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Mining for Water? Underground Sources of Hydraulic Knowledge and Expertise in Early Modern Europe 采矿取水？近代早期欧洲水利知识和专长的地下来源
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20251319
Davide Martino
{"title":"Mining for Water? Underground Sources of Hydraulic Knowledge and Expertise in Early Modern Europe","authors":"Davide Martino","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20251319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20251319","url":null,"abstract":"<p>From Antiquity onwards, the need to keep mines dry has given rise to the development of water-raising machines. In early modern Europe a series of technological innovations, such as suction-lift pumps, were pioneered underground. Mines were an ideal site for hydraulic experimentation for four reasons: the incentive to dig deeper, the availability of capital, the presence of a skilled workforce, and the cost of labour. The new hydraulic technologies developed in mines were deployed in the water supply systems of many European cities, abbeys, and courts, as illustrated by the example of the Free Imperial City of Augsburg, the career of Pilgram Marpeck, and the Falkenstein mine. Given the significance of this technological transfer and the sheer mass of water raised out of pits, which far exceeded the mass of ore extracted, this article makes the case for the technological and environmental significance of the extraction of water from early modern mines.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Physiognomy, Complexion, and Ingenuity: the Management of Talent in the Society of Jesus, 1540–1773
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20251335
Francisco Malta Romeiras, Luís Campos Ribeiro, Elisa Frei
{"title":"Physiognomy, Complexion, and Ingenuity: the Management of Talent in the Society of Jesus, 1540–1773","authors":"Francisco Malta Romeiras, Luís Campos Ribeiro, Elisa Frei","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20251335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20251335","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Jesuits’ commitment to paperwork and bureaucracy was a distinctive quality of the Society of Jesus since its foundation in 1540. By examining the catalogues produced in Portugal between 1555 and 1754, we argue that this evaluation of the bodily and spiritual qualities of individual Jesuits, especially of their temperament and ingenuity, left a profound mark in the Jesuits’ way of proceeding and that the compilation of these lists was a means to discern the skills most urgently needed for particular contexts and to make the best possible appointments across the globe. Finally, we show that Jesuit mathematicians in Lisbon taught their students how to calculate the natural complexion with astrological techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"192 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Rusty, Suppurated, and Discharged like Sēpía Ink: Scientific Knowledge, Animal Lore, and Colour Classification in Plutarch’s De Sera Num. 26, 565b–d
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20251336
Daniele Morrone
{"title":"Rusty, Suppurated, and Discharged like Sēpía Ink: Scientific Knowledge, Animal Lore, and Colour Classification in Plutarch’s De Sera Num. 26, 565b–d","authors":"Daniele Morrone","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20251336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20251336","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The theological and eschatological dialogue <i>De sera numinis vindicta</i> (“On the Slowness of the Divinity to Punish”) by Plutarch of Chaeronea (first–second century <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">CE</span>) contains precise references to scientific and technical notions of his time, primarily within analogies and symbolic images. Assuming that understanding these symbolic elements requires an examination of the terminology and concepts that inspired them across scientific and broader cultural contexts, this article analyses one passage to gain insights into early imperial zoology, ink usage, colour classification, and metallurgical terminology. After introducing selected medical, zoological, and metallurgical references within the dialogue, the article focuses on a symbolic sentence describing “ill-will” and “envy” as a “rusty” (or “poisonous” or “violet-like,” <styled-content lang=\"el-Grek\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:ifp=\"http://www.ifactory.com/press\">ἰώδης</styled-content>) and “suppurated” (or “hidden” or “treacherous,” <styled-content lang=\"el-Grek\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:ifp=\"http://www.ifactory.com/press\">ὕπουλος</styled-content>) fluid emitted by envious souls, compared to the manner in which “cuttlefish” (<styled-content lang=\"el-Grek\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:ifp=\"http://www.ifactory.com/press\">σηπίαι)</styled-content> emit their ink. While clarifying the meaning and chromatic implications of this image, the article explores zoological knowledge of cuttlefish, ancient sources on cephalopod ink usage, and documented associations of these inks with the colours and corrosions of bronze and iron. Personal observations of the natural colours of three cephalopod inks are also presented alongside those of corroded copper and iron powders.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Albert the Great on Climatic Determinism 阿尔伯特大帝的气候决定论
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240114
Vlad-Lucian Ile
{"title":"Albert the Great on Climatic Determinism","authors":"Vlad-Lucian Ile","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240114","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of ‘climate’ has evolved from its original meaning as an astronomical and geographical reality to a contemporary vision in which it appears as an entity that can be changed and affected by human beings. Long before arriving at the current state of affairs, the thirteenth-century notion of <jats:italic>clima</jats:italic> was closely related to the influence exerted by the heavens and the supra-terrestrial realm on terrestrial bodies that underwent generation and corruption. It is in this particular sense that we may speak of climate determinism: involving the formative and non-accidental action upon natural beings by climatic or regional conditions that were determined from above. This paper explores Albert the Great’s account of climatic determinism by relating the astronomical notion of <jats:italic>clima</jats:italic> with a pair of notions belonging to natural philosophy: <jats:italic>locus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>locatum</jats:italic>. For this purpose, it will rely on the theory of natural places that Albert developed in <jats:italic>De natura loci</jats:italic> and in his other works of natural philosophy.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Climata et temperamenta: the Influence of Climate and Environment on Human Complexion in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries 气候与气质：13、14世纪气候与环境对人类肤色的影响
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240115
Evelina Miteva
{"title":"Climata et temperamenta: the Influence of Climate and Environment on Human Complexion in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries","authors":"Evelina Miteva","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240115","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper addresses the way in which local conditions – geographical, biological or astrological – were believed to influence the general constitution of human nature from the viewpoint of natural philosophy. What were the material conditions that constituted the diversity between peoples and individuals? The focus of this paper is on the relation between climatic zones and the complexion of their inhabitants. This relation and the ensuing natural determinism are present in Albert the Great’s <jats:italic>De natura loci</jats:italic>. While not being as specific as Albert in laying out the ethnographic specifics, Thomas Aquinas shared the general framework set out by his teacher that astrological and geographical conditions greatly affect the complexion of the inhabitants. In his unedited commentary on Aristotle’s <jats:italic>Parva naturalia</jats:italic>, John Buridan sticks to the general Aristotelian paradigm, to which Albert and Thomas also adhered, but considers in greater detail the way climatic conditions affect the individual human complexion.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Climate after the Middle Ages: a Look at Later Developments 中世纪以后的气候：回顾后来的发展
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240116
Sara Miglietti
{"title":"Climate after the Middle Ages: a Look at Later Developments","authors":"Sara Miglietti","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240116","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I explore the influence of medieval “climate theories” upon later thinkers, highlighting three thematic areas where this continuity was particularly strong: the problem of method; the management of disagreement; and the question of freedom. In each of these areas, Renaissance theorists built upon the work of their Scholastic predecessors (primarily Albert the Great and Roger Bacon) to discuss how human beings owed their character and physique to the specific “powers” (<jats:italic>virtutes</jats:italic>) of the places in which they lived. Yet Renaissance thinkers also introduced innovations that reflected the new discursive and material contexts in which they operated.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ibn Bājja on Climates 伊本Bājja关于气候
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240112
Corrado la Martire
{"title":"Ibn Bājja on Climates","authors":"Corrado la Martire","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240112","url":null,"abstract":"Extant information about Ibn Bājja’s interest in climatology is limited to a few vague anecdotes. This article seeks to expand our understanding of his views on the inhabitable and uninhabitable regions of the earth, drawing primarily on his commentaries on Aristotle’s <jats:italic>Meteorology</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>al-Āthār al-ʿulwiyya</jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Generation and Corruption</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>al-Kawn wa-l-fasād</jats:italic>). The article presents an attempt to explain why Ibn Bājja believed that some sections of the earth are inhabitable, how climate affects the human character, and how this topic fits into Ibn Bājja’s overall framework of thought.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
“Northerners are Strong, Southerners are Timid”: the Notion of Climate in Medieval Physiognomy "北方人强壮，南方人胆小"：中世纪相术中的气候概念
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240113
Lisa Devriese
{"title":"“Northerners are Strong, Southerners are Timid”: the Notion of Climate in Medieval Physiognomy","authors":"Lisa Devriese","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240113","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the role that climate played in medieval physiognomy, and more specifically in the medieval commentaries on the pseudo-Aristotelian <jats:italic>Physiognomonica</jats:italic>. As the <jats:italic>Physiognomonica</jats:italic> is mainly a listing of external bodily features and of their corresponding character traits without explaining how precisely these connections come about, certain medieval commentators attempted to fill this knowledge gap. Our study shows how the notion of climate in medieval commentaries on the <jats:italic>Physiognomonica</jats:italic> is employed to support and explain physiognomic theories, in two general ways. On the one hand, the notion of climate offers a general framework to explain how the body is formed; on the other, climate is used also to rationalize certain pseudo-Aristotelian connections that would seem at a first glance not to make sense.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Albrecht Dürer’s Drawing Devices: an Experimental Study Albrecht drer的绘图装置：实验研究
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20241334
Philip Steadman
{"title":"Albrecht Dürer’s Drawing Devices: an Experimental Study","authors":"Philip Steadman","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20241334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20241334","url":null,"abstract":"In the two editions of his <jats:italic>Underweysung der Messung</jats:italic> of 1525 and 1538, Albrecht Dürer published designs for four devices to help artists with drawing. The present author has reconstructed all four tools and made experiments, in each case drawing a lute. The paper reports on the problems encountered and the times taken. For comparison, a perspective view of the lute is constructed geometrically, and other drawings are made freehand. The two more complex machines proved to be inaccurate, time-consuming, and almost unworkable. The gridded frame is faster and more accurate. Best of all in terms of speed and precision is tracing on glass, which in the experiments took less than a tenth of the time needed to set up and draw a perspective of the lute’s difficult curved form. The paper follows the historical legacy of Dürer’s devices. The complex machines are republished repeatedly in Renaissance texts on perspective but were arguably little used in practice. By contrast, the gridded frame and tracing on glass were recommended in many teaching texts and used widely by artists right up to the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"2022 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Heart, Center of the World, and the Principle of Motion: from Aristotle to Kepler and Galileo 心脏、世界中心和运动原理：从亚里士多德到开普勒和伽利略
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240109
Miguel Á. Granada
{"title":"Heart, Center of the World, and the Principle of Motion: from Aristotle to Kepler and Galileo","authors":"Miguel Á. Granada","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the transformation of the “heart of the world” concept and its influence on the understanding of what causes planetary motion. It begins with Aristotle’s conception of the sphere of the fixed stars and that of commentators such as Simplicius, Averroes, and Aquinas. The focus then shifts to the notion of a mobile Sun positioned between the upper and lower planets in the geocentric tradition of Macrobius, medieval, and Renaissance thinkers. We then examine the transition to the Copernican Sun, which is both stationary in terms of its central geometric position but also perceived as the “natural” or vital center of the universe. These ideas are then traced from Copernicus and Rheticus to Kepler and Galileo. We will conclude with some considerations concerning Giordano Bruno and William Harvey, and the intriguing connection between the circulation of the blood and the Sun’s role as the heart of the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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