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Albert the Great on Climatic Determinism 阿尔伯特大帝的气候决定论
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240114
Vlad-Lucian Ile
{"title":"Albert the Great on Climatic Determinism","authors":"Vlad-Lucian Ile","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240114","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of ‘climate’ has evolved from its original meaning as an astronomical and geographical reality to a contemporary vision in which it appears as an entity that can be changed and affected by human beings. Long before arriving at the current state of affairs, the thirteenth-century notion of <jats:italic>clima</jats:italic> was closely related to the influence exerted by the heavens and the supra-terrestrial realm on terrestrial bodies that underwent generation and corruption. It is in this particular sense that we may speak of climate determinism: involving the formative and non-accidental action upon natural beings by climatic or regional conditions that were determined from above. This paper explores Albert the Great’s account of climatic determinism by relating the astronomical notion of <jats:italic>clima</jats:italic> with a pair of notions belonging to natural philosophy: <jats:italic>locus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>locatum</jats:italic>. For this purpose, it will rely on the theory of natural places that Albert developed in <jats:italic>De natura loci</jats:italic> and in his other works of natural philosophy.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Climata et temperamenta: the Influence of Climate and Environment on Human Complexion in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries 气候与气质：13、14世纪气候与环境对人类肤色的影响
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240115
Evelina Miteva
{"title":"Climata et temperamenta: the Influence of Climate and Environment on Human Complexion in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries","authors":"Evelina Miteva","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240115","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper addresses the way in which local conditions – geographical, biological or astrological – were believed to influence the general constitution of human nature from the viewpoint of natural philosophy. What were the material conditions that constituted the diversity between peoples and individuals? The focus of this paper is on the relation between climatic zones and the complexion of their inhabitants. This relation and the ensuing natural determinism are present in Albert the Great’s <jats:italic>De natura loci</jats:italic>. While not being as specific as Albert in laying out the ethnographic specifics, Thomas Aquinas shared the general framework set out by his teacher that astrological and geographical conditions greatly affect the complexion of the inhabitants. In his unedited commentary on Aristotle’s <jats:italic>Parva naturalia</jats:italic>, John Buridan sticks to the general Aristotelian paradigm, to which Albert and Thomas also adhered, but considers in greater detail the way climatic conditions affect the individual human complexion.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Climate after the Middle Ages: a Look at Later Developments 中世纪以后的气候：回顾后来的发展
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240116
Sara Miglietti
{"title":"Climate after the Middle Ages: a Look at Later Developments","authors":"Sara Miglietti","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240116","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I explore the influence of medieval “climate theories” upon later thinkers, highlighting three thematic areas where this continuity was particularly strong: the problem of method; the management of disagreement; and the question of freedom. In each of these areas, Renaissance theorists built upon the work of their Scholastic predecessors (primarily Albert the Great and Roger Bacon) to discuss how human beings owed their character and physique to the specific “powers” (<jats:italic>virtutes</jats:italic>) of the places in which they lived. Yet Renaissance thinkers also introduced innovations that reflected the new discursive and material contexts in which they operated.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ibn Bājja on Climates 伊本Bājja关于气候
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240112
Corrado la Martire
{"title":"Ibn Bājja on Climates","authors":"Corrado la Martire","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240112","url":null,"abstract":"Extant information about Ibn Bājja’s interest in climatology is limited to a few vague anecdotes. This article seeks to expand our understanding of his views on the inhabitable and uninhabitable regions of the earth, drawing primarily on his commentaries on Aristotle’s <jats:italic>Meteorology</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>al-Āthār al-ʿulwiyya</jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Generation and Corruption</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>al-Kawn wa-l-fasād</jats:italic>). The article presents an attempt to explain why Ibn Bājja believed that some sections of the earth are inhabitable, how climate affects the human character, and how this topic fits into Ibn Bājja’s overall framework of thought.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
“Northerners are Strong, Southerners are Timid”: the Notion of Climate in Medieval Physiognomy "北方人强壮，南方人胆小"：中世纪相术中的气候概念
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240113
Lisa Devriese
{"title":"“Northerners are Strong, Southerners are Timid”: the Notion of Climate in Medieval Physiognomy","authors":"Lisa Devriese","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240113","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the role that climate played in medieval physiognomy, and more specifically in the medieval commentaries on the pseudo-Aristotelian <jats:italic>Physiognomonica</jats:italic>. As the <jats:italic>Physiognomonica</jats:italic> is mainly a listing of external bodily features and of their corresponding character traits without explaining how precisely these connections come about, certain medieval commentators attempted to fill this knowledge gap. Our study shows how the notion of climate in medieval commentaries on the <jats:italic>Physiognomonica</jats:italic> is employed to support and explain physiognomic theories, in two general ways. On the one hand, the notion of climate offers a general framework to explain how the body is formed; on the other, climate is used also to rationalize certain pseudo-Aristotelian connections that would seem at a first glance not to make sense.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Albrecht Dürer’s Drawing Devices: an Experimental Study Albrecht drer的绘图装置：实验研究
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20241334
Philip Steadman
{"title":"Albrecht Dürer’s Drawing Devices: an Experimental Study","authors":"Philip Steadman","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20241334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20241334","url":null,"abstract":"In the two editions of his <jats:italic>Underweysung der Messung</jats:italic> of 1525 and 1538, Albrecht Dürer published designs for four devices to help artists with drawing. The present author has reconstructed all four tools and made experiments, in each case drawing a lute. The paper reports on the problems encountered and the times taken. For comparison, a perspective view of the lute is constructed geometrically, and other drawings are made freehand. The two more complex machines proved to be inaccurate, time-consuming, and almost unworkable. The gridded frame is faster and more accurate. Best of all in terms of speed and precision is tracing on glass, which in the experiments took less than a tenth of the time needed to set up and draw a perspective of the lute’s difficult curved form. The paper follows the historical legacy of Dürer’s devices. The complex machines are republished repeatedly in Renaissance texts on perspective but were arguably little used in practice. By contrast, the gridded frame and tracing on glass were recommended in many teaching texts and used widely by artists right up to the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Heart, Center of the World, and the Principle of Motion: from Aristotle to Kepler and Galileo 心脏、世界中心和运动原理：从亚里士多德到开普勒和伽利略
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240109
Miguel Á. Granada
{"title":"Heart, Center of the World, and the Principle of Motion: from Aristotle to Kepler and Galileo","authors":"Miguel Á. Granada","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the transformation of the “heart of the world” concept and its influence on the understanding of what causes planetary motion. It begins with Aristotle’s conception of the sphere of the fixed stars and that of commentators such as Simplicius, Averroes, and Aquinas. The focus then shifts to the notion of a mobile Sun positioned between the upper and lower planets in the geocentric tradition of Macrobius, medieval, and Renaissance thinkers. We then examine the transition to the Copernican Sun, which is both stationary in terms of its central geometric position but also perceived as the “natural” or vital center of the universe. These ideas are then traced from Copernicus and Rheticus to Kepler and Galileo. We will conclude with some considerations concerning Giordano Bruno and William Harvey, and the intriguing connection between the circulation of the blood and the Sun’s role as the heart of the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evidence for Re-attributing to Pierre Gassendi the Authorship of Anatomia ridiculi muris (1651) and Favilla ridiculi muris (1653) 将《Anatomia ridiculi muris》（1651 年）和《Favilla ridiculi muris》（1653 年）的作者重新归于皮埃尔-加森迪的证据
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240108
Rodolfo Garau
{"title":"Evidence for Re-attributing to Pierre Gassendi the Authorship of Anatomia ridiculi muris (1651) and Favilla ridiculi muris (1653)","authors":"Rodolfo Garau","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>From 1643 onwards – almost until the ends of their lives –, the philosopher and astronomer Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655) and the mathematician and astrologer Jean-Baptiste Morin (1583–1656) were engaged in a bitter polemic. Scholars in the history of early modern science consider this polemic crucial both for understanding the debate over Galileanism and Copernicanism in France, and for understanding the decline of astrology within scholarly communities. This conflict began with the publication of Gassendi’s <em>De motu impresso a motore translato</em> (1642) and Morin’s subsequent critique of the author’s Galileanism and Copernican stance. As the polemic evolved, it came to include other members of Gassendi’s network, who retaliated with criticism of Morin’s astrological practices – a process that culminated in what Robert Alan Hatch interpreted in 2017 as a significant moment in the exclusion of astrology from French academic discourse. In this paper, I present evidence that two of the texts in this polemical series, the <em>Anatomia ridiculi muris</em> (1651) and the <em>Favilla ridiculi muris</em> (1653), which have traditionally been attributed to Gassendi’s pupil François Bernier (1620–1688), were in fact authored by Gassendi himself. This re-attribution casts Gassendi’s influence on the decline of astrology in early modern France in a different light, while also offering a deeper insight into his intellectual biography and into the composition of his <em>Opera omnia</em>.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mechanism, vis motiva, and Fermentation: a Reassessment of Borelli’s Physiology 机制、动机和发酵：对博莱利生理学的重新评估
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240110
Antonio Clericuzio, Carmen Schmechel
{"title":"Mechanism, vis motiva, and Fermentation: a Reassessment of Borelli’s Physiology","authors":"Antonio Clericuzio, Carmen Schmechel","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>According to the standard view, Borelli was a strict mechanist who sought to explain organic processes by resorting to invisible mechanisms. This paper aims to show that his outlook on living organisms as contained in <em>De motu animalium</em> was far more nuanced than historians have maintained. Borelli resorted to <em>vis motiva</em> as the source of activity of corpuscles, a notion that was at odds with strict mechanism. He identified motive force with spirits, namely with self-moving particles of matter. Borelli combined anatomy and mechanism and integrated the latter with chemical experiments and analogies. Like most late–seventeenth century physiologists, Borelli resorted to fermentation to account for several physiological processes such as digestion, generation, and muscular motion. He distinguished two kinds of fermentative processes: a slow one, as in the case of digestion, and a quick one, as in the case of the presumed effervescence of the blood which he maintained was the cause of muscular movement.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Form and Matter of Regular Geometrical Bodies in Luca Pacioli’s Summa (1494) and Compendium de divina proportione (1498) 卢卡-帕乔利的《总结》（1494 年）和《神比例大全》（1498 年）中规则几何体的形式和物质
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240106
Giacomo Damiani
{"title":"Form and Matter of Regular Geometrical Bodies in Luca Pacioli’s Summa (1494) and Compendium de divina proportione (1498)","authors":"Giacomo Damiani","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240106","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Luca Pacioli (ca. 1447–1517) is widely considered a central figure in the Italian Renaissance, particularly in the history of practical mathematics. The perspectival representations of geometrical bodies that Leonardo da Vinci drew for Pacioli’s <em>Compendium de divina proportione</em> are, in turn, often singled out to illustrate the relationships between the visual arts and mathematics in the late fifteenth century. Yet despite increasing scholarly attention, the philosophical framework of Pacioli’s works deserves to be further explored. This paper discusses how Pacioli ably developed his arguments on regular geometrical bodies by relying on a predominantly Aristotelian philosophical framework. In this way, Pacioli established correlations among the quantitative, material, and formal properties of regular geometrical bodies, concluding with the visualisation of their (geometrically defined) form at the level of the intellect.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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