BioEnergy Research最新文献

{"title":"Multi-response Optimization of Nauphoeta cinerea Residues Torrefaction for Biocoal Production: Advancing Waste-to-Energy and Circular Bioeconomy Pathways","authors":"Igor F. Mendonça,&nbsp;Gabriel S. do Vale,&nbsp;Tatiane L. Balliano,&nbsp;Edgar A. Silveira,&nbsp;Romulo C. Dutra,&nbsp;Jefferson S. de Oliveira,&nbsp;Paulo A. Z. Suarez,&nbsp;Grace Ghesti","doi":"10.1007/s12155-026-11031-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12155-026-11031-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study provides an original assessment of <i>Nauphoeta cinerea</i> residues, an unconventional and largely unexplored biomass, as feedstocks for biocoal production via torrefaction. By addressing a novel insect-derived resource, the work advances waste-to-energy strategies beyond traditional lignocellulosic and agro-industrial residues. Raw cockroach (RC) and defatted cockroach (DC) biomasses were processed under a Central Composite Design, comprising 26 experiments within 155–325 °C and 12–68 min. Response Surface Methodology was applied to optimize solid yield (SY), energy yield (EY), higher heating value (HHV), and atomic ratios (H/C, O/C). RC achieved superior performance, with SY of 63.66–99.33%, EY of 98.33–134.46%, and HHV up to 27.92 MJ kg^–1. DC presented SY of 69.55–93.19%, EY of 86.84–106.90%, and HHV of 16.21–19.46 MJ kg^–1. Optimal conditions were 180 °C for 60 min for RC (99.10% SY, 24.14 MJ kg^–1 HHV, 129.84% EY) and 269 °C for 20 min for DC (87.05% SY, 18.44 MJ kg^–1 HHV, 104.53% EY). These results confirm the decisive role of temperature in carbon densification and oxygen depletion, with clear improvements in energy quality. Although nitrogen and ash contents constrain direct combustion, nitrogen-enriched biocoal offers agronomic value through soil fertility improvement and pollutant immobilization. The study reinforces insect residues as potential resources for decentralized energy and circular bioeconomy strategies, contributing directly to the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12155-026-11031-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mild Pretreatment Coupled with Ligninases Synergism Enhances Ethanol Production from Wheat Straw via Simultaneous Glucose and Xylose Fermentation","authors":"Wenxuan Zhao,&nbsp;Zhigang Ju","doi":"10.1007/s12155-026-11034-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12155-026-11034-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Considering the global energy crisis, developing renewable biomass energy has become an urgent strategic need. In order to better utilize biomass resources, wheat straw was used as raw material. Findings from enzymatic hydrolysis, saccharification assays, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characterization of pretreated wheat straw confirmed that the weak alkali-oxidation pretreatment (2% NaHCO₃ + 2% H₂O₂) effectively eliminated lignin with simultaneous preservation of cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of wheat straw under relatively mild pretreatment conditions (50 min, 130 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:10). Enzymatic hydrolysis and saccharification experiments revealed that ligninases enhanced the hydrolysis efficiency of pretreated wheat straw, with laccase emerging as the most impactful component among these ligninases. Under the conditions of cellulase 20 U/g, xylanase 10 U/g, laccase 4 U/g, lignin peroxidase 6 U/g and manganese peroxidase 2 U/g, the combined sugars reached a maximum of 108.4 ± 0.6 mmol/L, which was 17.8% higher than that of the group without ligninases. Finally, ethanol was produced by fermenting both glucose and xylose in the fermentation broth, and ethanol fermentation conditions of engineered <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> strain WXY12 were optimized, with 10 g/L peptone as the nitrogen source and 1 g/L MgSO₄ as the metal ion inducer, temperature at 32 °C, rotational speed at 130 r/min, and inoculation amount of 1% (v/v). Under these conditions, the highest ethanol concentration reached 7.6 ± 0.2 g/L, corresponding to an ethanol yield of 20.9 g per 100 g of raw wheat straw, thereby establishing a robust theoretical basis for the efficient valorization of biomass resources.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Clean Hydrogen Fuels from Artocarpus Heterophyllus Peel Waste: Supercritical Water Gasification Enhanced by a Multi-Metal Biochar– Perovskite Catalyst","authors":"Srinivasa Reddy Nallimilli,&nbsp;Renu Sharma,&nbsp;Vinayagam Mohanavel,&nbsp;Rekha M. M,&nbsp;Sathish Kannan,&nbsp;Senthil Kumar Vishnu,&nbsp;Ashwin Jacob,&nbsp;Elumalai Vengadesan,&nbsp;Praveen Barmavatu","doi":"10.1007/s12155-026-11029-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12155-026-11029-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Non-Coventional Lignocellulosic Wastes on Solid Fuel Production After Fermentable Sugars Solubilization","authors":"Rodrigo Pagano Martins,&nbsp;Marcos Paulo Patta Granado,&nbsp;Andrea Cressoni De Conti,&nbsp;Michel Brienzo","doi":"10.1007/s12155-026-11032-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12155-026-11032-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluates the integrated valorization of solid residue from a biorefinery process, focusing on the production and comparison of briquettes from raw and diluted sulfuric acid-pretreated lignocellulosic residues: Banana Pseudostem (BPS), Guava Seed Cake (GSC), and Urban Tree Pruning (UTP). The pretreatment, conducted at 140 °C, 40 min, and 3.5% sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄ w/v), solubilized all hemicellulose content, resulting in a solid fraction enriched in cellulose and lignin. The briquettes were manufactured under fixed parameters (90 °C, 10 MPa, 3 min (residence time), and 7 min (cooling period), demonstrating good durability (greater than 98.7%) and minimal volumetric expansion in all samples. Critically, the pretreated materials produced superior fuel quality, exhibiting improved apparent density, energy density, and High Heating Value (HHV) due to chemical conditioning. Combustion tests further validated this, showing that the pretreated briquettes exhibited slower mass degradation and maintained high temperatures longer than the feedstocks. Among all biomasses, GSC residues stood out, notably achieving the highest HHV (approximately 21.6 MJ/kg) and exhibiting an anomalous increase in mechanical strength post-pretreatment, attributed to the synergistic binding effect of enriched lignin and residual oils/proteins. These findings affirm that dilute acid pretreatment not only enables the production of fermentable sugar (liquid phase) but also simultaneously transforms the solid residue into a superior feedstock for solid biofuels, successfully closing the circular economy loop for various lignocellulosic residues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12155-026-11032-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability Assessment of Oleosome Extraction from Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa): Green Metrics Evaluation","authors":"Fabiano da Silva Melo,&nbsp;Leonardo Freitas Marinho,&nbsp;Livia Alves Barroso,&nbsp;Guilherme de Figueiredo Furtado,&nbsp;Tânia Forster-Carneiro,&nbsp;Miriam Dupas Hubinger","doi":"10.1007/s12155-026-11030-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12155-026-11030-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conventional oil recovery relies on hazardous solvents and high-energy processes, which is why the demand for sustainable, eco-friendly oil extraction methods is increasing. One such method is safe aqueous extraction of natural oleosomes. However, even oleosome recovery methods often involve resource-intensive extraction and purification steps, and quantitative evaluations of their sustainability using green metrics are seldom reported. In this work, we evaluate the sustainability of aqueous extraction of oleosomes from buriti (<i>Mauritia flexuosa</i> L.f.), an oleaginous Amazonian fruit rich in bioactive lipids, by utilizing three green metrics tools: Eco-Scale, Path2Green, and AGREE. These metrics assess reagent hazard level, energy demand, waste generation, and overall process greenness. The Study 1 achieved an Eco-Scale score of 89 (“excellent”), a Path2Green score of 0.019, and an AGREE score of 0.63, exceeding the scores of all other oleosome extraction methods that were assessed. Higher scores are associated with the use of non-hazardous reagents, lower energy demand, and the avoidance of extensive purification while maintaining high oleosome yield. Overall, this work provides a green metrics-based reference for the oleosome aqueous recovery methods under study in this work, with particular focus on buriti oleosome extraction, and illustrates how combined green metrics can support circular and lower-impact processing routes, facilitating the development of new, eco-friendly extraction methods and technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12155-026-11030-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elephant Grass as a Lignocellulosic Support for Lipase Immobilization: a Sustainable Approach for Biodiesel Synthesis","authors":"Janaina Martins Theodoro,&nbsp;Vitor Bertolassi Hidalgo,&nbsp;Henrique de Oliveira Santana,&nbsp;Victor Dejair Sousa Santos,&nbsp;Larissa de Freitas,&nbsp;Patrícia Caroline Molgero Da Rós","doi":"10.1007/s12155-026-11028-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12155-026-11028-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to employ elephant grass (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>) as a lignocellulosic support for lipase immobilization, with the goal of developing a sustainable biocatalyst for biodiesel synthesis. Initially, the material in its in natura form was washed with distilled water to remove impurities, dried in an oven at 60 °C, ground in a knife mill, sieved to the desired particle size (42–80 mesh), and chemically characterized regarding cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash content. Subsequently, <i>Burkholderia cepacia</i> lipase (BCL) was immobilized by physical adsorption, and the resulting biocatalyst was characterized in terms of biochemical properties (pH and temperature), kinetic parameters (<i>K</i>_<i>m</i> and <i>V</i>_<i>max</i>), thermal stability (45 °C), and morphology. Morphological analyses revealed a rough structure of the support and the adhesion of the enzyme to its surface. Biochemical evaluations indicated maximum hydrolytic activity at pH 7.5 and temperatures between 45–60 °C. The kinetic parameters <i>K</i>_<i>m</i> and <i>V</i>_<i>max</i> were 1689.71 ± 261.42 mM and 4641.50 ± 333.24U g^-1, respectively, and thermal stability was evaluated at 45 °C, resulting in a half-life of 40.1 h. The catalytic performance was evaluated in the transesterification reaction of babassu oil with ethanol (molar ratio 1:12, 170 rpm, 45 °C, 72 h), resulting in 100% conversion to ethyl esters and a viscosity of 4.7 mm² s^-1, within the limits established by official standards. Furthermore, the operational stability study revealed a half-life of 239 h for the biocatalyst, demonstrating that elephant grass is a promising support for lipase immobilization, representing a viable and sustainable alternative to synthetic supports due to its abundance, biodegradability, and ease of availability.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12155-026-11028-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Biohydrogen Production from Orange Waste in Dark Fermentation Process: Effect of Substrate Concentration and Initial pH","authors":"Nohemí Sánchez-Valeriano,&nbsp;Iván Moreno-Andrade","doi":"10.1007/s12155-026-11027-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12155-026-11027-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent studies have highlighted the potential of agricultural and food industry waste as substrates for biohydrogen production through dark fermentation. Among these wastes, orange waste is particularly promising due to its high water and organic matter content. It is produced in large quantities and lacks a standardized final disposal method, making it suitable for recovery. However, limonene has been reported as a limiting component in biological processes due to its inhibitory effect. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal substrate concentration and initial pH for hydrogen production from orange peels using a central composite design (2²) with 13 runs. Batch experiments were conducted under mesophilic conditions (37 °C) with varying initial pH and substrate concentration, using granular anaerobic sludge as the inoculum and maintaining a substrate-to-inoculum ratio of 2.7. Additionally, metabolite production, kinetic parameters, limonene content, and microbial community composition were analyzed. The results indicated that the optimal initial pH and substrate concentration are 7.1 and 29.8 g VS/L, respectively, with a predicted cumulative hydrogen volume of 307.9 mL H₂. Limonene at 402 mg/L had no effect on hydrogen production, and no inhibition was observed. Lactic acid was one of the main metabolites in runs with substrate concentrations above 30 g VS/L; however, the high lactic acid content did not correlate with decreased hydrogen production under certain conditions. The test that obtained the highest hydrogen production showed greater dominance of <i>Citrobacter</i>,<i> Clostridium sensu stricto 1</i>,<i> Lacticaseibacillus</i>,<i> Levitactobacillus</i>, and <i>Lactiplantibacillus</i>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12155-026-11027-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Residual Macroalgal Biomass as Efficient Recyclable Biochar Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: Process Feasibility and Sustainability Assessment for Industrial Application","authors":"Ravichandran Pravin,&nbsp;Gurunathan Baskar,&nbsp;Baskaran Sangeetha,&nbsp;Navnit Kumar Ramamoorthy","doi":"10.1007/s12155-026-11026-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12155-026-11026-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present research work was focused on the biodiesel production from marine macroalgae <i>Ulva intestinalis</i> biooil using the synthesized catalyst from the de-oiled macroalgal biomass. The process optimization studies resulted in highest biodiesel yield of 93.1% with 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 5.5% (w/w) catalyst concentration, 65 °C process temperature and 92 min process time. The kinetic and thermodynamic study highlighted a ΔH° value of 6.85 KJ/mol, signifying a moderately endothermic reaction. The economic analysis revealed an internal rate of return of 16.48% and a payback period of 6.12 years. The estimated total CO₂ emission was found to be 0.18 kg per kg of biodiesel produced. The findings provided insights for scaling the industrial biodiesel production processes while also achieving the overall economic feasibility and lowering the environmental impacts. This research creates the path for meeting the India’s bioenergy needs, limiting the carbon emissions and contributing to sustainability goals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) for Electricity Supply in Off-grid Regions Based on Techno-Economic Analysis","authors":"Juan C. Solarte-Toro,&nbsp;Daniel D. Otero Meza,&nbsp;Jairo Salcedo Mendoza,&nbsp;Carlos Ariel Cardona Alzate","doi":"10.1007/s12155-025-10933-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12155-025-10933-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hybrid renewable energy systems are an alternative to provide electricity in off-grid regions worldwide. This research seeks to compare the techno-economic performance of several HRES scenarios for supplying a load of 720 kWh/day in an off-grid region in Colombia. Then, several steps were involved: (i) zone characterization and electricity demand setting, (ii) proposal of HRES configurations, (iii) experimental biogas production, (iv) simulation and techno-economic assessment of the biogas production process using the Aspen Plus v 14.0 and Aspen Process Economic Analyzer v14.0 software, (v) economic data acquisition of HRES components based on simulation tools or literature, and (vi) simultaneous analysis of all HRES configurations using the HOMER PRO software. The results elucidated the biogas production and combustion as a non-feasible process at lower scales since the raw material availability and biogas yield were the most important constraints. Solar-PV energy was not able to supply the required load due to the low sun radiation and clearness level. The best scenario was the combination of diesel generation with solar-PV energy since the net present cost and levelized cost of energy were 0.89 M.USD and 0.39 USD/kWh. This result was competitive with the current electricity price in off-grid regions (0.33 USD/kWh). As a conclusion, energy transition is not possible using only biogas since the amount of raw materials needed is excessive compared to the waste biomass production of a rural community. Solar energy is postulated as the most promising and fastest option to boost decentralized energy production based on low electricity production costs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12155-025-10933-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commercially Viable Biodiesel Production from High-FFA acid oils Using Pilot-Scale Hydrodynamic Cavitation","authors":"Nirav Prajapati,&nbsp;Surendra Singh Kachhwaha,&nbsp;Pravin Kodgire,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar Vij,&nbsp;Jeffrey S. Cross","doi":"10.1007/s12155-026-11025-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12155-026-11025-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite their abundance and low cost, acid oils remain underutilized in large-scale biodiesel production using process intensification technique due to their very high free fatty acid (FFA) content, which poses significant challenges for efficient conversion. This study investigates the conversion of high FFA feedstocks-soya acid oil, rice bran acid oil, groundnut acid oil, and mixed acid oil (FFA: 65–92%)-into biodiesel using a 100 L/batch pilot-scale hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The process of esterification followed by transesterification is facilitated by a 32-hole orifice plate, achieving &gt; 95% FFA conversion with residual FFA content below 4% and delivering biodiesel yields above 90% across all feedstocks. Energy-based yield efficiencies achieved were (0.56 to 0.61) × 10^− 3 kg/kJ in esterification and (0.86 to 0.89) × 10^− 3 kg/kJ in transesterification, respectively, with combined yield efficiencies of (0.31 to 0.33) × 10^− 3 kg/kJ, indicating consistent energy-efficient performance across feedstocks. Techno-economic assessment (TEA) confirmed that hydrodynamic cavitation enables commercial viability of biodiesel production at ≥ 200 L/day, offering rapid payback (PB) (2.48 years), high profitability (return on investment (ROI): 41.09%; internal rate of return (IRR): 41%), and strong energy efficiency (EROI of 6.56) compared to conventional processes. The biodiesel met both ASTM D6751 and EN 14,214 specifications, as confirmed by FTIR, GC-FID, and ¹H NMR analyses, in terms of conversion rate and physicochemical properties, confirming its environmental viability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":487,"journal":{"name":"BioEnergy Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}