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Heart, Center of the World, and the Principle of Motion: from Aristotle to Kepler and Galileo 心脏、世界中心和运动原理：从亚里士多德到开普勒和伽利略
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240109
Miguel Á. Granada
{"title":"Heart, Center of the World, and the Principle of Motion: from Aristotle to Kepler and Galileo","authors":"Miguel Á. Granada","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the transformation of the “heart of the world” concept and its influence on the understanding of what causes planetary motion. It begins with Aristotle’s conception of the sphere of the fixed stars and that of commentators such as Simplicius, Averroes, and Aquinas. The focus then shifts to the notion of a mobile Sun positioned between the upper and lower planets in the geocentric tradition of Macrobius, medieval, and Renaissance thinkers. We then examine the transition to the Copernican Sun, which is both stationary in terms of its central geometric position but also perceived as the “natural” or vital center of the universe. These ideas are then traced from Copernicus and Rheticus to Kepler and Galileo. We will conclude with some considerations concerning Giordano Bruno and William Harvey, and the intriguing connection between the circulation of the blood and the Sun’s role as the heart of the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evidence for Re-attributing to Pierre Gassendi the Authorship of Anatomia ridiculi muris (1651) and Favilla ridiculi muris (1653) 将《Anatomia ridiculi muris》（1651 年）和《Favilla ridiculi muris》（1653 年）的作者重新归于皮埃尔-加森迪的证据
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240108
Rodolfo Garau
{"title":"Evidence for Re-attributing to Pierre Gassendi the Authorship of Anatomia ridiculi muris (1651) and Favilla ridiculi muris (1653)","authors":"Rodolfo Garau","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>From 1643 onwards – almost until the ends of their lives –, the philosopher and astronomer Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655) and the mathematician and astrologer Jean-Baptiste Morin (1583–1656) were engaged in a bitter polemic. Scholars in the history of early modern science consider this polemic crucial both for understanding the debate over Galileanism and Copernicanism in France, and for understanding the decline of astrology within scholarly communities. This conflict began with the publication of Gassendi’s <em>De motu impresso a motore translato</em> (1642) and Morin’s subsequent critique of the author’s Galileanism and Copernican stance. As the polemic evolved, it came to include other members of Gassendi’s network, who retaliated with criticism of Morin’s astrological practices – a process that culminated in what Robert Alan Hatch interpreted in 2017 as a significant moment in the exclusion of astrology from French academic discourse. In this paper, I present evidence that two of the texts in this polemical series, the <em>Anatomia ridiculi muris</em> (1651) and the <em>Favilla ridiculi muris</em> (1653), which have traditionally been attributed to Gassendi’s pupil François Bernier (1620–1688), were in fact authored by Gassendi himself. This re-attribution casts Gassendi’s influence on the decline of astrology in early modern France in a different light, while also offering a deeper insight into his intellectual biography and into the composition of his <em>Opera omnia</em>.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mechanism, vis motiva, and Fermentation: a Reassessment of Borelli’s Physiology 机制、动机和发酵：对博莱利生理学的重新评估
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240110
Antonio Clericuzio, Carmen Schmechel
{"title":"Mechanism, vis motiva, and Fermentation: a Reassessment of Borelli’s Physiology","authors":"Antonio Clericuzio, Carmen Schmechel","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>According to the standard view, Borelli was a strict mechanist who sought to explain organic processes by resorting to invisible mechanisms. This paper aims to show that his outlook on living organisms as contained in <em>De motu animalium</em> was far more nuanced than historians have maintained. Borelli resorted to <em>vis motiva</em> as the source of activity of corpuscles, a notion that was at odds with strict mechanism. He identified motive force with spirits, namely with self-moving particles of matter. Borelli combined anatomy and mechanism and integrated the latter with chemical experiments and analogies. Like most late–seventeenth century physiologists, Borelli resorted to fermentation to account for several physiological processes such as digestion, generation, and muscular motion. He distinguished two kinds of fermentative processes: a slow one, as in the case of digestion, and a quick one, as in the case of the presumed effervescence of the blood which he maintained was the cause of muscular movement.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141986230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Form and Matter of Regular Geometrical Bodies in Luca Pacioli’s Summa (1494) and Compendium de divina proportione (1498) 卢卡-帕乔利的《总结》（1494 年）和《神比例大全》（1498 年）中规则几何体的形式和物质
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240106
Giacomo Damiani
{"title":"Form and Matter of Regular Geometrical Bodies in Luca Pacioli’s Summa (1494) and Compendium de divina proportione (1498)","authors":"Giacomo Damiani","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240106","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Luca Pacioli (ca. 1447–1517) is widely considered a central figure in the Italian Renaissance, particularly in the history of practical mathematics. The perspectival representations of geometrical bodies that Leonardo da Vinci drew for Pacioli’s <em>Compendium de divina proportione</em> are, in turn, often singled out to illustrate the relationships between the visual arts and mathematics in the late fifteenth century. Yet despite increasing scholarly attention, the philosophical framework of Pacioli’s works deserves to be further explored. This paper discusses how Pacioli ably developed his arguments on regular geometrical bodies by relying on a predominantly Aristotelian philosophical framework. In this way, Pacioli established correlations among the quantitative, material, and formal properties of regular geometrical bodies, concluding with the visualisation of their (geometrically defined) form at the level of the intellect.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Plato’s Dietetics for Intellectuals in Timaeus 86b–90d 柏拉图在《蒂迈欧篇》第 86b-90d 节中的知识分子饮食学
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240105
Hynek Bartoš
{"title":"Plato’s Dietetics for Intellectuals in Timaeus 86b–90d","authors":"Hynek Bartoš","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240105","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper I focus on the dietetic discussion at the end of the <em>Timaeus</em> (86b–90d) and read it against the background of the medical dietetics of its day. I try to show that Plato’s version of dietetics is deeply rooted in the preceding medical tradition and that it draws in particular on ideas attested in the Hippocratic treatises <em>On Regimen</em> and <em>Airs, Waters, Places</em>. On the other hand, I also argue that Plato is most likely the first author ever to identify intellectuals as a specific dietetic category and to propose a preventive regimen adapted to the specific needs of mathematicians, philosophers, and other men of letters. Therefore, his dietetic discussion in the <em>Timaeus</em> deserves recognition as an important contribution to the history of dietetic therapy and prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Between Active Matter and Letters: Kabbalah, Natural Knowledge, and Jewish How-To Books in Early Modern East-Central Europe 活动物质与文字之间：卡巴拉、自然知识和早期现代中东欧地区的犹太教实用书籍
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240107
Agata Paluch
{"title":"Between Active Matter and Letters: Kabbalah, Natural Knowledge, and Jewish How-To Books in Early Modern East-Central Europe","authors":"Agata Paluch","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240107","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This essay focuses on Jewish practical kabbalistic books of recipes that were produced in early modern East-Central Europe. These handwritten sources document the Jewish engagement with practical forms of expertise, which were informed by the theoretical foundations of kabbalistic knowledge. Through two case studies, the article highlights Jewish vernacular ideas about nature and matter, and the techniques used to transform these ideas into practical things during the early modern period. It also explores the phenomenon of recording these ideas and methods in the form of practical kabbalistic books of recipes, which serve as a prime example of practical episteme. In so doing, the article sheds light on the significance of kabbalistic theosophy and practical kabbalistic traditions, particularly those developed in East-Central Europe, in the broader history of Western European knowledge production.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Records of Trusted Medicines: Don Meir Alguades’s Tested Medicines (Segulot Muvḥanyot) in Context 值得信赖的药物记录：唐-梅厄-阿尔瓜德斯的《经检验的药物》（Segulot Muvḥanyot）背景介绍
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240102
Naama Cohen-Hanegbi
{"title":"Records of Trusted Medicines: Don Meir Alguades’s Tested Medicines (Segulot Muvḥanyot) in Context","authors":"Naama Cohen-Hanegbi","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240102","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Don Meir Alguades’s <em>Segulot Muvḥanyot</em>, extant in Parma, Biblioteca Palatina <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">MS</span> 2474, offers a rare insight into two converging questions in the history of late-medieval medical practice: how was practical knowledge transmitted? And to what extent did this practice draw on medical theory? The present article closely examines the various features of this collection – namely, the author to whom it was attributed, the text, the codex in which it was copied, and later renditions and mentions of the text. These reveal new information on the work, its formation and its reception, as well as on fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Jewish medical practice in Iberia and among Jews of Iberian descent. Considering this text as an exemplar of recorded clinical encounters allows us to advance tentative suggestions regarding the art of tailoring medical practice in the period, and the dynamics between medical theory and the medicine provided by learned physicians. The personalized recipes further demonstrate how the formulation of trust and credibility operated in Jewish medicine of the period, and how these survived through changing social contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141085246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Simple Motions, Simple Bodies and Aristotle’s Explanation of Locomotion in De Caelo I.2 简单运动、简单物体和亚里士多德在 De Caelo I.2 中对运动的解释
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240101
Jiayu Zhang
{"title":"Simple Motions, Simple Bodies and Aristotle’s Explanation of Locomotion in De Caelo I.2","authors":"Jiayu Zhang","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240101","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The thesis of this paper is that, in <em>De Caelo</em> <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">I</span>.2, the introduction and differentiation of simple bodies is achieved entirely by differentiating simple motions. This runs counter to the traditional interpretations of <em>De Caelo</em> <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">I</span>.2, which consider how, and how completely, Aristotle uses the differentiation of simple magnitudes to differentiate simple bodies, and which assume that he introduces the notion of a simple body independently of the notion of a simple motion. But the traditional interpretations miss the point of Aristotle’s argument in <em>De Caelo</em> <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">I</span>.2, which – so I argue – is to introduce the notion of simple motions, using this to introduce the notion of simple bodies, and to thereby provide an explanatory account of all possible locomotion. This is the reason why Aristotle identifies simple bodies in <em>De Caelo</em> <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">I</span>.2 with the fundamental components of the universe.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141085234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Discovery of chreia: Galen’s Method of Teleological Demonstration and Its Aristotelian Background chreia的发现：盖伦的目的论证明方法及其亚里士多德背景
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240097
Matyáš Havrda
{"title":"The Discovery of chreia: Galen’s Method of Teleological Demonstration and Its Aristotelian Background","authors":"Matyáš Havrda","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240097","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper explores Galen’s notion of the <em>chreia</em> of bodily parts and activities, and the method of its discovery against the Aristotelian background. It argues that the <em>chreia</em> of an object <styled-content lang=\"el-Grek\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:ifp=\"http://www.ifactory.com/press\">π</styled-content> (a bodily part or activity) is a connection between the activity <styled-content lang=\"el-Grek\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:ifp=\"http://www.ifactory.com/press\">ε</styled-content> for the sake of which <styled-content lang=\"el-Grek\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:ifp=\"http://www.ifactory.com/press\">π</styled-content> has come into existence, and the attributes of <styled-content lang=\"el-Grek\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:ifp=\"http://www.ifactory.com/press\">π</styled-content> without which <styled-content lang=\"el-Grek\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:ifp=\"http://www.ifactory.com/press\">ε</styled-content> would cease to exist or would not be as good. The discovery of <em>chreia</em>, then, is an explanation of this connection. Aristotle does not use the word ‘<em>chreia</em>’ in this sense, but in <em>Parts of Animals</em> he employs a partly overlapping notion which he calls ‘<em>ergon</em>’. Finally, the paper points out that Galen’s <em>chreia</em> is equivalent to the middle term of teleological demonstrations, as outlined in Aristotle’s <em>Posterior Analytics</em> <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">II</span> 11.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141085249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Book Publishing and Geometrical Skills in the Career of Sébastien Le Clerc 塞巴斯蒂安-勒克莱尔职业生涯中的图书出版和几何技能
IF 0.3 2区 哲学
Early Science and Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1163/15733823-20240095
Oded Rabinovitch
{"title":"Book Publishing and Geometrical Skills in the Career of Sébastien Le Clerc","authors":"Oded Rabinovitch","doi":"10.1163/15733823-20240095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15733823-20240095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sébastien Le Clerc was born into a family of goldsmiths in Lorraine, and received classical artisanal training. Yet over the course of a highly successful career as an engraver, he also became a widely published scientific author. This paper argues that geometrical skills played a key role in the dual development of Le Clerc’s career, and in his striving for recognition as a man of letters, as well as an engraver. By a detailed study of the geometrical skills displayed in Le Clerc’s two geometrical publications, this paper revisits the thorny question of the relations between scholars and artisans in the early modern period. Rather than a dependence on his hands-on, bodily experience, it was Le Clerc’s skill in geometry that lent support to his aspiring scholarly career.</p>","PeriodicalId":49081,"journal":{"name":"Early Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140130155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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