Journal of Ship Production and Design最新文献

{"title":"Preliminary Stability and Resistance Analysis of the Cheops Boat","authors":"M. Morabito, B. Brier, S. Greene","doi":"10.5957/JSPD.02190006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.02190006","url":null,"abstract":"The Cheops Boat is the most complete, largest, and one of the oldest boats ever excavated, but it has received surprisingly little study by Naval Architects. The 43-m boat was constructed around 2500 BC and placed, disassembled, in a pit next to the Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt. Since its discovery in 1954, there has been speculation about its original design, means of propulsion, and purpose. This article presents previously unpublished results of the first tank testing of a model of the Cheops Boat and some preliminary conclusions about the design, propulsion, and function of the original. It is shown that the stability characteristics of the boat make it suited for carrying lightweight cargo and people in the protected waters of the Nile. Towing tests have shown that the boat can be safely rowed in a variety of wind and current conditions. Windward sailing calculations have shown that, if fitted with sail, then boats such as the Cheops Boat perform well downwind, but sail no closer than a beam reach.\u0000 During the 1954 clearing of debris from the Giza Plateau, it was noticed that the Great Pyramid's north and west enclosure walls were 23.6m from the base of pyramid, but the south wall was 5mcloser to the base. Careful inspection revealed that the south wall had been built in an asymmetrical location to conceal two boat pits beneath it. The two pits were end to end, one covered by 41 massive limestone blocks and the other by 40. When the eastern pit was opened, the remains of the disassembled boat were revealed. Figure 1 shows photographs of some of the pieces as they were removed from the pit. Remarkably, the 4500-year-old cedar had been so well preserved that it was possible to reassemble this boat like a kit. Even the rope was preserved, and looked like what could be bought today.","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48915537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Framework for Integrating Human Factors in the Early Stages of Ship Design: Application to the Mess Halls of a Surface Combatant","authors":"Gerardo González-Cela, R. Bellas, Rafael Carreño, Javier Martínez, Ramón Touza, A. González-Gil, M. Gomez, Diego González","doi":"10.5957/JSPD.02190009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.02190009","url":null,"abstract":"The new F-110 frigates project is currently in the conceptual design and definition phase. General arrangement has to be defined; there are many demands and proposals of changes. One of them is the design of the most crowded areas, the mess halls. The aim of this article is to provide the Spanish Navy Staff with a decision tool that helps in determining the optimal distribution of the future F-110 mess halls. For this purpose, a new \"analytical decision maker\" model was designed providing advanced statistical methods and computer pedestrian simulations within multicriteria decision-making framework that allows optimizing conceptual designs. To reduce subjectivity, crew movement simulations and statistical methods were added to the multicriteria decision model, thus creating a less-subjective decision tool. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to check the robustness of results. An integrative decision and design approach are necessary for broad acceptance of human factors adoption within naval architecture design.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Ship design is a complex challenging process that requires the successful coordination of many different disciplines and that necessarily involves trade-offs between competing interests to achieve a balanced result. Hence, ship designers need to understand the complex interaction between different design drivers and their influence on the final solution, always being aware that the cost of rework may become drastically high if errors are found in the later stages of the design.\u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48781169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of Internal Compartment Layout of Oil Tankers","authors":"H. Jafaryeganeh, M. Ventura, C. Soares","doi":"10.5957/JSPD.09180034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.09180034","url":null,"abstract":"This work deals with the design of the internal layout of a shuttle tanker formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem, balancing cargo capacity and minimizing still water bending moment with safety requirements, in particular survivability after damage. A parametric model is used to specify the internal layout of a tanker ship considering a fixed hull shape and regulatory framework. The design variables include positions of watertight members in the internal layout, such as watertight bulkhead position, double-bottom height, and wing tanks width. Merit functions are the minimization of oil outflow parameter, maximization of cargo capacity, and minimization of the longitudinal bending moment, which are, respectively, represented for reduction of environmental pollution due to damaged oil tankers, improvement of economic benefits, and safety during operation. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is used for approaching the Pareto frontiers, and the choices between the optimal designs are discussed while introducing a utility function.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The internal layout of the ship's hull is established in the initial stage of ship design. The size and location of the internal spaces are defined taking into consideration the type of ship and the type of content and usage of the compartments. On the other hand, survivability regulations impose limitations in the subdivision arrangement of the ship. Also, the economic competitiveness has special importance in the design of a merchant ship. Cargo capacity and building cost are some of those economic objectives that are not necessarily in accordance with the improvement of safety objectives. Thus, the design of the internal layout of the vessels can be studied as a multi-objective optimization problem targeting safety improvement after damage besides decreasing the cost functions. A diversity of internal layout designs can be investigated within an optimization framework to choose the dominating design among the feasible solutions (Nowacki 2010). However, targeting a variety of objective functions complicates the process of internal compartment design, especially when the main hull dimensions have to be kept constant (Santos & Guedes Soares 2010).\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49061468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study of the Effect of Post-Heating Pulse on Hot Cracking Susceptibility in Pulsed Laser Welding of Invar Alloy","authors":"Dong-sheng Zhao, Zhen-yu Huang, Yujun Liu, T. Miao","doi":"10.5957/JSPD.07170037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.07170037","url":null,"abstract":"Hot cracking is one of the major challenges in laser welding of Invar alloy. In this study, welding hot cracking susceptibility experiments are conducted with fish-bone-type Invar alloy sheets under pulsed laser welding condition. The pulse wave consists of two distinct power levels: welding pulse and post-heating pulse. The welding temperature field can be controlled by changing the duration of the post-heating pulse. The results of experimental measurements and finite element method calculation show that increasing of the post-heating pulse duration leads to a decline in the cooling rate of weld metal within the brittle temperature range, although the welding hot cracking susceptibility decreases at first and then increases. Neither the heat input nor the cooling rate is the only decisive factor for hot cracking during the welding process.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Invar alloy is widely applied in precision measurement devices and low-temperature-resistant structures for its low linear expansion coefficient at ambient temperature, which is less than 1.6 × 10—6 k—1, about 1/10 of the low carbon steel, and it changes very little within a large temperature range (Corbacho et al. 1998; Park et al. 2011; Zhao et al. 2015; Qiu et al. 2016). With the increase in demand for natural gas, the liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier has been developed rapidly as a means of long-distance transport. The material of primary and secondary barriers on the containment insulation system of membrane-type LNG carrier is welded Invar alloy with a thickness of .7 mm, which directly contacts the — 163°C LNG (American Bureau of Shipping 2006; Bureau Veritas 2011; Wang et al. 2006). The total weld length of Invar alloy on an LNG carrier over 13 million cubic meters can reach up to 100 km according to statistics.\u0000 Hot cracking is the major problem in the welding of Invar alloy, and currently Tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc welding is commonly used. However, the problem of hot cracking cannot be solved completely, and requires that the operator have good technical knowledge. Invar alloy has high hot cracking susceptibility during the welding process because of its single-phase austenite structure and high content of Ni (Kou 2003). Studies show that the welding hot cracking susceptibility of Invar alloy can be reduced when elements such as Ti, Mn, and Mo are added (Hirata et al. 2001), but these alloying elements will increase the linear expansion coefficient of the weld, resulting in the deterioration of mechanical properties at low temperature. Thus, laser welding and friction stir welding are proposed by researchers to solve the welding hot cracking problem of Invar alloy from the aspect of reducing welding heat input.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43548180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of a Ferry Construction Project Using a Production- Oriented Design Methodology","authors":"C. Mascaraque‐Ramírez, L. Para‐González, P. Marco-Jornet","doi":"10.5957/JSPD.07180023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.07180023","url":null,"abstract":"In an increasingly globalized sector such as the naval construction sector, the search for reduction in execution terms and production costs becomes essential. With this aim, the vessel project should be analyzed globally and in conjunction with the installations in which it will be built. The present research includes a series of improvement proposals for the construction of a 78-m-long ferry, designed for the transport of 700 passengers and 590 lineal meters of cargo space. These improvements are focused on the standardization of equipment and components in the accommodation area and engine room, as well as in the general arrangement of these spaces, by orienting their design toward manufacturing. All this will lead to a series of results, which demonstrate that the correct application of these changes considerably reduces production time and, consequently, the costs associated with it. In parallel, this study analyzes the facilities of the shipyard, proposing changes in its workshops and identifying new business lines to improve the strategic situation of the organization.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Historically, European shipyards have manufactured in their installations a great variety of ships, each one with a high component of technological innovation. The high quality of their products and their adaptability to custom orders from the ship owners have led the naval construction sector to be currently identified at an international level as a sector with highly differentiated products.\u0000 The impact that international competition has had in the last decades, and more recently the economic crisis and the file opening by the European Commission in relation to the old system of \"tax lease\" applied in Europe (Curtis 2014), reduced the level of new ships construction contracting in 2011. The published registers (LR-Lloyds-Fairplay 2015) about the new ship constructions places European manufacturers far from the construction volumes of Asian manufacturers in terms of compensated gross tonnage (CGT), which is a measure of the compensated gross arching related to the gross tonnage through a compensation coefficient for each ship type and size, which considers the construction complexity based on the manufacturing work hours needed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46059219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Point Generation Method from a Lightweight Model for Dimensional Quality Management in Shipbuilding","authors":"K. Kwon","doi":"10.5957/JSPD.08170042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.08170042","url":null,"abstract":"A ship is constructed by assembling blocks and installing outfits in the assembled ship structure. The measured data of real products and the design data are analyzed to prevent the loss caused by dimensional quality errors in shipbuilding. In recent years, 3D shapes have been used for efficient dimension quality management; however, it is difficult to deal with the large-scale Computer Aided Design (CAD) data required for managing extra-large blocks. A lightweight model is widely used for visualizing and sharing large data in Product Lifecycle Management. This model is mainly composed of triangular elements to minimize the file size and increase visibility. There are no problems with visually confirming the shape based on these triangular elements, but the model has a limitation when numerically calculating the exact position on a curve or a surface. In this article, we propose a method that uses a lightweight model to improve the efficiency of dimensional quality management. Accurate boundary curves are restored from the lightweight model used for visualization. After matching the connectivity of triangular elements, boundary element edges are extracted. Boundary curves are generated by connecting these boundary element edges. In addition, the density for tessellation was evaluated and found to be suitable for the shipbuilding process. The proposed method was tested on several models to demonstrate its feasibility.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A ship is designed by dividing it into several blocks, which constitute the hull, and each block is constructed separately and assembled. Blocks are usually made by assembling small parts fabricated by machining steel plates, and the ship is constructed through the assembly of large blocks from the small blocks. For this process to be performed smoothly, errors are calculated between the design dimensions and manufactured dimensions, and then, the errors are used to correct for erroneous portions after constructing each block. In addition, the dimensions for outfitting and the positions of the hull structure are modified in the case of misalignment during the outfitting process such as installing pipes, equipment, and devices on the hull structure. Dimensional quality management is an activity performed to meet the dimensional quality that is required in the shipbuilding process, including at offshore manufacturing plants.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48017231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curved Hull Plate Classification for Determining Forming Method using Deep Learning","authors":"Byeong-Eun Kim, S. Son, C. Ryu, J. Shin","doi":"10.5957/JSPD.04180011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.04180011","url":null,"abstract":"Curved hull plate forming, the process of forming a flat plate into a curved surface that can fit into the outer shell of a ship's hull, can be achieved through either cold or thermal forming processes, with the latter processes further subcategorizable into line or triangle heating. The appropriate forming process is determined from the plate shape and surface classification, which must be determined in advance to establish a precise production plan. In this study, an algorithm to extract two-dimensional features of constant size from three-dimensional design information was developed to enable the application of machine and deep learning technologies to hull plates with arbitrary polygonal shapes. Several candidate classifiers were implemented by applying learning algorithms to datasets comprising calculated features and labels corresponding to various hull plate types, with the performance of each classifier evaluated using cross-validation. A classifier applying a convolution neural network as a deep learning technology was found to have the highest prediction accuracy, which exceeded the accuracies obtained in previous hull plate classification studies. The results of this study demonstrate that it is possible to automatically classify hull plates with high accuracy using deep learning technologies and that a perfect level of classification accuracy can be approached by obtaining further plate data.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The outer shell of a ship is composed of hull plates that are generally formed as curved surfaces. To produce a curved surface from a flat steel plate, a curved hull plate-forming process involving the application of heat or pressure to the plate must be undertaken. Such forming processes can be categorized as either cold forming, in which the plate is bent using physical pressure, or thermal forming, in which bending stress is generated by applying heat to the plate. The former process is generally used to bend plates into cylindrical shapes using a rolling machine, whereas the latter is used to form more complex curved surfaces. In most shipyards, thermal forming is performed by skilled workers who apply direct heat to plates using a torch; accordingly, thermal forming is more difficult and time-consuming than machine-based cold forming and often constitutes a crucial bottleneck process in shipyard operation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41894078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accurate FE Computation for Out-of-plane Welding Distortion Prediction of Fillet Welding with Considering Self-Constraint","authors":"Hong Zhou, Jiangchao Wang","doi":"10.5957/JSPD.03180006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.03180006","url":null,"abstract":"Inherent deformation as key parameter plays an essential role in elastic finite element (FE) analysis for welding distortion prediction. In this study, the self-constraints supported by surrounding base material and lateral stiffener were presented, where their influences on magnitudes of inherent deformation components were qualitatively examined. In detail, self-constraint supported by the surrounding base material will distinguish the inherent deformation as an individual physical representation; and self-constraint supported by the lateral stiffener will significantly influence the bending component and final deformed mode. Taking into account fillet welding and orthogonal stiffened welded structure as the application, experiments were conducted for out-of-plane welding distortion measurement. Transient nonlinear thermal elastic-plastic FE analysis of fillet welding was carried out to evaluate inherent deformation after validation with the measured data; then, elastic FE analysis with inherent deformation was carried out to accurately predict the out-of-plane welding distortion and welding buckling behavior in fabrication of an orthogonal stiffened welded structure which is a part of typical ship panel, and there is a good agreement between the predicted and measured welding distortion.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Up to now, fusion welding which is considered as a main joining method because of its practical and high productive features is almost employed for component assembly in fabrication of marine structures, automobiles, trains, aircraft, bridges, pressure vessels, and others. However, during the fast heating and cooling processes, a narrow region near the welding line will expand and subsequently shrink because of the constraint of the surrounding base material, and then plastic strains are generated which are the primary cause of welding distortion and residual stress. Therefore, welding-induced distortion is inevitably generated during the welding process, and it will result in loss of dimensional control and structural integrity, trouble of subsequent alignment with the adjacent component, and increment of fabrication cost with straightening such as flame heating (Wang et al. 2015).\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48642480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive Manufacturing Application to a Ship Propeller Model for Experimental Activity in the Cavitation Tunnel","authors":"T. Cilia, D. Bertetta, P. Gualeni, G. Tani, M. Viviani","doi":"10.5957/JSPD.11170055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.11170055","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM), or three dimensional printing, is a modern way to build objects with possibly a high degree of accuracy and favorable cost/benefit ratio. This approach is widely used by many manufacturing industries and a certain interest for this innovative production technology is also growing in the ship design and production field. To this regard, the experimental activity at the model scale is often necessary for the ship performance assessment in the design phase. In the article, preliminary results of a propeller model for the cavitation tunnel, built with additive technology, are presented, showing the strengths and weaknesses of the printed model. Moreover, as an introductive overview, different AM technologies are briefly described, with the aim to point out potential applicability to ships.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a well-known process to shape objects by layering materials under numerical control until the completion of the work. It represents an innovative approach because it is based on the addition of material instead of carving material from a block (like CNC—Computer Numerical Control, i.e. a manufacturing approach relying on mills, drills, and other numerically controlled tools). AM is deemed as an outstanding flywheel for innovation in the productive world, and the shipbuilding industry seems to have started realizing the advantages of this technology, already largely used, e.g., in the automotive, aerospace, biomedical, and energy industries (Shahi 2016; Satish Prakasha et al. 2018).\u0000 In this perspective, an introductive overview of different AM typologies is presented in the article, to possibly understand how it could be used to improve ship design and production. The overview includes the applicable technologies, focusing on the printing process, the materials, and the mechanical properties of the final printed object. A practical example of AM technology application is presented regarding the printing of the blades of a ship's propeller model for experiments in a cavitation tunnel.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46081043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of Safety and Design in Cargo Handling Spaces to Prevent Accidental Fire or Explosion in Oil Tankers and FPSOs","authors":"D. Ok","doi":"10.5957/JSPD.05180018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.05180018","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few decades, there have been a significant number of accidents on crude oil tankers, floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) and offshore units due to fire and explosion, which have resulted in loss of lives, assets, and environmental damage. These incidents increase scrutiny and questions on the current level of safety design in hydrocarbon handling spaces and other high-risk spaces in oil tankers and FPSOs. There are many factors which may contribute to these incidents, including; defects of equipment and components, overlook during design, inappropriate maintenance procedure and history, improper workmanship, and lack of company safety procedures and instruction during maintenance and emergency responses. This study is focused on and has discussed all safety aspects and barriers for the enclosed cargo-handling spaces in tankers and offshore units. Various existing regulations, standards, and guidelines have addressed safety design of enclosed cargo-handling spaces. These requirements and guidelines are referred and investigated to identify typical industry gaps in design and to recommend best engineering practices. The proposed key design recommendations may be considered at the early design stage of new building or conversion projects to enhance the overall safety and to reduce the likelihood of critical safety events.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The offshore and marine industry face many inherent risks such as failure of equipment and structural integrity, collision, grounding, dropped objects, leakages, fire and explosions. Because of the constant transfer and handling of hydrocarbons in operational profile, oil tankers and floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) units have significant potential fire and explosion risks unless sound safety barriers are considered throughout all phases of the design and the construction. Often a FPSO conversion project, which uses an ageing crude oil tanker, is the preferred choice to provide a functioning FPSO facility to the offshore oil production market in timely manner. When compared with newbuilding FPSOs, a conversion project can provide shorter construction schedule and cost reduction benefits. Considerable number of FPSOs operating in the market apply a conversion-type approach, using existing oil tankers to convert to FPSOs. In a FPSO conversion project, the existing cargo pump room is used for the hydrocarbon cargo handling, transfer and offloading operations. The use of the conventional cargo pump room configuration in newly operating FPSOs has come under scrutiny compared with newbuilding projects, which typically install independent cargo pumps, such as a submergible or deepwell type, within each tank which minimizes the risk of hydrocarbon leaks to other confined spaces. The conventional pump room configuration has always presented high risks and concerns due to confined spaces, many potential leak sources, hydrocarbon handling equipment and piping, where leaks can build an explosiv","PeriodicalId":48791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ship Production and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45556705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}