Biomedical Microdevices最新文献

{"title":"In situ detection of dead cells from live cells via a DC plus low frequency AC resistive pulse sensor","authors":"Parker Lybrook,&nbsp;Heyi Chen,&nbsp;Emma Barna,&nbsp;Jacob Brown,&nbsp;Ashley Wong,&nbsp;Joseph Ketchum,&nbsp;Ge Zhang,&nbsp;Jiang Zhe","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00797-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00797-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Differentiation and detection of live and dead cells are critical for assessing cell viability in biomedical research, evaluating drug efficacy, and monitoring cytotoxicity in therapeutic applications. We present a microfluidic sensor that consists of two successive resistive pulse sensing channels. An excitation signal composed of a low-frequency AC (75 kHz) component and a DC bias was used to measure four key parameters. Through the AC measurement, differences in cell impedance causes variations in phase angle and voltage peak. From the DC measurement, cell size can be inferred from the resistive pulse magnitude, and the cell’s zeta potential is represented by the transit time difference. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were used to demonstrate the device’s utility. A soft margin support vector machine (SVM) was applied to define the decision boundary based on analysis of the four parameters. For both cell types, live and dead cells formed distinct clusters, achieving maximum classification accuracies of up to 100%. Additionally, HUVECs treated with either ethanol or staurosporine (STS) were classified with accuracies up to 100%. Compared to previous microfluidic resistive pulse sensor (RPS), this approach can determine cell viability without the need for complex labeling or modifications. Unlike impedance cytometry, it does not require high-frequency measurements, significantly reducing hardware requirements and data processing complexity, while still providing multiparametric measurements of cells. These measurements allow the use of soft SVM to classify cell groups with higher accuracy than single-parameter differentiation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12904940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146177164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid equipment-free patterning of PDMS microchannel for the simple generation of high-order emulsion and hydrogel microcapsules","authors":"Lu-Lu Liu,&nbsp;Wen-Qi Ye,&nbsp;Chun-Guang Yang,&nbsp;Zhang-Run Xu","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00796-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00796-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multiple emulsions with excellent monodispersity and tailorable compositions exhibit great application potential in analytical detection, material synthesis and various other fields. To achieve the spatially patterned wettability that is essential for generating multiple emulsions in microfluidic chips, hydrophilic modification of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels is indispensable for constructing alternating hydrophilic-hydrophobic surface distributions. However, the complexity of such surface treatment increases with the order of multiple emulsions, rendering the development of a simple and controllable hydrophilic modification strategy for PDMS chips to fabricate high-order emulsions a persistent challenge. Herein, we present a rapid patterning method for PDMS microchannels dedicated to high-order emulsion generation. This approach enables the simultaneous hydrophilic treatment of multiple open microchannels on a PDMS substrate via manual polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating prior to chip bonding, obviating the need for additional instrumentation or precise fluid control operations. Furthermore, it allows for the selective modification of distinct microchannel regions, which well caters to the customized fabrication of multiple emulsions with designed structures. Based on the proposed protocol, multiple emulsions ranging from double to quintuple emulsions were successfully generated in a facile and highly stable manner. As a proof-of-concept application, these high-order emulsions were employed as sacrificial templates to fabricate onion-like hydrogel microcapsules, which featured uniform spherical morphologies and well-defined multilayer architectures. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the diameter for all prepared microcapsules was ≤ 2.3% (<i>n</i> = 50). Notably, the multilayer architecture of the hydrogel microcapsules can be precisely tailored by selective hydrophilic surface modification—switching from water/oil (W/O) to oil/water (O/W) wettability, or transforming core-shell structures into onion-like microcapsules. These tailor-made multilayer hydrogel microcapsules thus represent promising candidates for the encapsulation of various active substances and functional cargos in both industrial and scientific applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146177189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond encapsulation: advanced hydrogels for extracellular vesicle therapeutics in peripheral nervous system repair","authors":"Yuwei Zou,&nbsp;Yue An,&nbsp;Lili Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00785-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00785-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) represent a promising therapeutic modality for peripheral nerve repair. By modulating inflammation, promoting axonal regeneration, and supporting remyelination, sEVs play a multifaceted role in restoring nerve structure and function following injury. Hydrogels provide protective, sustained release vehicles that can control sEV dosing and prolong local retention in the therapeutic delivery site. In this review, we summarize recent progress on sEV-incorporated hydrogels, including injectable, self-healing, electroconductive, and ECM-derived hydrogels that go beyond passive loading strategies to achieve responsive and tissue-specific delivery. Current preclinical results demonstrate improved nerve regeneration and functional outcomes from enhanced Schwann-cell activation and immune modulation. However, challenges remain in fine-tuning sEV stability and release kinetics, as well as developing scalable manufacturing processes. Future strategies like staged-release depots and biosensing hydrogels are accelerating the translation of sEV-hydrogel systems. Overall, sEVs embedded in hydrogels form a promising next-generation platform for controlled, local nerve regeneration therapeutics.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146177217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PVA-coated 3D-printed molds for rapid prototyping of PDMS microdevices for stem cell culture","authors":"Yuma Abe,&nbsp;Daiki Fukai,&nbsp;Taro Toyoda,&nbsp;Naoto Fukumoto,&nbsp;Kyohei Terao","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00790-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00790-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is increasingly being utilized as a rapid prototyping method for manufacturing molds for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microdevices. Residual photoinitiators and other leachable components derived from photocurable resins often inhibit PDMS curing, while the surface roughness introduced by layer-by-layer printing is known to degrade device performance in cell culture applications. In this study, we propose a surface modification strategy using dip coating with water-soluble and biocompatible poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to improve the compatibility of 3D-printed molds with PDMS replication. Systematic characterization revealed that PVA concentration governs film viscosity and thickness, with the 3–18% (w/w) range yielding uniform and reproducible coatings. PVA-coated molds effectively suppressed PDMS curing inhibition and reduced surface roughness by up to 80%, enabling high-fidelity replication of microstructures. Furthermore, PDMS microwell arrays fabricated from PVA-coated molds supported efficient and uniform embryoid body (EB) formation from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, with an increased frequency of single EB per well compared to uncoated molds. These findings demonstrate that PVA coating provides a facile, biocompatible, and shape-preserving post-treatment to overcome key limitations of 3D-printed molds. The proposed method offers a robust and accessible pathway for the rapid prototyping of PDMS-based microdevices for stem cell culture and broader biomedical applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146155693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry-dependent regulation of myogenic and osteogenic differentiation on microgeometry polystyrene substrates","authors":"Moe Kato,&nbsp;Tadashi Nakaji-Hirabayashi,&nbsp;Kazuaki Matsumura,&nbsp;Yoshinori Ikeda,&nbsp;Kazuya Hirota","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00792-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00792-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Advances in microfabrication technology have enabled precise control of surface geometry, which strongly influences cellular behavior, including adhesion, alignment, and differentiation. However, previous studies have employed diverse substrate materials and fabrication conditions, making it difficult to rigorously evaluate the pure geometric effects of the microstructures. Consequently, variations in physicochemical and mechanical properties, such as surface chemistry and stiffness, have confounded the interpretation of geometry-specific effects. To clarify the influence of microgeometry on cell behavior, particularly cell differentiation, stripe- and mesh-patterned polystyrene substrates were used to systematically investigate the relationship between surface geometry and cell behavior. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and C2C12 myoblasts were seeded on the substrates, and their adhesion morphology and alignment were observed using calcein-AM staining. Osteogenic and myogenic differentiation were subsequently induced, and the expression of differentiation markers was analyzed by immunostaining and RT-qPCR. In hMSCs, osteogenic differentiation was promoted in geometries that facilitated intercellular contact, whereas it was suppressed in highly confined geometries, such as stripes and meshes with greater ridge heights. In C2C12 myoblasts, a clear enhancement of myogenic differentiation was observed on striped substrates, where cells exhibited elongated morphologies aligned with the grooves, accompanied by an elevated expression of myogenin and dystrophin. These findings indicate that the differentiation-promoting or differentiation-suppressive effects of microgeometry are cell type-dependent and are governed by cellular alignment, intercellular interactions, and adhesion morphology. The insights gained from this study may contribute to the rational design of next-generation regenerative scaffolds and highlight the potential applications of microgeometric substrates in drug-screening platforms.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146130636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modular parallel plate flow chamber with tunable substrate mechanics and defined shear stress","authors":"Bryan J. Ferrick,&nbsp;Jason P. Gleghorn","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00787-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00787-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cells integrate multiple mechanical cues simultaneously, yet most <i>in vitro</i> models examine extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and fluid shear stress (FSS) in isolation, limiting our understanding of mechanotransduction. We developed a parallel plate flow chamber with a polyacrylamide (PAA) substratum enabling independent, tunable control of substrate stiffness and FSS using readily available materials. We confirm that the PAA substratum has controllable mechanical properties that support the growth of Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells across a range of stiffnesses. Furthermore, the flow chamber design accommodates the volumetric equilibrium swelling of the gel, maintaining a predictable fluid channel height that allows for the application of controlled fluid shear stress to cells within the device, confirmed through particle image velocimetry of perfused microspheres. Single flow chambers support the growth of sufficient cellular numbers for endpoint analyses, such as Western blots. Finally, quantitative analysis of F-actin organization revealed that substrate stiffness and FSS synergistically increase filament length with independent effects on filament width, demonstrating the ability and usefulness of this model as a tool for studying the effect of multiple concurrent forces on cell behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-025-00787-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“A nano-enabled screen-printed paper-based electrochemical device with a 3D-printed wristband cassette design for selective and real-time detection of club drug amphetamine in complex matrices”","authors":"Nigar Anzar,&nbsp;Shariq Suleman,&nbsp;Suhel Parvez,&nbsp;Jagriti Narang","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00784-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00784-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Increasing drug-facilitated crimes, mainly sexual assaults have intensified the necessity of accessible and efficient methods for club drugs detection especially in biological matrices and beverages that are served at parties and clubs. The recent development of 3D printing technology has markedly accelerated. One prominent application is the fabrication of wearable electrochemical sensors for the selective and sensitive detection of club drugs such as amphetamine. This class of drug is used as a stimulant in the treatment of conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Monitoring amphetamine type drugs level in human body is critical due to the risks associated with its possible misuses and related health concerns. By employing the use of 3D printing, makers can create complex and customized sensors specially intended for drug detection. This compliance facilitates integrating diverse type of sensors, thereby improving detection accuracy also. Conventional diagnostic methods are frequently labor-intensive and time-consuming, positioning 3D printed sensors as an innovative approach for real-time monitoring applications. Integrating 3D printing technology in sensor development holds significant potential to transform personalized healthcare by enabling accurate, rapid, and safe detection of amphetamine. This novel study shows the development of a screen-printed paper based electrochemical device with a 3D printed wristband cassette design named “3DP-PWC”. This 3D printed paper based wristband cassette (3DP-PWC) features modified electrodes with amphetamine binding aptamer and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). For electrochemical study, cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used and further validated the sensor’s performance. Developed sensor demonstrated versatility across various beverage types (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) and biological matrices such as synthetic urine. The developed sensor achieved a low detection limit (LOD) of ~0.02 μg/mL with a linear range between 0.01 to 7 μg/mL. Promising results were obtained at an optimum response time of approximately 25 seconds.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetically-guided, stimuli-responsive microdevices for endovascular therapy","authors":"Sanjay Manoharan,&nbsp;Vivek Subramanian","doi":"10.1007/s10544-026-00791-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-026-00791-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Current endovascular aneurysm treatments rely on catheter-based delivery systems, which inherently restrict access to tortuous anatomies and small-caliber vessels. To address this limitation, we introduce a tetherless microdevice platform that combines magnetic guidance with near-infrared (NIR) triggered shape-memory polymer (SMP) deployment for wireless aneurysm therapy. In this system, an external actuator magnet steers a microdevice-integrated effector magnet through anatomically realistic silicone vascular phantoms, while melanin-doped PLA structures enable precise NIR-induced shape recovery. Because NIR light penetrates biological tissue, deployment can be activated non-invasively from outside the body. The platform supports two device architectures tailored to different clinical needs: a spiral flow disruptor with a retrievable magnet for partial inflow modulation and a petalloid occluder designed for permanent sealing of narrow-neck aneurysms. Their navigation behavior was modelled using a flow-responsive, magnetically modulated stick–slip (F-MMSS) framework that captures the influence of pulsatile flow and wall interactions. Experimentally, magnetic steering was demonstrated under physiologically relevant flow rates and NIR activation achieved reliable deployment through ex vivo tissue. Particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics confirmed substantial reductions in intra-aneurysmal velocity across multiple geometries. Material characterization further verified that PLA–melanin composites exhibit suitable bio and hemocompatibility for preliminary use. Together, these results establish a proof-of-concept platform for wireless navigation and remote deployment of endovascular microdevices, motivating future in vivo evaluation. </p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><p>Schematic illustration of a magnetically guided, NIR-triggered microdevice enabling targeted deployment of shape-memory occluders for aneurysm and tumor vessel therapy.</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146008297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in microneedle Technology for Treatment of retinal degenerative diseases: a narrative review","authors":"Yuan Zong,&nbsp;Jiangman Liu,&nbsp;Mingming Yang,&nbsp;Jing Zhang,&nbsp;Yaru Zou,&nbsp;Zizhen Ye,&nbsp;Jiaxin Deng,&nbsp;Wendong Gu,&nbsp;Jingheng Du,&nbsp;Kyoko Ohno-Matsui,&nbsp;Koju Kamoi","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00786-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00786-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), present significant therapeutic challenges due to the complex anatomical and physiological barriers of the posterior eye. Conventional drug delivery methods, particularly intravitreal injections, are often limited by their invasiveness, rapid drug clearance, and burden on patient compliance. Microneedle technology has emerged as a paradigm-modifying approach for ocular drug delivery, offering a minimally invasive platform to bypass barriers like the blood-retinal barrier while targeting specific ocular tissues. This narrative review provides a critical overview of the latest advancements in microneedle technology for treating retinal degeneration, evaluating diverse configurations—including solid, hollow, dissolvable, coated, and hydrogel-forming designs—and their efficacy in facilitating suprachoroidal, intravitreal, and subretinal administration. Recent clinical trials highlighted in this review demonstrate promising results regarding safety, delivery efficiency, and patient acceptability. However, the translation from bench to bedside still faces hurdles in scale-up production, regulatory standardization, and long-term stability assessment. We discuss these technological challenges and explore future developments, such as the integration of smart materials and personalized approaches, emphasizing the potential of microneedle systems to revolutionize treatment paradigms through precise, controlled delivery to the posterior eye segments.</p>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10544-025-00786-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical biosensors for the detection of neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"Şeyma Erkaya,&nbsp;Kubra Tig,&nbsp;Ozge Deniz Yeşil Baysal,&nbsp;Osman Eksik,&nbsp;Zelal Adiguzel,&nbsp;Seden Beyhan,&nbsp;Nihan Aydemir","doi":"10.1007/s10544-025-00783-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10544-025-00783-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review focuses on the recent progress in electrochemical biosensors, which are emerging as innovative, sensitive, and cost-efficient platforms for identifying and monitoring biomarkers associated with neurodegeneration. We examine the basic principles behind the operation of electrochemical biosensors, emphasizing the significance of bioreceptors and transducers, as well as the influence of electrode materials such as metals, carbon-based nanomaterials, and conducting polymers (CPs) on the sensors’ performance. The role of nanotechnology is highlighted for its capacity to improve signal transduction, bioreceptor immobilization, and the detection of multiple targets, all while ensuring miniaturization and portability. Additionally, we outline recent approaches for enhancing signal amplification and optimizing performance across various biosensor generations. The use of these biosensors in detecting protein aggregates, genetic mutations, and exosomal biomarkers is reviewed in the context of early diagnosis and tracking disease progression. Finally, the paper discusses current challenges and suggests future directions to aid the clinical application of electrochemical biosensors in diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases. Major barriers impeding the transition of these technologies to clinical approach are discussed along with the variability in performance with real patient samples, lack of reproducibility, scaling up the synthesis of nanomaterials, and the requirement for changes in standardized validation and regulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":490,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Microdevices","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}