Energy for Sustainable Development最新文献

{"title":"Challenges for a sustainable energy transition in rural Mexico: A 37-year comparative analysis for Cheranatzicurin Village","authors":"Anahi Aguilera ,&nbsp;Víctor Ruiz-García ,&nbsp;René Martínez ,&nbsp;Roselio Joaquín ,&nbsp;Omar Masera","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive follow-up assessment of energy and exergy consumption changes in a Purépecha rural community in central Mexico for the year 2023, comparing the results with two previous studies conducted in 1986 and 2012. The case study contributes to the academic debate on the socio-environmental implications of rural energy modernization by integrating thermodynamic constraints—dimensions often overlooked in conventional economic or policy models. Energy use is disaggregated by end-use application, sector, and energy carrier, drawing on a robust mixed-methods dataset that includes structured interviews, household surveys, direct measurements, drone imagery, and detailed energy inventories.</div><div>Key findings include: (a) a marked increase in fossil fuel dependence—particularly gasoline in the transport sector—with LPG, gasoline, and diesel now accounting for nearly half (44 %) of total energy consumption, compared to less than 10 % in 1986; (b) a 35 % increase in per capita energy demand (from 11 to 17 GJ/capita-year) despite end-use efficiency improvements, driven by the expansion of energy-intensive services such as refrigeration and private mobility, and accompanied by a decline in external system efficiency from 92 % to 77 %; (c) the persistent dominance of biomass, with 95 % of households still using firewood for cooking, underscoring the coexistence of modern and traditional energy practices; and (d) a persistently low overall second-law efficiency for the village, increasing only from 8 % in 1986 to 13 % in 2023.</div><div>These findings challenge the dominant narrative of a linear rural energy transition—defined as a systematic shift from traditional to modern, cleaner, and more efficient technologies—revealing instead a non-linear, multidimensional process marked by technological hybridization, uneven adoption rates, and socially differentiated impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101823"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145103991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ranking the risks of India's coal phase-down: An analytical hierarchy process approach","authors":"Jay Ganesh Pandey ,&nbsp;Atul Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phasing down coal is critical to addressing climate change. However, the deep entrenchment of coal in India's techno-economic and socio-political landscape entails severe risks. Coal currently supplies 55 % of India's primary commercial energy, generates nearly 70 % of electricity and sustains around 13 million jobs directly and indirectly. Notwithstanding these dependencies, existing research on coal phase-down in India has primarily focused on its incentives and benefits, specifically using techno-economic assessments. A critical gap lies in systematically analysing the risk associated with coal phase-down, particularly from the perspective of energy justice and policy design. This study examines the major risks of coal phase-down in India and ranks them based on severity using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and expert interviews. To accomplish this, the six major risks of coal phase-down in India were examined and ranked based on five criteria: economic, social, technological, political, and climate. The findings reveal that ‘loss of livelihoods’ is the most severe risk, followed by ‘threats to energy security’ and ‘loss of government revenue’. Though ‘technological complexity’, ‘rising import dependency’, and ‘creation of stranded assets’, emerged as significant risks, they were ranked lower in severity. Theoretically, this study contributes to energy transition scholarship by demonstrating the application of multi-criteria decision-making approaches in risk analysis, offering a replicable framework for assessing transition risks in coal-dependent economies across the Global South. Practically, it equips policymakers with a structured framework to anticipate, prioritise and mitigate transition risks, thereby informing the design of equitable and resilient phase-down strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101824"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The last-mile connection paradox: Power outages, demand-side barriers and household electrification decisions—Implications on energy poverty","authors":"Dagmawe Tenaw","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the expansion of electrification in Africa, a substantial gap persists between grid access and the actual uptake of the grid. This raises a policy-relevant question: <strong>why do households in grid-accessible areas remain unconnected?</strong> This study examines the combined role of power outages and demand-side factors on households' grid-connection and post-electrification decisions and their implications on energy poverty. Leveraging a rich panel survey dataset from Ethiopia, we first conduct a simple demand-supply decomposition analysis to assess their relative contributions to the observed grid access gap. The results reveal that demand-side constraints appear to be equally important as supply-side issues, accounting for more than one-fourth of the overall grid shortfall. Further, the findings from the Random Effects ordered logistic regression model indicate that frequent and prolonged power outages, income poverty, and lack of schooling play a significant role in deterring the optimal electrification choices of households, thereby perpetuating multidimensional energy poverty. The effects of power outages also vary across different income groups and education levels. Hence, providing households with the opportunity to connect alone is not enough to assure high rates of grid-uptake, and realize the expected gains of electricity. Enhancing grid reliability and addressing the underlying barriers on the demand side is quite essential at every stage of the electrification process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101825"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating India's Emission Trading System: An analysis of policy evolution, implementation imperatives, and critical review for energy sustainability pathway","authors":"Shreeyash Nitin Malode ,&nbsp;Anoop Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>India confronts the dual imperative of addressing climate change vulnerability while pursuing economic development to alleviate millions from poverty. India's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) signal a commitment to this balance, and market-based instruments like the Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme and Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) mechanism previously supporting these NDC targets. The impending Indian Carbon Market (ICM), an emission-intensity-based Emission Trading System (ETS), marks a paradigm shift by directly targeting emission intensity reductions—an area less explicitly addressed by prior energy-climate policies—and consolidating existing mechanisms. Catalysed further by international developments such as the EU-Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (EU-CBAM) and evolving global carbon market dynamics, India's move towards a robust domestic compliance and offset framework is timely. This extensive critical review utilises a mixed-methods approach, including narrative and systematic review, through examining policy documents, academic literature, and official data to thoroughly explore the ICM's policy evolution, structural design, operational procedures, governance, and strategic pathways for the future. By synthesising lessons from India's experience with antecedent market instruments (Clean Development Mechanism, PAT, REC) and relevant international ETS benchmarks, this study identifies significant implementation imperatives crucial to the ICM's success. The analysis reveals that the ICM risks inheriting the systemic failures of its precursors—principally structural credit surpluses and weak enforcement—which necessitates a robust design to ensure it can function as an effective policy instrument for sustainable development. The analysis formulates concrete policy recommendations emphasising robust, frequently revised emission targets to stimulate investment in clean energy technologies, a transparent transition towards fully market-based ETS operations, and strengthened governance structures for credible Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) processes. The findings provide practical recommendations for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners involved in the creation and execution of energy policies and carbon market structures within developing nations, chart pathways to meet the seventh Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 7) of affordable and clean energy by 2030.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101822"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voucher-based liquefied petroleum gas subsidies achieve nearly exclusive clean fuel use when affordable delivery is available","authors":"Kendra N. Williams ,&nbsp;Josiah L. Kephart ,&nbsp;Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio ,&nbsp;Laura Nicolaou ,&nbsp;Marilú Chiang ,&nbsp;Stella M. Hartinger ,&nbsp;Kirsten Koehler ,&nbsp;Steven A. Harvey ,&nbsp;William Checkley ,&nbsp;Cardiopulmonary outcomes and Household Air Pollution (CHAP) trial investigators","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Fuel subsidization can promote clean fuel adoption and reduce household air pollution. We investigated whether a voucher-based system could be as effective as a home-based fuel delivery program in achieving exclusive use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) within a randomized controlled trial in Puno, Peru.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In the first year of the trial, we delivered unlimited LPG to intervention homes, while comparison group participants continued baseline cooking practices. In the second year, comparison group participants received vouchers covering the cost of two 10 kg LPG tanks per month but did not receive tank delivery. We assessed voucher use and compared LPG use between the voucher and home delivery schemes. We conducted qualitative interviews with 15 women to understand perceptions and use of the vouchers and LPG. Data were collected in 2020 but remain relevant given the unchanged LPG system in Peru.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Voucher use was high (97.6 % of vouchers were used). Participants receiving vouchers used LPG for 94.3 % of cooking minutes, which was only slightly lower than the percent of cooking done with LPG by participants who received free home delivery (98.2 %) (p &lt; 0.001). Voucher participants cooked with biomass for 84.7 min per week, within the range estimated as acceptable for meeting the World Health Organization interim air quality targets (&lt;1–3 h per week). Facilitators of voucher and LPG use included the ease and speed of cooking with gas, availability of LPG delivery in the region, access to several nearby LPG distributors, owning a second back-up LPG tank, and reinforcement of exclusive LPG use by study fieldworkers.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A voucher-based system for providing subsidized LPG, paired with a reliable LPG infrastructure and behavioral motivation, effectively achieved near-exclusive clean fuel adoption. Findings can guide the design of LPG subsidization programs, which are increasingly important amid rising global LPG prices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101820"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar photovoltaic (PV) diffusion and synergies with resilience, adaptation, and sustainable development: A case study in Laguna Lake watershed, the Philippines","authors":"Yosuke Arino ,&nbsp;Damasa Magcale-Macandog ,&nbsp;Brian Alan Johnson ,&nbsp;Temuulen Murun ,&nbsp;Jeoffrey Laruya","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar energy systems, either land- or water-based, have a huge potential for net-zero transition and generate multiple co-benefits despite the possible risks of not being designed or installed properly. Existing literature has revealed both positive and negative impacts of solar photovoltaic (PV) from the viewpoints of engineering design, energy system's stability, environment, and socio-economic aspects. However, little has been known about solar PV's multi-dimensional impacts on resilience of local farmers and fishermen under climate change. To fill this gap, this paper assessed the kinds of positive and negative impacts on resilience that could be generated by land- and water-based solar systems and how various policies could be harmonised to synergise solar energy diffusion, resilience, adaptation, and more broadly, sustainable development. Laguna Lake watershed in the Philippines which is planning the installation of large-scale floating solar PV was selected as a case study site, where focus group discussions were held and the participants' perceived impacts of solar PV were measured. The results suggested that both land- and water-based solar PV were perceived as providing relatively larger co-benefits compared to the potential risks with regards to farmers' income, climate adaptability and green development level including water saving and greenhouse gas emission (GHG) reductions. Both types of solar PV have large co-benefits in the productivity of intermediate inputs, network marketing of agricultural products, production value, infrastructure, and eco-environment, while water saving and GHG emission reduction are unique co-benefits of land-based solar PV. Impacts on sustainable development goals (SDGs) of both types of solar are non-negligible for ending poverty (SDG 1), ending hunger (SDG 2), education (SDG 4), gender equality (SDG 5), economic growth and employment (SDG 8), climate actions (SDG 13) and global partnership (SDG 17). Based on these findings, a generic conceptual framework consisting of drivers, policies, actions, local enabling conditions, and outcomes for climate and sustainable development was suggested, which showed how to synergise mitigation and adaptation for the purposes of sustainable development in a just or equitable manner by enhancing local enabling conditions or resilience through a combination of climate and non-climate policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101812"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-economic insights on solar PV + storage in Small Island States (SIDS): Evidence from Trinidad and Tobago","authors":"Curtis Boodoo","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small Island Developing States (SIDS) struggle with high electricity costs, fossil fuel dependence, and climate-related supply risks, yet empirical cost data for solar PV plus battery storage remain limited. This study addresses that gap using competitive tender prices and detailed PVsyst performance simulations from six recently commissioned grid-connected hybrid systems in Trinidad and Tobago (2–10 kW PV; 15–30 kWh storage). Results highlight pronounced economies of scale, with system size expansion from 2 kW to 10 kW reducing the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) from US$0.694/kWh to US$0.191/kWh (−72 %) and levelised cost of storage (LCOS) from US$0.284/kWh to US$0.186/kWh (−34 %). Marginal abatement costs simultaneously decrease from US$211 to US$66 per tonne CO₂, reflecting substantially improved environmental returns with increased system scale. Lead-acid batteries offer lower upfront costs; however, lithium-ion storage approaches cost parity at system capacities of 5 kW or greater due to superior cycle life and utilisation characteristics. Despite these improvements, the resulting costs remain significantly above global benchmarks, highlighting structural economic and logistical challenges specific to SIDS contexts. Key policy recommendations include aggregating rooftops into optimally sized installations (8–10 kW), deploying targeted green financing mechanisms, and introducing dual-rate net billing tariffs coupled with storage rebates. Implementing these policies can significantly reduce unit costs, narrowing the gap with global benchmarks, and provide a replicable framework for sustainable renewable energy deployment and carbon mitigation in SIDS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of existing policies and prospects for green power and green certificates in a dual-carbon context","authors":"Fugui Dong,&nbsp;Mengyu Shi,&nbsp;Keyi Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green electricity and green certificates serve as fundamental components in advancing renewable energy deployment and facilitating the global energy transition. Against the backdrop of worldwide efforts to optimize energy structures and mitigate climate change, the enhancement and implementation of their policy mechanisms have garnered considerable attention. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of green electricity and green certificate policies in six countries: Germany, the UK, Denmark, the U.S., India, and China. The effectiveness of these policies is assessed across six dimensions: government subsidies, government regulation, environmental friendliness, international cooperation and mutual recognition, policy coordination and synergy, technological innovation and R&amp;D. Furthermore, the study identifies five major challenges currently confronting the development of these mechanisms: carbon and green attribute markets, technological, international linkages, standardization, and corporate renewable procurement, and put forward corresponding policy recommendations. We highlight the contributions to research on complementary policy and technological innovation coordination mechanisms, and cross-national comparative analysis. And offers valuable insights for optimizing policies, particularly for developing countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101819"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating social sustainability in Philippine electrification policies through qualitative content analysis","authors":"Allen Lemuel G. Lemence ,&nbsp;Jordi C. Cravioto ,&nbsp;Benjamin C. McLellan","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Philippines continues to face challenges in achieving full electrification while ensuring sustainability. Although recent policies such as the Renewable Energy Act and the Microgrid Systems Act reflect efforts to achieve full electrification, the extent to which social sustainability is integrated into these policies remains unclear. Recognizing this gap, this study examines the extent to which social sustainability is integrated in Philippine energy policies focused on rural electrification. Using qualitative content analysis (QCA), the study systematically analyzed relevant laws and guidelines issued by government agencies. A set of codes corresponding to social sustainability categories was applied to identify patterns and potential gaps. Key findings reveal six prominent social sustainability categories, including energy access (emphasizing full electrification); socio-economic benefits and employment (highlighting financial benefits and affordable electricity); involvement and governance (enhancing stakeholder participation in policy decisions); social development, well-being, and quality of life (addressing environmental concerns); social equity (focusing on distributive and procedural aspects); and health and safety (prioritizing public health and pollution mitigation). Underrepresented categories, such as social acceptance, gender, human rights, and education, indicate policy gaps that warrant further integration. This study advances theory by introducing a coding framework that identifies social sustainability dimensions from national energy policies. It also offers practical value by providing empirical insights to enhance policy inclusivity and a transferable approach for similar assessments in other national contexts, particularly in developing countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101817"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic optimization of electric vehicles' battery swapping stations for developing countries: Balancing demand, cost dynamics, and sustainability in electric mobility","authors":"Mehdi Ahmadi Jirdehi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Shaterabadi ,&nbsp;Vahid Sohrabi Tabar ,&nbsp;Sadjad Galvani","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a stochastic planning framework for battery swapping station (BSS) networks tailored to developing countries. The mixed-integer model co-optimizes siting and operations for interconnected stations while capturing uncertainties in electric vehicle (EV) arrivals, energy prices, electrical load, and degradation cost. A 24-h scenario study on the IEEE 33-bus feeder uses a normalized probability distribution function (NPDF) and retains the 10 most-probable scenarios. Location matters: placing a single station near the source (Bus 1) yields a total network cost $11,886.61, whereas installing at Bus 33 increases the cost to $12,065.92 but raises operator profit from $8111.82 to $8753.89 via fewer discharge cycles. With one station (Bus 2), energy arbitrage injects 7.5 MW and 5.3 MW at peak hours 15–16. Splitting capacity across two stations (Buses 2 and 10) improves service: Station 10 charged 700 batteries and served 222 EVs, while Station 2 exchanged 9.975 MW with the grid. Under uncertainty, purchased power rises modestly; total network cost increases from $11,894.13 to $11,912.09, while profit grows to $8156.62. Sensitivity analyses show that higher initial charged inventory and larger interconnection capacity reduce system cost and increase profit. The framework offers actionable siting and operating guidance for equitable, cost-aware BSS deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101821"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}