Journal of Endocrinological Investigation最新文献

{"title":"The genetic polymorphism of XPR1 associated with Fanconi syndrome in Chinese patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia.","authors":"Sirui Han, Xiang Li, Wei Liu, Yue Chi, Ruizhi Jiajue, Ziyao Fu, Qianqian Pang, Ou Wang, Mei Li, Xiaoping Xing, Yan Jiang, Weibo Xia","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02678-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-025-02678-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common type of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets caused by elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Multiple cases have reported XLH had Fanconi syndrome (FS) with unidentified mechanism. We investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms of phosphate transporters in renal proximal tubules and XLH with FS for the first time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>25 Chinese XLH patients with FS (XLH-FS) and 33 patients without any urine abnormalities (XLH-nonFS) were included. We collected their clinical manifestations and laboratory results, screened the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of XPR1, SLC34A1 and SLC34A3 by a next generation sequencing-based method, and analyzed the correlation between SNPs and XLH with FS. Computational predictions identified microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting SNPs that influenced susceptibility of FS, and confirmed their interaction and impact on gene expression by a dual-luciferase reporter system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>XLH-FS group had a higher proportion of trouble walking (88.0% vs 51.5%, p = 0.003). Among the 17 SNPs, rs10494535 located within 3'-UTR region of XPR1 showed significant difference between the two groups. TT/CT genotype and T allele increased susceptibility of FS. Lower luciferase activities were observed in dual-luciferase reporter gene assay as rs10494535 T allele and rs148196667 C allele binding with miRNAs respectively, which implied decreases in XPR1 expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>XLH with FS had greater mobility difficulties. The genetic polymorphism of XPR1 was associated with FS in XLH patients. Susceptibility of FS in XLH patients was possibly related to the decrease expression of XPR1 due to the interaction between SNPs and miRNAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144790481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-dependent bone mineral density responses to gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender individuals: a one-year prospective study.","authors":"Chiara Ceolin, Martina Dall'Agnol, Giulia Termini, Mario Virgilio Papa, Giulia Casali, Anna Bertocco, Alberto Scala, Sandro Giannini, Alberto Ferlin, Giuseppe Sergi, Andrea Garolla, Marina De Rui","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02675-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-025-02675-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Evidence on the skeletal effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in transgender individuals remains limited, especially across age groups. Individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB) often show reduced bone mineral density (BMD) even before GAHT, whereas findings in those assigned female at birth (AFAB) are more variable. Given the key role of adolescence and early adulthood in peak bone mass, timely skeletal assessment is essential. This study compared BMD before and after one year (1-y) of GAHT to age-matched cisgender controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective observational study involving 269 adults (162 transgender and 107 cisgender controls) conducted at the University Hospital of Padua (January 2020-November 2024). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed at baseline and after 1-y of GAHT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 1-y of GAHT, in AMAB individuals, lumbar spine BMD significantly increased (from 0.97 ± 0.16 to 1.02 ± 0.14 g/cm², p < 0.001), particularly in those under 20 years. AFAB individuals experienced a modest but significant reduction in femoral neck BMD (from 0.81 ± 0.12 to 0.79 ± 0.13, p < 0.05), especially in the 20-30-year age group. Age-stratified analyses revealed that younger participants showed greater BMD improvements, while those over 20 exhibited stable or declining values. Linear regression confirmed age as an independent predictor of BMD change, with older age associated with reduced skeletal responsiveness to GAHT at key femoral sites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GAHT has variable effects on bone health, influenced by age and sex assigned at birth. Early initiation may favor bone accrual, especially in AMAB individuals, while AFAB individuals may require closer monitoring for site-specific bone loss during testosterone therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated analysis of proteomics and metabolomics reveals interactions of energy metabolism and reproduction in hypothalamus of chicken during sexual maturation.","authors":"Lingqian Yin, Donghao Zhang, Zhongzhen Lin, Chunlin Yu, Jingjing Li, Feng Xu, Yan Wang, Chaowu Yang, Yiping Liu","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02676-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-025-02676-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal trends in serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels indicate an ongoing resetting of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in healthy men: a systematic review.","authors":"Daniele Santi, Giorgia Spaggiari, Chiara Furini, Valentina Griseta, Eric A Zizzi, Antonio R M Granata, Manuela Simoni","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02671-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-025-02671-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Male fertility is progressively impairing over time, probably related to a multifactorial genesis. The aim of the study was the evaluation if a Temporal trend in serum testosterone levels exists in healthy men.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search of the literature between 1971 and July 2024 was performed, selecting study groups in which testosterone serum levels were measured for any reason in healthy men. Exclusion criteria were: (i) age < 18 years old, (ii) conditions affecting testosterone levels, (iii) subjects' enrolment based on testosterone serum levels and (iv) blood examinations performed in a time-frame interval > 10 years. Secondary endpoints: luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) serum levels and body mass index (BMI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>1,256 papers, accounting for 1,504 study groups, were selected, including 1,064,891 subjects (age 42.0 ± 7.0 years). A significant negative linear regression between testosterone serum levels and year of measurement was detected (p = 0.033). The comprehensive decline in testosterone serum levels over the years was confirmed adjusting meta-regression analysis using the number of subjects included in each study, subjects' age, BMI and the the assay used for testosterone measurement. No temporal trend was observed regarding BMI in this population. LH serum levels showed a significant decline over the years, adjusting for subjects' age, while no trend emerged considering FSH.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study is the first comprehensive analysis suggesting a progressive decrease in serum testosterone and LH levels in healthy men, independent of age and BMI. The observed decline in both testosterone and LH levels could be a consequence of an ongoing resetting of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Thymic hyperplasia is accurate to detect new-onset Graves' hyperthyroidism and resolves after restoring euthyroidism.","authors":"L Scappaticcio, P Caruso, N Di Martino, P Ferrazzano, A Clemente, M I Maiorino, A Reginelli, G Docimo, P F Rambaldi, G Bellastella, P Trimboli, S Cappabianca, K Esposito","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02573-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-025-02573-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"1921"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12313773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tryptophan metabolites exert potential therapeutic activity in graves' orbitopathy by ameliorating orbital fibroblasts inflammation and proliferation.","authors":"Weili Yang, Xinyu Xu, Rongrong Xie, Jiaqi Lin, Zhijia Hou, Zhong Xin, Xi Cao, Tingting Shi","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02593-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-025-02593-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is a sight-threatening organ-specific autoimmune disease with complicated pathogenesis. Gut microbiota-derived tryptophan (Trp) metabolites play important roles in immune-related diseases, but their role in GO remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Trp metabolism-associated gut flora was analyzed by 16 S sequencing in GO patients and controls. Serum metabolomics profiling was performed to assess Trp metabolic pathway. Trp metabolites levels were measured by ELISA in 401 serum samples from a case-control study, and their effects on inflammation and proliferation in orbital fibroblasts were evaluated in vitro.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Trp metabolism-associated gut flora, including phylum Firmicutes and genus Anaerostipes, were significantly down-regulated in GO patients. Serum metabolomics revealed significant enrichment of Trp metabolic pathway in both GO and Graves' disease (GD) groups. Serum levels of indolepropionic acid (IPA), indole-3-lactate (ILA), and indoleacetic acid (IAA) were significantly decreased in both GD and GO patients compared to controls, with IAA levels further reduced in GO compared to GD patients. Notably, active GO patients had significantly lower IAA levels compared to inactive ones. Moreover, the levels of IAA were negatively correlated with clinical activity score and serum thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) in GO patients. In vitro, IPA, ILA, and IAA mitigated TNFα-induced inflammation and proliferation in orbital fibroblasts by suppressing the Akt signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Trp metabolites IAA maybe a novel biomarker for GO progression. And IPA, ILA and IAA may play a protective role in GO by regulating inflammation and proliferation in orbital fibroblasts, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets for GO treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"1781-1795"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12313747/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144152492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term effects of adding an SGLT-2 inhibitor to insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes. An observational study and systematic review of real-world evidence.","authors":"Alberto Maran, Federico Boscari, Carlo Fagarazzi, Maria Cristina Crepaldi, Monica Vedovato, Benedetta Maria Bonora, Daniela Bruttomesso, Mario Luca Morieri, Gian Paolo Fadini","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02602-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-025-02602-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The addition of SGLT2i to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an emerging treatment strategy. This study evaluates the real-world effects of SGLT2i on glycaemic control and other outcomes in individuals with T1D.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this single-center retrospective study, we included 78 adults with T1D who initiated SGLT2i and were observed for up to 24 months. Data included demographics, laboratory values, diabetic complications, and ongoing therapy. The primary outcome was the change in HbA1c over time. Persistence on therapy and adverse events were also recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age was 47.2 years, diabetes duration 24.6 years, baseline HbA1c 8.3%, and BMI 29.8 kg/m². The median persistence on therapy was 14.8 months. HbA1c reduction was significantly associated with persistence (p = 0.01), with a maximum decrease of 0.61% at 6 months (p < 0.001). Time in range improved by 13.7% at 3 months (p < 0.001). Persistent users experienced a maximum weight loss of 2.5 kg at 9 months (p < 0.001). Insulin doses declined significantly (max 15% at 21 months). UACR declined significantly at 15 months (p = 0.025). Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events (mainly genitourinary tract infections) occurred in 25.6% of patients, and 1 episode of diabetic ketoacidosis was recorded. A review of the literature suggests that the observed effects are within the range of benefits reported previously from different countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SGLT2i addition to insulin therapy in T1D patients resulted in sustained HbA1c reductions and weight loss. Therapy persistence significantly influenced outcomes, underscoring the importance of patient selection and monitoring for adverse effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"1759-1768"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12313816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment with antidepressant drugs and hyponatremia: a network meta-analysis.","authors":"Dario Norello, Giuseppe Defazio, Giovanni Corona, Chiara Caiulo, Mario Maggi, Alessandro Peri","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02587-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-025-02587-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the risk of hyponatremia during therapy with antidepressant drugs, in particular by investigating whether there is a different risk profile depending on the class or single active principles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A meta-analysis was performed including all studies in which the risk of hyponatremia in subjects with or without antidepressant treatment was assessed. An extensive Medline, Embase and Cochrane search was performed, to retrieve all studies published up to February 5th 2024, using the following words: hyponatremia and antidepressant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 409 retrieved articles, 10 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria encompassing a total of 1,026,870 patients with 89,403 hyponatremic subjects. Treatments with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (OR = 3.31 [2.41;4.56], p < 0.01), serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (OR = 5.79 [1.27;26.49], p = 0.02) and tricyclic antidepressants (OR = 3.01 [1.27;7.14], p = 0.01) were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of hyponatremia, whereas treatment with noradrenaline and specific serotonergic antidepressants was not. A network meta-analysis indicated that treatments with venlafaxine (OR = 5.99 [2.39;14.99], p < 0.01), paroxetine (OR = 4.93 [2.01;12.12], p < 0.01), sertraline (OR = 4.15 [1.98;8.70], p < 0.01), citalopram (OR = 3.49 [1.54;7.9], p < 0.01), escitalopram (OR = 3.49 [1.49;8.19], p < 0.01), fluoxetine (OR = 3.40 [1.13;10.21], p = 0.03) and mirtazapine (OR = 2.83 [1.16;6.92], p = 0.02) were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of hyponatremia with a progressively decreasing OR. Clomipramine (OR = 4.50 [0.97;20.93], p = 0.05) also showed a trend towards a greater risk of hyponatremia. Otherwise, treatments with fluvoxamine, imipramine, maprotiline, amitriptyline and mianserin were not associated with an increased risk of hyponatremia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data appear useful on clinical grounds, in order to increase the awareness regarding the possibility that antidepressants induce hyponatremia and to encourage regular serum sodium monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"1707-1715"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144023514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The myth of iodine: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between iodine and thyroid nodule.","authors":"Willy Gräfe, Sandy Scheibe, Josy Schwarz, Lukas Liebig, Karen Voigt, Jeannine Schübel","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02606-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-025-02606-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Iodine is an essential trace element for thyroid hormone synthesis, and its role in thyroid health has been widely studied. While iodine deficiency is recognized as a risk factor for goiter, its association with thyroid nodules remains controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the relationship between iodine intake and the development of thyroid nodules.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted in Medline (via PubMed), the Cochrane Library, and guideline registries (AWMF, GIN) for studies published between 2012 and 2023. Inclusion criteria focused on studies examining the association between iodine intake and thyroid nodule. Systematic review has been conducted whereas study quality was assessed using the checklists of Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). A meta-analysis was performed for studies reporting odds ratios based on WHO-defined iodine categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 31 studies were included. Most studies (n = 23) were cross-sectional, limiting causal conclusions. The most used method for assessing iodine intake was urinary iodine concentration (UIC), though measurement approaches varied. N = 10 studies compared median UIC between groups with and without thyroid nodules, with n = 8 reporting significant differences. However, the iodine levels in both groups often remained within the WHO-defined adequate iodine range. N = 8 studies examined odds ratios for iodine intake and thyroid nodule risk, with n = 5 identifying iodine deficiency (< 100 μg/L) as a significant risk factor. However, results for more than adequate (> 200 μg/L) and excessive iodine intake (> 300 μg/L) were inconsistent. N = 3 studies suggested a U-shaped relationship between iodine and thyroid nodule prevalence, but meta-analysis findings did not confirm this hypothesis. The pooled odds ratio for iodine deficiency was 1.24 (95% CI [1.16-1.33], I² = 0.00), while more than adequate and excessive iodine intake showed no significant association.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that iodine deficiency increases moderately the risk of developing thyroid nodules, while more than adequate and excessive iodine intake does not show a consistent effect. However, the heterogeneity of study results and the predominance of cross-sectional designs limit definitive conclusions. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship between iodine intake and thyroid nodules.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"1693-1706"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12313809/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal changes in minerals are influenced by immunosuppressive treatment in men with granuloma disease.","authors":"Sam Kafai Yahyavi, Ida Enggaard Kaae, Anders Juul, Ebbe Eldrup, Martin Blomberg Jensen","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02607-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40618-025-02607-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate whether granuloma formation following self-administered cosmetic oil injections affects mineral homeostasis, specifically calcium, magnesium, phosphate, iron, sodium, and potassium, and to assess the potential impact of prednisolone treatment on these mineral levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, we reviewed blood samples from baseline through a follow-up period of 48 months in patients referred to a tertiary center at Herlev Hospital, Denmark. Changes in serum minerals over time were assessed by a linear mixed model for repeated measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 111 patients were included. Men who injected > 2,000 mL paraffin oil had higher total and ionized calcium (p = 0.029 and p < 0.001), lower PTH (p < 0.001), but also lower magnesium (p < 0.001) and higher sodium (p = 0.048) compared to those who had injected < 500 mL. Men with manifest hypercalcemia at baseline (n = 32) compared to men with normocalcemia (n = 79) experienced an increase in serum PTH and phosphate concentrations over time (p = 0.042 at 48 months), and also a transient increase in iron concentration, although this reached baseline levels again after 24 months. Prednisolone lowered calcium in hypercalcemic men but also decreased serum magnesium (p = 0.027 after 36 months), phosphate, and increased serum iron concentration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Men who had injected large volumes of paraffin oil were more likely to have hypercalcemia, lower magnesium, and higher sodium concentrations. Minor aberration in serum minerals was more frequent in patients with more pronounced disease and this may likely be a poor prognostic sign although the mechanism behind this observation remains unclear.</p>","PeriodicalId":48802,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"1829-1838"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12313797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144042245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}