediation of CMAs as participants have more normal anatomy to achieve velopharyngeal closure. These findings suggest correction of VPI may reduce the amount of speech therapy needed to treat CMAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"868-876"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11902990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voice Meets Swallowing: A Scoping Review of Therapeutic Connections.","authors":"Adrián Castillo-Allendes, Jeff Searl, José Vergara, Natalie Ballentine, Soud Ebdah, Anaïs Rameau, Eric J Hunter","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00194","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This scoping review aimed to explore the use of volitional voice tasks in assessing swallowing-related outcomes and to evaluate their therapeutic impact on swallowing disorders, including their effects on swallowing biomechanics.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. A literature search was performed across multiple databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), and additional records were identified through manual searches. After screening and eligibility assessment, 36 studies were included for data extraction and analysis. The Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies was employed to evaluate the quality of the included studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review identified various volitional voice tasks, such as maximum phonation time and pitch glides, as potential assessment tools for predicting swallowing-related outcomes. Additionally, voice tasks targeting pitch modulation, increased vocal loudness, and squeezed voice quality showed promising therapeutic benefits for swallowing disorders across different populations, especially individuals with neurological conditions and head and neck cancer.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While methodological limitations were found in current literature, volitional voice tasks demonstrate potential as complementary tools for assessing and treating swallowing disorders, leveraging their interconnected neurological and biomechanical mechanisms underlying functions. Further research with more robust methodologies is needed to establish the efficacy of these integrated interventions, facilitate their translation into clinical practice, and test new possibilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"877-907"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11903005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"We All Need at Least One Friend Who Understands What We Do Not Say: A Scoping Review of Friendship and Augmentative and Alternative Communication.","authors":"Erinn H Finke, Michelle C S Therrien, Jamie Azios, Jenessa McElfresh","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00251","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00251","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this scoping review was to understand what is known about the friendships of individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices. Because communication is important to friendship, severe communication impairment may impact the establishment or maintenance of friendships in unique and important ways.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for scoping reviews and Covidence software using an established set of operationally defined inclusion criteria supported the identification of the 46 papers included in this review. Included papers presented original data on the friendships of individuals with disabilities (acquired and developmental) who could benefit from AAC across the lifespan. Data were extracted to identify features of the body of literature and to identify themes that could inform future research and clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Themes identified from the included studies related to how friendship is defined, supports for friendship formation and maintenance, help and care in friendships, positive outcomes, barriers, the impact of AAC, and recommendations for moving clinical practice and research forward.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Friendships are chosen relationships that stem from congruences in perspectives between two individuals. People who use AAC, like the broader population, are likely to seek out and maintain friendships with people who are similar to them: people who share personality traits, past experiences (including experiencing disability), interests, and activities. Creative solutions are needed to increase the independence of disabled children and adults to meet and engage with new people with a variety of lived experiences.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.28119857.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"931-958"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Letter Regarding Cordray et al. (2023) and Brief Commentary on the Ankyloglossia Debate.","authors":"Holly Cordray, Casiel T Gethers, Geethanjeli N Mahendran, John Nemeth, Nikhila Raol","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00413","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Ankyloglossia (tongue tie) is common, and its clinical relevance is hotly debated among multidisciplinary health care providers including pediatricians, lactation consultants, otolaryngologists, and speech-language pathologists. The literature focuses on breastfeeding symptoms; less evidence exists to clarify the spectrum of possible symptoms after infancy. We conducted a scoping review of potentially related symptoms in pediatric patients who presented for clinical evaluation of untreated ankyloglossia, with the aim of mapping symptoms that providers may want to evaluate and identifying targets for further research. Kummer (2025) has alleged \"erroneous statements without evidence\" about \"the effect of ankyloglossia on speech,\" \"inaccurate citations,\" and \"errors of omission\" in our scoping review (pp. 982, 983). This letter provides a rebuttal of her statements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on results from 20 primary studies, our review drew a provisional conclusion that ankyloglossia may be associated with speech difficulty in a subset of patients; we did not assert any causal relationship. Kummer took issue with a citation in one sentence of our review; we note that some of her concerns were inaccurate, though we appreciate her clinical expertise on speech sound production. The omissions she perceived were in fact present in our original review article.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Kummer's letter does not warrant an erratum to our scoping review. However, her letter prompts us to urge the multidisciplinary community of providers involved in studying and caring for patients with ankyloglossia to engage in a collaborative and open-minded discussion. We must reduce professional antagonism around this controversy and work together on patient-centered research to support children whose experiences may not fit the typical clinical picture.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"985-988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualitative Analysis of Therapist Documentation of Assessments of Orally Feeding Infants Who Require Noninvasive Respiratory Support.","authors":"Carolyn Barnes, Kit N Simpson, Janina Wilmskoetter, Heather McGhee, Keeley Nichols, Heather S Bonilha","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00294","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This is a qualitative analysis of speech-language pathology and occupational therapy documentation of bedside assessments of infants orally feeding on noninvasive respiratory support (NRS).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data were extracted from speech-language pathology and occupational therapy electronic health record documentation of bedside feeding/swallowing assessment and treatment of infants on NRS. These data included the rate of documentation of objective metrics, as well as themes in feeding safety, quality, and therapeutic interventions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Notes from 37 speech-language pathologist and occupational therapist bedside visits were included. Data on the amount of NRS during oral feeding were inconsistently documented, but reported flow rate ranged from 0.2 to 5.0 l per minute. Approximately 57% of notes indicated some type of overt feeding problem. Objective data were inconsistently documented, but common metrics included signs of possible aspiration (cough in 16.2% and congestion in 13.5% of notes), liquid viscosity (43.2% of notes), feeding modality (94.6% of notes), volume offered (56.8% of notes) and consumed (81.1% of notes), and feeding time (56.8% of notes). Documentation themes include assessment of both safety and quality, implied stability and success rather than explicit documentation of such, infrequent instrumental assessment referral, differences between assessment versus follow-up treatment notes, differences in structured/templated notes versus unstructured narratives, and missing data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Missing data limited our ability to draw conclusions regarding safety and quality of oral feeding during NRS use. We make recommendations for documentation, including prioritizing objective data, clarifying clinical interpretations, patient responses to interventions trialed, and use of structured narratives and flowcharting.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"446-457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making the Invisible Visible: Asian American Speech-Language Pathologists' Experiences in Their Path to the Profession.","authors":"Jingyu Linna Jin, Carolyn Baylor","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00312","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study was to explore the lived experiences of Asian American speech-language pathologists (SLPs) during their graduate training.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This was a qualitative phenomenological study. Participants were 26 SLPs who self-identified as Asian American. All participants graduated from accredited master's programs in speech-language pathology in the United States and currently work clinically with adult populations. Participants attended one individual semistructured interview via videoconference to share their experiences being Asian in speech-language pathology. Thematic analysis was used to identify recurring patterns and themes from the interview data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three themes were derived from the participant interviews that reflect the Asian American SLPs' past experiences as graduate students and trainees. The first theme revealed the participants' motivations and affirmations for choosing the SLP career path. The second theme describes the expectations of mutual investment between the Asian American students' commitment to professional training and their training programs' support in their professional growth. The last theme talks about the social aspects of their trainee experiences that influenced their sense of belonging.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There were similarities between the Asian American SLP trainee experiences and experiences of underrepresented and minoritized students from speech-language pathology and other health professions reported in the literature. Two key aspects distinct to Asian Americans and speech-language pathology were the sense of belongingness created by the social environment and the perceived tie of speech and linguistic proficiency and clinical competence. Findings contribute to how educators, leaders, and researchers can support inclusion of Asian Americans pursing speech-language pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"674-691"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a Profile of Canadian Children With Cerebral Palsy Who Require Augmentative and Alternative Communication.","authors":"Juno Coan-Brill, Frances Aileen Costigan, Jessica Kay, Kristine Stadskleiv, Beata Batorowicz, Tom Chau, Johanna Geytenbeek, Danijela Grahovac, Sarah Hopmans, Barbara Jane Cunningham","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00284","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent motor disability affecting children. Many children with CP have significant speech difficulties and require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) to participate in communication. Despite demonstrable benefits, the use of AAC systems among children with CP remains constrained, although research in Canada is lacking.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data were collected as part of an exploratory survey of Canadian caregivers and clinicians (<i>N =</i> 60) who shared their perspectives on children's need for, access to, and use of AAC systems. Quantitative data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were analyzed using inductive content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Caregivers and clinicians reported high rates of need for AAC systems (> 75%) among children with CP. Both groups reported that access was roughly equivalent to need, although caregiver reports were lower. Despite high rates of need and access, only 38% of children used AAC systems. Children who used AAC primarily used high-tech systems, mostly to make choices, rather than engaging in meaningful reciprocal interactions and conversations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Canadian children with CP who required AAC systems generally received them. However, AAC systems were not used to their full potential, suggesting limited participation in social and learning situations. Like reports on other pediatric populations, barriers to obtaining AAC systems related to service, family, and child-specific factors. Although our sample captured the complexity present in the CP population, sample sizes were small and unlikely to be representative of the population of Canada, indicating the need for further research on a national scale.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.28229720.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"605-616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Characteristics of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Interfaces for Children With Cortical Visual Impairment: Results From Two Focus Groups With Vision Professionals.","authors":"Jamie B Boster, Kevin Pitt, Kathryn Brown, Julie Potts, Overholt","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00318","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the current study was to gain insight on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) interface designs for children with cortical visual impairment (CVI). Children with CVI frequently require AAC and specific interface supports, and customization may be necessary to support access and use of speech-generating devices.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A focus group methodology was selected to gain feedback from vision professionals on helpful AAC features for children with CVI. Participants included eight teachers of the visually impaired and one optometrist. Two virtual 1-hr focus group sessions were conducted and recorded for thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three primary themes and eight subthemes emerged from the transcripts of the focus groups. Themes included characteristics of the AAC interfaces such as background, high contrast, and symbolic representation; characteristics of children with CVI (preferred colors, visual field preference); and the development of AAC interfaces over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vision professionals have identified characteristics of AAC interfaces that should be considered when working with children with CVI. Future collaboration with such professionals is needed to further inform the design of current and future AAC technologies to allow speech-language pathologists to meet the unique needs of this population.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.28279184.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"692-705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeing Into the Future: Adults' Accuracy Predicting the Vocabulary of Early Symbolic Communicators Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication.","authors":"Bethany J Frick Semmler, Hannah Kitsmiller, Allison Bean","doi":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00152","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Vocabulary access is important for individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), especially for children in the early stages of language learning. This study sought to understand how accurate speech-language pathologists (SLPs), teachers, and parents are in predicting the vocabulary needed by early symbolic communicators who use AAC in three contexts.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Ten groups, each with a child who used AAC as their primary mode of communication and who was classified as an early symbolic communicator and their parent, teacher, and SLP, participated. The parents, teachers, and SLPs predicted a vocabulary list of words children who use AAC needed to participate in a dinner, a math lesson, and a speech session using the blank page method and categorical inventories technique. Children were then recorded in 15-min videos participating in the three contexts. Words were recorded and compared to the words predicted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was large variability in the accuracy of percentage of words the children used that were predicted by the adults out of all the words the children used. The adults were significantly more accurate predicting the vocabulary for the math lesson than the dinner.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Parents, teachers, and SLPs predicted much of the vocabulary of early symbolic communicators who use AAC. Implications for early vocabulary selection and alternatives to predicting vocabulary are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49240,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"706-721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}