International Journal of Paleopathology最新文献

{"title":"Differential diagnosis of an osseous cranial tumor from Hellenistic Muğla, Turkey","authors":"Elizabeth A. Bews ,&nbsp;Ahmet I. Aytek ,&nbsp;Alper Y. Yavuz ,&nbsp;Esra H. Kaya ,&nbsp;Gülnaz Savran ,&nbsp;Megan Kalata ,&nbsp;Jonathan D. Bethard","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This project evaluates a cranial lesion from a Hellenistic-era individual excavated by the Muğla Archaeological Museum in Gülağzı, Turkey.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>An osseous tumor measuring 3.02 × 3.54 × 2.98 cm originating from the occipital bone of a probable young adult male.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The tumor was examined using gross morphological inspection, plain radiography (x-ray), and computed tomography (CT) imaging to identify potential differential diagnoses for the osseous cranial tumor.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The lesion in question displays features highly consistent with both osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma. The tumor had a non-sclerotic, sharply demarcated border, a radiolucent nidus measuring less than 2 centimeters in diameter, and homogeneous sclerotic bone surrounding the nidus.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Differential diagnosis determined the osseous tumor to be a benign neoplasm, and in this case the features of the tumor are highly consistent with a diagnosis of either osteoblastoma or osteoid osteoma.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>The identification of novel neoplastic cases in paleopathology represents an important contribution to ongoing discussions regarding the temporality and regional variability of neoplastic conditions in the past. Additionally, a rigorous diagnostic study augmented by x-ray, CT scans, and 3D modeling provides data that can be utilized in future paleopathological studies.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Diagnostic interpretation would be aided by histological examination of the tumor, which was impossible in this case. Histological examination would provide a definitive diagnosis.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Given the high incidence of benign tumors in the clinical literature but a paucity of reports in the paleopathological record, further research is indicated to better understand the implications of benign neoplasms in antiquity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 103-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9201281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between skeletal lesions and tuberculosis in a pre-antibiotic South African sample","authors":"Rethabile Masiu ,&nbsp;Dorthe Dangvard Pedersen ,&nbsp;Lawrence Hill ,&nbsp;Maryna Steyn","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study assessed the sensitivity and specificity of skeletal lesions to accurately diagnose TB in a pre-antibiotic South African skeletal sample.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>A total of 435 skeletons of individuals who died before 1950 from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons. 176 died of TB, 109 died of other pulmonary diseases, and 150 died of other causes.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The presence / absence of 23 skeletal lesions were assessed for differences in frequency between groups. Sensitivities and specificities were calculated and compared to Dangvard Pedersen et al. (2019).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Lesions on the ventral surface of thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies were observed significantly more often in TB and pulmonary cases than in other cause of death group and yielded a 55% probability of a true TB diagnosis, if observed. An association between skeletal lesions and TB was found for rib and vertebral lesions.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The results suggest that even when not documented to have died of TB, TB-related changes are observed in many individuals in a South African skeletal sample, indicating that they may have been infected with the disease.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>The study provides information that can assist palaeopathologists in making inferences about the prevalence of TB in past populations.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Sample sizes were small, and the inclusion of a pulmonary disease group may have confounded the results.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>The selection of a control group without any possible contact with TB may improve the results and should be investigated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 20-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9200372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precarious adolescence: Adolescent rickets and anterior sacral angulation in two Dutch skeletal collections from the 18th–19th centuries","authors":"M. Lamer ,&nbsp;B. Veselka ,&nbsp;S. Schrader ,&nbsp;M. Hoogland ,&nbsp;M.B. Brickley","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This project aims to provide an objective approach to suggesting cases of adolescent rickets using the presence of anterior sacral angulation and interglobular dentine.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>Sacra from 49 individuals from Hattem and 150 individuals from Middenbeemster, and second and third molars from five individuals from Hattem were analyzed. Both sites date to the 17th to 19th centuries.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The sacra were visually assessed for sacral angulation and measured to quantify anterior sacral angulation. The sampled molars were thin sectioned to look for the presence of interglobular dentine.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Metric analysis determined that seven individuals had significantly anteriorly angled sacra. Three of the five individuals with sampled molars had interglobular dentine formed during adolescence.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Adolescent rickets may be associated with anterior sacral angulation.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Anterior sacral angulation may help identify possible cases of adolescent rickets in archaeological human remains.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The small sample size for the molars prevented the identification of more individuals with interglobular dentine present during adolescence. Several individuals with visibly angled sacra were unmeasurable due to post-mortem damage and lacked molars.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Research on a larger sample would allow us to understand better the association between anterior sacral angulation and adolescent rickets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9570592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in health with the rise of industry","authors":"Gillian Crane-Kramer ,&nbsp;Jo Buckberry","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since the publication of the Christ Church Spitalfields crypt, London, in 1993, archaeologists and paleopathologists have increasingly recognized the importance of post-medieval burial assemblages. Increasingly paleopathologists have explored the impact industrialization and urbanization had on disease. This virtual special issue focuses upon a global examination of the transition to industry commencing in the mid-18th century. The objectives are to identify commonalities and disparities in general health during the development of industry within a global context, and to examine, and in some cases challenge, long-held assumptions about health during this period of dramatic social change. It gathers together papers from international scholars in order to examine patterns in health experience throughout the transition to industry. The individual papers address this transition in terms of the unique chronological, political, economic, and social parameters of their specific region. This introduction identifies long held assumptions about the impact the industrial revolution had on health and outlines the specific environmental and social conditions of industry that influenced human disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 99-102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9202598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rare femoral heterotopic bone formation in a 14th-19th century female skeleton from Constância (Portugal)","authors":"Sandra Assis ,&nbsp;Joana Garcia","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This paper aims to: (1) document a rare femoral heterotopic ossification (HO), and (2) discuss its aetiology and impact on the individual's locomotion and daily living activities.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>Adult female skeleton (SG.14-SK.7) from the village of Constância (Portugal), and dated from the 14th-19th centuries CE.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The biological profile and the macroscopic analysis of the bone changes were assessed using standardized methods.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The macroscopic analysis revealed a large bony mass (8 cm length) located immediately inferior to the small trochanter of the right femur. The lesion exhibited a compact, tubular appearance located at the site of attachment of the pectineus muscle. No signs of bone fracture were observed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The morphology of the SG.14-SK.7 femoral lesion is compatible with a probable case of myositis ossificans traumatica (MOT), secondary to acute trauma of the pectineus muscle. The underlying trauma episode, such as random accidental and/or occupation-related injury, is unknown. However, it is highly possible that this self-limiting condition significantly impaired the individual's daily life and mobility.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Evidence of severe acute muscle trauma is a rare finding compared with HO secondary to bone trauma and other minor muscle injuries. Moreover, no cases of MOT affecting the pectineus muscle have been reported in the paleopathological literature to date.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Although unlikely, a case of neurogenic or burn-related HO cannot be completely disregarded. It was not possible to undertake radiography as part of this study.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>The use of imaging techniques to complement the paleopathological description is advised.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 93-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9207658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH): New evidence from micro-XCT scanning","authors":"RLV Holgate ,&nbsp;EN L’Abbé ,&nbsp;M. Steyn","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To observe and describe the development and underlying structure of the spinal manifestations of individuals osteologically diagnosed with DISH (Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis), using micro-XCT imaging.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>A total of 72 individuals with DISH were identified in two modern skeletal collections in South Africa.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Vertebral columns affected by DISH were scanned at the micro-focus x-ray computed tomography facility at the Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa. Four features were macroscopically examined: (1) the origin of the new bone growth; (2) retention of the original vertebral cortex at the site of the new bone formation associated with DISH; (3) evidence of trabecular bone with or without sclerosis on the anterolateral surface of affected vertebrae; and (4) abnormal areas of osteosclerosis beyond features associated with DISH.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Considerable variation across and between the four recorded features was found. Of note, 81% (n = 58) of individuals had <em>both</em> developed trabecular bone within the flowing new bone formation (feature 3), without retention of the original vertebral cortex (feature 2).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Possible localised erosive/inflammatory processes destroyed the original cortex of the vertebral body and resulted in the expansion of trabeculae with new bone formation.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Micro-XCT imaging shed new light on the development of DISH, adding to literature suggesting that it could be an inflammatory disease.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Clinical histories of the individuals were not known.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>The role of chronic inflammatory disease in the development of DISH should be further explored including both the extra-spinal and spinal manifestations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 48-55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9255300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forgotten and found: A case of childhood rickets in the 19th-century settler village of Heuvelton, New York","authors":"Mindy C. Pitre ,&nbsp;Madeleine Mant ,&nbsp;Timothy Abel ,&nbsp;Linda Johnson Wood","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To evaluate pathological lesions suggesting the presence of rickets and to place the diagnosis into bioarchaeological and historical context.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>The remains of a 3-year ± 12-month-old child discovered during a rescue excavation in Heuvelton, New York.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We examined the individual macroscopically and conducted a differential diagnosis following established protocols in the palaeopathological literature.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Bony change on the orbits, mandible, ribs, clavicles, left scapula, humerii, radii, ulnae, femora, tibiae, fibulae (e.g., porosity, diaphyseal thickening, flaring, bowing), and dental lesions were recorded.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We demonstrate that the child likely presented with vitamin D deficiency rickets during crawling and as they learned to walk.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This example offers an important contribution to the bioarchaeological literature, as few cases of rickets have been recorded in rural North America using updated diagnostic criteria and little is known of the health and lifeways of early settlers in 19th-century upstate New York.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>It is not possible to ascertain the precise aetiology of this child’s rachitic state and to compare this individual with others in the population.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Examination (and re-assessment) of other North and South American skeletal assemblages for signs of vitamin D deficiency rickets following current bioarchaeological standards.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 77-86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9555138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of septic arthritis of the hip in Central Plains, China, during the Western Han Dynasty (3rd century BCE–1st century CE)","authors":"Xiaoya Zhan ,&nbsp;Jing Shao ,&nbsp;Yingpei Zhu ,&nbsp;Hui-Yuan Yeh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Septic arthritis is not commonly reported in paleopathology. This study aims to provide a differential diagnosis of septic arthritis by looking at a case from ancient China. We also aim to add to the current literature on septic arthritis in paleopathology.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>One adult male skeleton recovered from the Dapuzi Cemetery, Shaanxi, dating to the Western Han Dynasty (3rd century BCE–1st century CE).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Macroscopic observations were conducted.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The lytic appearance and massive new bone formation on the left acetabulum of M142 are compatible with septic arthritis. The hip pathology greatly influenced his stature. The two femur shafts present different degrees of robusticity. He also showed severe osteoarthritis.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The individual suffered from septic arthritis of the hip, of unknown cause, for a long period, which greatly influenced his daily life. Complications included osteoarthritis, shortened stature, and difficulties in walking.</p></div><div><h3><strong>Significance</strong></h3><p>This study offers a new case of septic arthritis and provides insight into the people who guarded the royal tombs in the West Han Dynasty.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The skeleton is not well-preserved, limiting observations of bony changes to other areas of the body.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 87-92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9207660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tentative indicators of malaria in archaeological skeletal samples, a pilot study testing different methods","authors":"Ioana Cătălina Paica ,&nbsp;Ioana Rusu ,&nbsp;Octavian Popescu ,&nbsp;Alexandru Brînzan ,&nbsp;Ion Pencea ,&nbsp;Cătălin Dobrinescu ,&nbsp;Beatrice Kelemen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study attempts to integrate multiple methods to investigate the presence of malaria in human skeletal samples from an archaeological context.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>33 well preserved human remains originating from a 17th-century archaeological site in southeastern Romania.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The human bone samples were analyzed using rapid diagnostic tests for malaria antigens and PCR amplification of <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> apical membrane antigen 1. A preliminary test was performed to identify and briefly characterize the presence of hemozoin using a combination of TEM imaging and diffraction.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The rapid diagnostic tests indicated that more than half of the examined samples were positive for <em>Plasmodium</em> antigens, but no traces of the parasites’ genetic material were detected despite repeated attempts. The TEM images indicated that hemozoin might be a promising diagnostic marker of malaria in ancient bones.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The indisputable identification of malaria in the analyzed archaeological population was not possible as none of the applied methodological strategies turned out to be straightforward.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This study reinforces the intricacy and limitations of unequivocally identifying malaria in past populations and sets the stage for future studies on such life-threatening infectious disease in a geographical space, which is currently underrepresented in the bioarchaeological literature.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The low sample size and the lack of consistency across all assays hindered understanding the role of malaria in the studied population.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Further thorough multidisciplinary approaches on malaria detection in ancient settlements would be appropriate to inform our knowledge of its origins, frequency, and pathogen changes over centuries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 109-116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9195312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Battle wound as a probable cause of the death of an early medieval horse in Ostrów Lednicki, Poland","authors":"Maciej Janeczek ,&nbsp;Daniel Makowiecki ,&nbsp;Aleksandra Rozwadowska ,&nbsp;Edyta Pasicka","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>In this paper we interpret a pathology observed in an early medieval horse skull discovered near the abutment of the eastern Gniezno bridge in Ostrów Lednicki in Poland. We consider the possible cause of the observed damage in the context of the armed invasion of the Czech prince Brzetysław and a battle of Ostrów Lednicki.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>A skull of a 10-year-old male horse dated to the 11th century.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The skull was examined macroscopically and through computed tomography. Metric analysis was performed using digital callipers and the shoulder height was calculated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A penetrating lesion through the left frontal and nasal bones was observed. The floor and roof of the left conchofrontal sinus were destroyed along with the dorsal ethmoturbinates of the ethmoid labyrinth.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The observed damage was most likely a result of trauma, which caused a fatal haemorrhage rather than sudden death. Considering the historical context and the area where the skull was discovered, it could be a battle wound<strong>.</strong></p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This case is a rare example of an unhealed peri-mortem lesion in an animal skeleton that can be associated with an immediate cause of death.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The lack of a complete skeleton does not allow a complete analysis of horse’s condition and circumstances associated with its death.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Identification of the tool or weapon that was used to deliver the blow.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 70-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9255329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}