Early Science and Medicine最新文献_第3页

The Concept of Complexion in Antonio da Parma’s Medical Anthropology 安东尼奥·达·帕尔马医学人类学中的肤色概念

IF 0.3 2区哲学

Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20230077

Aurélien Robert

{"title":"The Concept of Complexion in Antonio da Parma’s Medical Anthropology","authors":"Aurélien Robert","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20230077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20230077","url":null,"abstract":"Antonio da Parma (d. 1327) was a philosopher and physician, active in Bologna in the early fourteenth century, and associated with so-called “Bolognese Averroism.” His philosophical works are increasingly better documented. While his medical works are much less studied, his commentary – written between 1310 and 1323 – on the first book of Avicenna’s Canon, had a considerable influence on later commentators. This paper presents his analysis of the notion of ‘complexion’, a notion central to his anthropology for the philosophical issues it seeks to address: the possibility, for example, of defining the specific nature of the human body – as compared with other natural species – or of conceiving a scientific and universal discourse when confronted with the extreme variability of individual bodily complexion, which is at the heart of medical practice. Taking from Galen and Avicenna their ‘relativistic’ analysis of the well-balanced complexion, Antonio uses the idea of a latitude of individual complexion within the limits set by the natural species, to thereby make this picture of the human body coherent with the principles of Aristotelian natural philosophy. In so doing, he addresses the relationship between matter and form in a human body, the individuation of human bodies, or the principle of identity of a singular body. The paper concludes with a transcription of the relevant passages from Antonio’s commentary on Avicenna’s Canon.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Between Matter and Form: Complexion (mizāǧ) as a Keystone of Avicenna’s Scientific Project 在物质与形式之间:肤色(mizāǧ)是阿维森纳科学计划的基石

IF 0.3 2区哲学

Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20230080

Tommaso Alpina

{"title":"Between Matter and Form: Complexion (mizāǧ) as a Keystone of Avicenna’s Scientific Project","authors":"Tommaso Alpina","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20230080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20230080","url":null,"abstract":"According to Avicenna, the perfect (or complete) disposition (istiʿdād kāmil/tāmm) turns prime matter, which is potentially receptive to every form (or power, or quality), into complected matter, which is endowed with uniform quality. The latter, i.e., complexion (mizāǧ) or complexional form (ṣūra mizāǧiyya), is suitable to receive some particular form (or power, or quality) and not another. The question arises as to how matter acquires its specific complexion. Is it the result of celestial influence, or does it emerge from chemical, elemental interactions within matter? This paper tries to answer this question with textual evidence from Avicenna’s natural philosophy and metaphysics. Together with soul/form, complected matter represents the other constituent of organic, living substances. The paper then attempts to determine which science is proper to its investigation. I argue that the investigation of organic matter, that is, the specific complexion characterizing the animal body (or its parts), pertains to zoology. Zoology is crucial to grounding medical practice, which operates on those specific complexions to preserve or restore health.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Eukrasia and Enkrateia: Greco-Roman Theories of Blending and the Struggle for Virtue 欧亚大陆与恩克拉提亚:希腊-罗马融合理论与美德之争

IF 0.3 2区哲学

Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20230076

Giouli Korobili

引用次数: 0

Tempering Occult Qualities: Magnetism and Complexio in Early Modern Medical Thought 调和神秘特质:早期现代医学思想中的磁性和复杂性

IF 0.3 2区哲学

Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20230087

Christoph Sander

{"title":"Tempering Occult Qualities: Magnetism and Complexio in Early Modern Medical Thought","authors":"Christoph Sander","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20230087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20230087","url":null,"abstract":"In medieval natural philosophy and medicine, magnetic attraction was the most commonly invoked example for the effects of so-called ‘occult qualities’ or ‘occult powers.’ According to this conception – which dates back to Galen, Alexander of Aphrodisias, and Avicenna – magnetism was caused by an insensible quality and not, therefore, by one of the four primary qualities (hot, cold, wet, dry). Already disputed in medieval times, however, was whether the magnet’s ‘temperament’, ‘mixture’ or ‘complexion’ might not account for the attraction of iron. In the early modern period, trained physicians above all increasingly refuted ‘occult qualities’ in magnetism, while at the same time retaining a Galenic framework. They argued instead for more elaborate theories invoking the magnet’s and iron’s ‘complexion’ or their single primary qualities, such as ‘humidity’ or ‘heat.’ Medical concepts were often combined with meteorological ideas for causal theories of natural phenomena like magnetism. By telling this unheard story of ‘complexion’ in theories of magnetism, we show not only how medical theories were transferred from medicine into other fields of research, but also that an established narrative in modern historiography is highly questionable: contrary to what was assumed by the contemporary critics (e.g., Descartes) and many modern historians, several Galenic physicians did not subscribe to a theory of occult qualities (in the case of magnetism) in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Constitution of Air: Observation and the Limits of Temperament in Italian Renaissance Medical Writing 空气的构成:意大利文艺复兴时期医学写作中的观察与气质的局限

IF 0.3 2区哲学

Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20230086

Craig Martin

引用次数: 0

Complexio in the Late-Medieval Latin De animalibus 中世纪晚期拉丁语De animalibus中的Complexio

IF 0.3 2区哲学

Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20230081

Chiara Beneduce

引用次数: 0

Can Mixtures Be Identified by Touch? The Reception of Galen’s De complexionibus in Italian Renaissance Medicine 混合物可以通过触摸识别吗?意大利文艺复兴时期医学对盖伦《论肤色》的接受

IF 0.3 2区哲学

Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20230084

Viktoria von Hoffmann

引用次数: 0

Complexio and the Transformation of Learned Physiognomy ca. 1200–ca. 1500 复合体与学相的转化(约1200年)1500

IF 0.3 2区哲学

Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20230083

Joseph Ziegler

{"title":"Complexio and the Transformation of Learned Physiognomy ca. 1200–ca. 1500","authors":"Joseph Ziegler","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20230083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20230083","url":null,"abstract":"This article surveys the long story of complexio in physiognomic discourse, from Galen’s De complexionibus (De temperamentis) to the great physiognomic manuals of the fifteenth century by Rolandus Scriptoris and Michele Savonarola. We linger, along the way, on various physiognomic texts, most notably the contributions to learned physiognomic discourse of Michael Scotus, William of Aragon, and John Buridan. The emerging story moves from the absence of complexio to omnipresence, with a sudden leap forward in the importance of the idea in the thirteenth century. The agents of this change were natural philosophers as well as physicians – possibly via medical intermediaries (most notably Rhazes), whose texts became available to Latin readers in the twelfth century; they borrowed the term and assimilated it into their texts, which now included the missing causal explanations that linked the physiognomic sign to its meaning. The distinctions between various kinds of complexions, most notably the growing use of the concept of radical complexion (around 1300), played a key role in this development, which provided a more stable foundation for the physiognomic judgement.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Temperament and the Senses: The Taste, Odor and Color of Drugs in Late-Renaissance Galenism 气质与感官:文艺复兴晚期盖伦主义中毒品的味道、气味和颜色

IF 0.3 2区哲学

Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20230085

Elisabeth Moreau

引用次数: 0

Can There Be Two Perfectly Identical Complexions? Peter of Abano and Jacopo of Forlì on Avicenna’s Interdict 有两种完全相同的肤色吗?阿巴诺的彼得和Forlì的雅格布谈阿维森纳的禁令

IF 0.3 2区哲学

Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20230078

Gabriella Zuccolin

{"title":"Can There Be Two Perfectly Identical Complexions? Peter of Abano and Jacopo of Forlì on Avicenna’s Interdict","authors":"Gabriella Zuccolin","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20230078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20230078","url":null,"abstract":"Avicenna, in Book I of the Canon, within the context of his general doctrine of complexion, presents the eight modes of equality (modi aequalitatis) that concern specific or individual complexions. There he states quite clearly that each individual within the human species possesses a complexion that belongs to that individual exclusively, and with which it is impossible to associate another individual. In this contribution, after a brief survey of some features of the discussions around the individuality and unrepeatability of complexions in the physiognomic tradition (with particular reference to twins), I will consider two different takes on this Avicennian interdict: the first, which echoes the Persian philosopher and physician, is proposed by Peter of Abano in his Conciliator; the other is by Jacopo of Forlì, who, in his Questiones super primam et secundam fen primi Canonis Avicenne, seems to cautiously distance himself from Avicenna’s authority. The contrast between these two medieval responses allows us to grasp the importance of complexion as a theoretical tool for explaining differences between individuals of the same species – differences which are not merely random or accidental, nor strictly formal.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0