Ecosphere最新文献

{"title":"The influence of urban and agricultural landscape contexts on forest diversity and structure across ecoregions","authors":"John Paul Schmit,&nbsp;Lea R. Johnson,&nbsp;Matthew Baker,&nbsp;Lindsay Darling,&nbsp;Robert Fahey,&nbsp;Dexter H. Locke,&nbsp;Anita T. Morzillo,&nbsp;Nancy F. Sonti,&nbsp;Tara L. E. Trammell,&nbsp;Myla F. J. Aronson,&nbsp;Michelle L. Johnson","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forest patches in urban landscapes make outsized contributions to biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human health and well-being. However, urbanization can alter environmental conditions that underpin forest health. Most studies of forest health in urban landscapes have focused on few forest patches across a single metropolitan region, and synthesis is needed to understand broader patterns. We assessed variation among measures of forest health across land cover gradients and ecoregions by determining (1) whether the degree of urban, agricultural, and forested land surrounding a forest patch was reflected in differences in tree community composition, diversity, and structure and (2) whether these differences were consistent across ecoregions. We synthesized data from 17 observational studies (3334 plots) and remotely sensed land cover (1-km buffer) across four metropolitan regions (Baltimore–Washington DC, Chicago, New York City, and Philadelphia) spanning five ecoregions of the eastern deciduous forest of North America. Land cover surrounding forest patches differed among ecoregions, and forests were surrounded by heterogeneous land cover even in the most urbanized areas. Patterns of tree species composition and forest structure reflected landscape context. Forest patches surrounded by high canopy cover had greater or equal tree species diversity, density, basal area, and diversity of tree sizes relative to patches surrounded by highly agricultural or highly impervious landscapes. In contrast, there was little difference in structure and diversity between forests in highly agricultural and impervious settings. Tree species composition varied among ecoregions, yet tree community assemblages of forests in intensively urbanized areas were consistently distinct from those of forests in other contexts. Forest patches in the most urban and most agricultural landscapes shared predominantly native species communities and were characterized by low tree species diversity, basal area, and size class diversity, as well as high non-native tree abundance, highlighting commonalities among these intensive anthropogenic landscapes. These results point to both common challenges to forest health and common opportunities for forest stewardship in urban and agricultural landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ornithogenic alteration of a tundra ecosystem from decades of intense herbivory and dense nesting","authors":"Dana K. Kellett,&nbsp;Ray T. Alisauskas","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Migratory animals can serve as ecological links between geographically distant ecosystems. Moreover, when seasonally linked ecosystems differ in carrying capacity of migrant species, those with high capacity may support population growth with consequences to shared ecosystems with lower capacity through trophic cascades. Agricultural production has increased carrying capacity of lesser snow (<i>Anser caerulescens caerulescens</i>) and Ross's geese (<i>Anser rossii</i>, collectively, “light geese”) in southern agricultural landscapes where these species winter and stage during migration to and from northern breeding areas, resulting in population increase. In subarctic and arctic ecosystems where carrying capacity for geese is lower, high abundance and densities of light geese have caused trophic cascades during summer breeding. This has raised concern for resilience of northern ecosystems to withstand cumulative and intense pressures of above- and belowground herbivory and nest construction. We investigated the empirical relationship between intensity of vegetation disturbance by multidecadal foraging and nest construction by up to ~1.3 million geese and shifts in (1) plant community composition and (2) taxon richness of freshwater plant communities near Karrak Lake, in Canada's central arctic. Intense use by nesting light geese caused shifts from lowland communities dominated by grasses and sedges (collectively, graminoids), <i>Sphagnum</i> spp., and willows (<i>Salix</i> spp.) to those comprised of exposed peat, non-<i>Sphagnum</i> mosses, marsh ragwort (<i>Tephroseris palustris</i>), mare's tail (<i>Hippuris vulgaris</i>), and particularly birch (<i>Betula glandulosa</i>). Community change was less apparent in upland regions that were naturally less vegetated even in the absence of avian herbivores, but fruticose lichens, crowberry (<i>Empetrum nigrum</i>), and white heather (<i>Cassiope tetragona</i>) dominated undisturbed plant communities, whereas crustose lichens and bearberry (<i>Arctostaphylos</i> spp.) comprised disturbed communities. We did not find evidence for dominance by a limited number of species with long-term occupancy by light geese, as taxon richness was equivocal between disturbed and undisturbed plant communities. Cessation of foraging and nesting pressure increased taxon richness and reestablishment of locally eradicated plant species. Overall, herbivory and nesting effects were not uniform across this widespread nesting colony and, together with underlying influence from abiotic gradients, increased heterogeneity in the mosaic of vegetation communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beat the heat: Movements of a cold-adapted ungulate during a record-breaking heat wave","authors":"Aidan C. Sheppard,&nbsp;Emily Z. Hollik,&nbsp;Lee J. Hecker,&nbsp;Thomas S. Jung,&nbsp;Mark A. Edwards,&nbsp;Scott E. Nielsen","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70202","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as heat waves are increasing globally, revealing ecological responses that provide valuable insights toward the conservation of species in a changing climate. In this study, we utilized data from two populations of GPS-collared female wood bison (<i>Bison bison athabascae</i>) in the boreal forest of northwestern Canada to investigate their movement behaviors in response to the 2021 Western North American Heat Wave. Using generalized additive mixed-effect models and a model selection framework, we identified a behavioral temperature threshold for wood bison at 21°C. Above this threshold, movement rates decreased from ~100 m/h at 21°C to a low of ~25 m/h at 39°C (150% decrease; −9%/°C). Extreme heat also contributed to changes in diurnal movement patterns, reducing wood bison movement rates and shifting the timing of peak activity from midday to early morning. These findings highlight the behavioral adaptations of female wood bison and underscore the need to understand the behavioral and physiological responses of cold-adapted mammals to extreme weather events. Subsequent effects of thermoregulatory behavior may impact individual fitness and population viability, particularly at high latitudes where cold-adapted species are increasingly exposed to severe weather resulting from anthropogenic climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-metamorphic growth partially compensates for the effects of climate-driven stressors on juvenile frog performance","authors":"Laura A. Brannelly,&nbsp;Michel E. B. Ohmer,&nbsp;Lydia Zimmerman,&nbsp;Trina M. Wantman,&nbsp;Phoebe L. Reuben,&nbsp;Jakub Zegar,&nbsp;Samantha S. Fontaine,&nbsp;Molly C. Bletz,&nbsp;Brandon C. LaBumbard,&nbsp;Matthew D. Venesky,&nbsp;Rebecca L. Cramp,&nbsp;Douglas C. Woodhams,&nbsp;Corinne L. Richards-Zawacki","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70177","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human-induced climate change, land use changes, and urbanization are predicted to dramatically impact landscape hydrology, which can have devastating impacts on aquatic organisms. For amphibians that rely on aquatic environments to breed and develop, it is essential to understand how the larval environment impacts development, condition, and performance later in life. Two important predicted impacts of climate change, urbanization, and land use changes are reduced hydroperiod and variable larval density. Here, we explored how larval density and hydroperiod affect development, morphology, physiology, and immune defenses at metamorphosis and 35 days post-metamorphosis in the frog <i>Rana pipiens</i>. We found that high-density larval conditions had a large negative impact on development and morphology, which resulted in longer larval periods, reduced likelihood of metamorphosis, smaller size at metamorphosis, shorter femur to body length ratio, and reduced microbiome species evenness compared with animals that developed in low-density conditions. However, animals from the high-density treatment experienced compensatory growth post-metamorphosis, demonstrating accelerated growth in body size and relative femur length compared with animals from the low-density treatments, despite not “catching-up” in size. We also observed an increase in relative gut length and relative liver size in animals that had developed in the high-density treatment than those in the low-density treatment, as well as higher bacterial killing ability, and greater jump distances relative to their leg length across different temperatures. Finally, metabolic rate was higher overall but especially at higher test temperatures for animals that developed under high-density conditions, indicating that these animals may expend more energy in response to acute temperature changes. While the effects of climate change have direct negative effects on larval development and metamorphosis, animals can increase growth rate post-metamorphosis; however, that compensatory growth might come at a cost and reduce their ability to cope with further environmental change such as increased temperatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substantial role of under-ice limnological processes in diatom dynamics in the alpine lakes of the Chinese Loess Plateau","authors":"Xiaosen Zhang,&nbsp;Huiru Han,&nbsp;Zhiping Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongwei Shen,&nbsp;Jingyue Zhang,&nbsp;Keming Ma,&nbsp;Jianbao Liu","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70199","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent climate warming has resulted in the reduction of lake ice cover and significant changes in phytoplankton communities, but due to the traditional view of low production under lake ice in winter as well as the logistical challenges of winter conditions to field sampling, the influence of under-ice limnological processes on winter diatom dynamics is rarely directly examined and thus remains unclear. Here, lake pelagic diatoms were monitored covering both the open-water season and two ice-covered winter seasons in three alpine lakes on the Chinese Loess Plateau to track diatom succession dynamics and assess the potential influences of under-ice light and nutrient availability on diatom community. The results show clearly that diatom compositional changes during the open-water season in all the lakes were simply linked with lake physical mixing/stratification regimes, while diatom community composition was not consistent between the two winter seasons in each lake under the combined influence of changing under-ice nutrient and light conditions. In deep Lake Gonghai, total phosphorus (TP) explained equally the changes in winter diatom community with temperature, ice cover and associated light availability; in shallow Lake Pipahai, total nitrogen (TN) functioned as the major nutrient factor but was less important than light penetration through the ice; and in Lake Mayinghai, dissolved silica (DSi) outweighed the light effect of winter temperature and ice cover. Despite differing relative importance of nutrient factors between the different morphological types of lakes, winter diatom community changes in each lake were significantly linked with temperature, ice cover and associated changes in under-ice light availability. This study provides a detailed picture that winter temperature and under-ice limnological processes play a substantial role in diatom community dynamics in the alpine lakes of the Chinese Loess Plateau, and improves the understanding of limnological and ecological processes under ice and their driving mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient inputs in mesocosms of an oligotrophic lake fail to sustain an algal bloom","authors":"Jacquelyn L. Lewis,&nbsp;Brian M. Mattes,&nbsp;Erika K. Yates,&nbsp;Emily Palmer,&nbsp;Jeffrey R. Johansen,&nbsp;Rick A. Relyea","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70175","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Harmful algal blooms (HABs) rapidly change and threaten aquatic ecosystems. HABs in oligotrophic lakes are becoming more commonly observed, despite the long-held paradigm that algal blooms cannot happen in low-nutrient systems. This raises the question of whether nutrient loading, understood as a major driver of HABs, plays an important role in the potential for HAB development in oligotrophic lakes. Using in-lake mesocosms, we examined the effects of a gradient of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on the pelagic communities of an oligotrophic lake over 4 weeks. We hypothesized that increasing nutrients would result in an increased abundance of phytoplankton and an increased dominance by cyanobacteria. Although our nutrient additions caused an increase in the fluorescence of chlorophyll <i>a</i> (i.e., a proxy for total phytoplankton) and phycocyanin (i.e., a proxy for total cyanobacteria), these increases plateaued at low-nutrient concentrations and the increases were short-lived. The identification and enumeration of phytoplankton species confirmed that the composition of the phytoplankton also did not change with added nutrients, nor did the abundance of the dominant zooplankton group (i.e., cladocerans). Furthermore, our biweekly nutrient additions maintained elevated concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen in the water column, with total dissolved phosphorus and nitrate both readily available throughout the experiment. Given that light is very abundant (Secchi depths of 9–10 m), this suggests that another nutrient, such as iron or carbon, may have limited phytoplankton growth. Our findings suggest that excess nutrients may not always drive HABs in oligotrophic lakes and further studies should examine the effects of other micronutrients using similar controlled seminatural mesocosms.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gradient surface metrics of ecosystem structural diversity and their relationship with productivity across macrosystems","authors":"Elizabeth A. LaRue,&nbsp;Kylie M. Rezendes,&nbsp;Dennis H. Choi,&nbsp;Jianmin Wang,&nbsp;Anna G. Downing,&nbsp;Songlin Fei,&nbsp;Brady S. Hardiman","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70172","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Structural diversity—the volume and physical arrangement of vegetation within the three-dimensional (3D) space of ecosystems—is a predictor of ecosystem function that can be measured at large scales with remote sensing. However, the landscape composition and configuration of structural diversity across macrosystems have not been well described. Using a relatively recently developed method to quantify landscape composition and configuration of continuous habitat or terrain, we propose the application of gradient surface metrics (GSMs) to quantify landscape patterns of structural diversity and provide insights into how its spatial pattern relates to ecosystem function. We first applied an example set of GSMs that represent landscape heterogeneity, dominance, and edge density to Lidar-derived structural diversity within 28 forested landscapes at National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites. Second, we tested for forest type, geographic location, and climate drivers of macroscale variation in GSMs of structural diversity (GSM-SD). Third, we demonstrated the utility of these metrics for understanding spatial patterns of ecosystem function in a case study with NDVI, a proxy of productivity. We found that GSM-SD varied in landscapes within macrosystems, with forest type, geographic location, and climate being significantly related to some but not all metrics. We also found that dominance of high peaks of height and vertical complexity of canopy vegetation and the heterogeneity of the vertical complexity and coefficient of variation of canopy vegetation height within 120-m patches were negatively correlated with NDVI across the 28 NEON sites. However, forest type always had a significant interaction term between these GSM-SD and NDVI relationships. Our study demonstrates that GSMs are useful to describe the landscape composition and configuration of structural diversity and its relationship with productivity that warrants further consideration for spatially motivated management decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The presence of American beech litter can alter the growth response of sugar maple seedlings to drought","authors":"Alexandre Collin,&nbsp;Claudele Ghotsa Mekontchou,&nbsp;Audrey Maheu,&nbsp;Phillipe Nolet,&nbsp;Francesca Sotelo,&nbsp;David Rivest","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In late successional forests of North America, sugar maple (<i>Acer saccharum</i> Marsh.) and American beech (<i>Fagus grandifolia</i> Ehrh.) form a complex ecosystem with intricate interactions. Over the last few decades, several studies have reported a marked increase in American beech dominance relative to sugar maple. Recent evidence suggests that extreme events such as drought could accelerate sugar maple's maladaptation to climate change and favor American beech in its replacement dynamics. In this study, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of soil water stress and American beech presence on sugar maple seedling growth, structural physiology, leaf nitrogen, and chlorophyll. The seedlings were subjected to the following treatments independently and in combination for 82 days: soil water stress; soil originating from stands with American beech proliferation; soil sterilization; and presence of American beech litter. The results revealed that soil water stress was the primary factor significantly reducing sugar maple seedling growth, which also resulted in an increased root-to-shoot ratio. The presence of soil from stands with American beech proliferation did not exacerbate this negative effect. Soil sterilization, initially expected to reduce seedling growth by eliminating mycorrhizal associations, actually improved seedling growth. This suggests that adverse biotic processes, such as pathogens, were present in the soils regardless of their origin, and their negative effects outweighed the potential benefits from mycorrhization. The addition of American beech litter mitigated the effects of soil water stress but also introduced allelopathic compounds that hindered seedling growth. Overall, this study highlighted the complex interactions affecting sugar maple seedling growth, emphasizing that drought is a major limiting factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refining the trophic diversity, network structure, and bottom-up importance of prey groups for temperate reef fishes","authors":"S. Zarco-Perello,&nbsp;S. Bennett,&nbsp;J. Goetze,&nbsp;T. H. Holmes,&nbsp;R. D. Stuart-Smith,&nbsp;E. R. White","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Marine fish communities are highly diverse and contribute significantly to ecosystem processes. However, understanding their specific functional roles and the importance of different prey groups for sustaining fish communities has been limited by the historical classification of fishes into a few coarse trophic guilds. Using diet information to perform a high-resolution trophic classification of 298 temperate reef fish species distributed across south-western Australia, we built metacommunity and subregional trophic networks to evaluate the most important trophic relationships and energy pathways in temperate reefs. We identified 26 specialized trophic guilds within the groups of herbivores, zoobenthivores, zooplanktivores, piscivores, and cleaners. Zoobenthivorous fishes had the highest species richness and trophic diversity with 191 species in nine guilds. Consumers of crustaceans showed greater species redundancy at the metacommunity level. In contrast, a low redundancy of echinodermivores could represent a risk to local capacity for top-down control of sea urchins across the region. Finer scale analysis of prey at the family level showed that piscivorous guilds may influence different trophic pathways, with some guilds consuming other piscivorous fishes, while others consume lower trophic levels, particularly crustaceavores. Evidence of predation on herbivorous guilds was only found for turf grazers, suggesting that fish herbivory might not function as a major direct link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. Among the prey consumed by fishes, micro-crustaceans and decapods accounted for 33% of all diet proportions. The importance of macrophytes to the fish community likely resides indirectly through the trophic pathway of herbivorous and detritivorous invertebrates, particularly crustaceans, which are more consumed by fishes than macrophytes themselves. Comparison of trophic networks in the region showed that warmer locations had higher species redundancy per node and higher strength in trophic interactions. Yet, all networks had structural properties consistent with the meta-network regarding the importance of prey groups and modularity. Considering high-resolution predator–prey interactions enhances our understanding of the blue-print of ecosystem functions in shallow marine systems. Identifying the specific trophic significance of different consumers and prey groups is important for ecological forecasting and the prioritization of conservation and resource management regulations in our current fast-changing world.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143431501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the spectra of flowers to map landscape-scale blooming dynamics","authors":"Yoseline Angel,&nbsp;Ann Raiho,&nbsp;Dhruva Kathuria,&nbsp;K. Dana Chadwick,&nbsp;Philip G. Brodrick,&nbsp;Evan Lang,&nbsp;Francisco Ochoa,&nbsp;Alexey N. Shiklomanov","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Like leaves, floral coloration is driven by inherent optical properties, which are determined by pigments, scattering structure, and thickness. However, establishing the relative contribution of these factors to canopy spectral signals is usually limited to in situ observations. Modeling flowering dynamics (e.g., blooming duration, spatial distribution) at the landscape scale may reveal insights into ecological processes and phenological adaptations to environmental changes. Multi-temporal visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectroscopy observations are especially suited for such efforts. Reflectance in this spectral range is sensitive to major flower pigments, flowering phenology traces, and biophysical differences between flowers and other plant parts. We explored how flowers contribute to spectral signals using a time series of imagery from the Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) collected as part of the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) High-Frequency Time Series (SHIFT) campaign as a case study. Airborne data were collected weekly during the spring of 2022 across two natural reserves in California. Field spectra were gathered from blooming plots at leaf, flower, and canopy levels at two time points during the campaign. The processed data were used to investigate flowering species' spectro-temporal variation and spatial distribution using spectral mixture residual (SMR), Gaussian clustering techniques, and a proposed narrow-band flowering index. Linear spectral unmixing allowed the computation of the weighted contribution of four major high-variance endmembers (leaves, flowers, soil, and dark) and low-variance residual signal that comprises subtle spectral features used to track biophysical processes. The reflectance residual was projected on a low principal component basis to characterize flowering clusters' variation and spatial distribution based on the Gaussian mixture model, providing an uncertainty metric to assess the results. Mapping flowering events from modeling spectro-temporal dynamics throughout the season, from pre-blooming to post-flowering stages, allowed us to identify gradient variations in spectral features within the VSWIR spectral range linked to flowering pigments. Time series of the Mixture Residual Blooming Index and the Red-Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index revealed specific flowering and greenness phenophases across the two main species (<i>Coreopsis gigantea</i>, <i>Artemisia californica</i>) in the flowering areas. Overall, our approach opens opportunities for future satellite monitoring of floral cycles at broader scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143424005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}