Trends in Hearing最新文献

{"title":"On the Use of Hearing Aid Algorithms in Industrial Noise: Balancing Speech Intelligibility and Hearing Protection.","authors":"Solenn Ollivier, Fabien Bonnet, Alexis Pinsonnault-Skvarenina, Christian Giguère, Jérémie Voix, Hugues Nélisse","doi":"10.1177/23312165261478230","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23312165261478230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hearing protection devices (HPDs) are widely used to mitigate the risks of noise-induced hearing loss in industrial environments. However, conventional HPDs can often hinder communication for workers with hearing loss. While those workers may rely on hearing aids in their daily lives, the potential benefits and associated risks of using such devices in noisy workplaces remain unexplored. This study evaluated the effects of different hearing aid signal processing algorithms on speech intelligibility and estimated <i>noise exposure</i> under industrial noise conditions to characterize the balance between communication and protection needed to develop solutions for workers with hearing loss. A digital hearing protection research platform integrating in-ear receivers and external microphones was configured as a real-time soundcard. Typical hearing aid algorithms, including linear amplification, Wide Dynamic Range Compression (WDRC), digital noise reduction (DNR), and compression limiting, were implemented in different configurations. Two groups, one with normal hearing and one with hearing loss, completed the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) with a wood-working factory noise at two presentation levels, along with subjective ratings of <i>listening effort</i> and <i>voice clarity and naturalness</i>. <i>Noise exposure</i> for each configuration was also estimated. Results showed significant effects of signal processing strategies and noise presentation levels on both intelligibility and noise exposure. Combining DNR, WDRC and compression limiting showed promising results to balance intelligibility and noise exposure, particularly for participants with hearing loss. The findings emphasize the trade-off between auditory benefit and exposure risk, and call for greater awareness regarding the use of hearing devices in industrial noise.</p>","PeriodicalId":48678,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Hearing","volume":"30 ","pages":"23312165261478230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13554592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148901328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sweet-Spot Compression: An Amplification Strategy for Improving Listening Outcomes at Moderate to High Levels.","authors":"Lukas Jürgensen, Michal Fereczkowski, Tobias Neher","doi":"10.1177/23312165261431931","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23312165261431931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When speech increases in level from moderate to high, speech intelligibility (SI) can decrease. Termed rollover, this phenomenon is neglected during hearing aid (HA) fitting. A previous study introduced \"sweet-spot compression\" (SSC)-an amplification strategy for preventing rollover and improving listening outcomes at moderate to high levels. SSC aims to place speech in that area of an individual's performance-intensity function where both SI and listening comfort are high-the \"sweet spot.\" To achieve this, it combines high compression ratios with long time constants to provide quasi-linear amplification in the sweet-spot area. Using a HA simulator, headphone presentation, and 16 participants with rollover, SSC previously outperformed a clinical reference condition in terms of listening outcome. Here, we extended this work by (a) mapping out individual differences in the most comfortable speech level (MCL) and SI in noise at moderate to high levels, and (b) evaluating the listening outcome with SSC further. Using a wearable research HA, we tested 18 randomly chosen participants with mild to moderate hearing loss. Our analyses showed clear individual differences in MCL and SI with linear amplification. SSC gave better SI and was clearly preferred in quiet and in noise relative to a clinical reference condition. At the group level, rollover did not occur for either SSC or the reference condition. At the individual level, we found fewer cases of rollover with SSC than with the reference condition. Overall, we conclude that SSC shows promise with respect to improving listening outcomes at moderate to high levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":48678,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Hearing","volume":"30 ","pages":"23312165261431931"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13009919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Question-and-Answer-Based Speech-In-Noise Hearing Test Using a Large Language Model.","authors":"Mohsen Fatehifar, Kevin J Munro, Michael A Stone, David Wong, Tim Cootes, Josef Schlittenlacher","doi":"10.1177/23312165261479670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23312165261479670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A conversational speech-in-noise test administered without human supervision is desirable to reduce the need to attend the clinic. This study aimed to create and evaluate a novel question-and-answer-based speech-in-noise test called 'CHAT', where stimuli were synthesised using text-to-speech (TTS), responses captured using automatic speech recognition (ASR), and responses evaluated using a large language model (LLM). Three tests were compared: the newly developed CHAT, the Adaptive Sentence List (ASL) and the Four Alternative Auditory Feature Test (FAAF). CHAT used synthetic speech while ASL and FAAF by default used human-recorded speech. Speech reception thresholds (SRT) of 20 participants with normal hearing and 20 with mild to moderate hearing loss were measured using these three tests. Validity was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and correlations between SRTs and average pure-tone audiometry (PTA), across the three speech tests. Reliability was evaluated by comparing limits-of-agreement between SRTs achieved by repeated runs of CHAT and ASL tests using Bland-Altman analysis. Results revealed limits-of-agreement between repeated runs of CHAT and ASL were ±3.6 dB and ±3.1 dB, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.97 for CHAT, 0.95 for ASL and 0.89 for FAAF. The correlation between SRT and PTA results was 0.86 for CHAT, 0.82 for ASL and 0.79 for FAAF. These findings indicate that CHAT demonstrates reliability and validity comparable to human-recorded ASL and FAAF, supporting the use of synthetic speech for speech-in-noise testing. Overall, the results suggest that AI tools can help create and administer conversational speech-in-noise tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":48678,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Hearing","volume":"30 ","pages":"23312165261479670"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relation Between Sustained Listening Under Difficult Conditions and Behavioral, Subjective, and Physiological Indicators of Fatigue.","authors":"Ewald Strasser, Thomas Brand, Jan Rennies","doi":"10.1177/23312165261441694","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23312165261441694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated whether sustained listening effort (sLE) contributes to measurable changes in fatigue, defined here as a decline in performance and/or motivation to sustain effort over time and to fatigue-related sleepiness, defined as a physiological state indexed by spontaneous pupil fluctuations. We further evaluated whether the Pupil Unrest Index (PUI) can serve as an objective marker of these processes. Twenty young adults with normal hearing completed a sustained listening task under speech-on-speech masking while simultaneously performing a secondary memory task, tested across four acoustic processing conditions. PUI increased from pre- to posttest in most participants, with the largest rise in the most difficult (unprocessed colocated) condition. Subjective fatigue ratings also increased across sessions, though without systematic differences between conditions. Behavioral results showed sequence effects: performance declined in intermediate conditions, whereas it remained stable in the easiest and hardest conditions, suggesting that both fatigue and motivational regulation shaped outcomes. Together, these findings demonstrate that sLE is associated with increased subjective fatigue and fatigue-related sleepiness. They further support the PUI as a promising objective physiological marker of fatigue-related sleepiness associated with sLE, complementing subjective and behavioral assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48678,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Hearing","volume":"30 ","pages":"23312165261441694"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13133488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147786451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mandarin Speech Intelligibility Prediction Model for Hearing Aids.","authors":"Chenyang Xu, Brian C J Moore, Xiao Wang, Mingfang Diao, Zhiying Liu, Xiaodong Li, Chengshi Zheng","doi":"10.1177/23312165261496844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23312165261496844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective speech intelligibility prediction methods provide a low-cost alternative to tests with human listeners, allowing the investigation of many factors affecting intelligibility. However, the objective prediction of speech intelligibility for Mandarin-speaking listeners with hearing impairment is largely underdeveloped. Existing intelligibility metrics are based on English linguistic structures and/or are designed primarily for normal-hearing listeners. This paper introduces a Mandarin Chinese Hearing-Aid Speech Perception Index (MCHASPI), an objective metric for predicting the intelligibility of speech processed by hearing aids for Mandarin Chinese speakers with or without hearing loss. A key challenge was the scarcity of high-quality datasets and the lack of models tailored to the perceptual characteristics of Mandarin Chinese. To address this, we first constructed a Mandarin intelligibility dataset using subjective hearing tests, for speech with six types of distortions. A hearing loss simulator was employed to preprocess the reference (undistorted) and test speech signals. Multiple features were extracted from these processed signals and combined for subsequent analysis. Two prediction models were developed, namely MCHASPI-NN and MCHASPI-L, utilizing a neural network and a logistic mapping function, respectively, to predict intelligibility from feature values. The core of the MCHASPI model involves a perceptually motivated segmental stretching scheme for precise signal alignment, followed by frame-wise threshold detection and multi-feature fusion. Evaluations with normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners demonstrated that MCHASPI gave significantly more accurate predictions than existing models across all tested datasets. This validates the effectiveness of MCHASPI for assessing Mandarin speech intelligibility for populations with varying degrees of hearing loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":48678,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Hearing","volume":"30 ","pages":"23312165261496844"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149228836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote Matrix Sentence Test on Uncalibrated Consumer Devices: Test-Retest Reliability and Laboratory Agreement in Normal Hearing.","authors":"Thomas Schwarz, Lena Schell-Majoor, Samira Saak, Tobias Bruns, Birger Kollmeier","doi":"10.1177/23312165261469957","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23312165261469957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the impact of uncalibrated consumer hardware on the outcomes of the German Matrix Sentence Test (GMST) in a remote setting. Speech-in-noise tests like the MST are relevant in audiology, as they better reflect everyday listening conditions compared to pure-tone audiometry. Due to their suprathreshold signal presentation and robustness against calibration offsets, they are particularly suitable for remote testing. It is unclear, however, if a sensitive and efficient test like the MST exhibits the same robustness against uncontrolled conditions in remote testing with uncalibrated consumer devices. This motivates the systematic assessment of the online MST's reliability and its agreement with laboratory administration, conducted in normal-hearing participants using the browser-based platform \"Virtual Hearing Clinic\" (VHC). Twenty normal hearing participants completed the test in a randomized sequence: once in a lab with calibrated equipment and twice remotely via the VHC using uncalibrated consumer devices (smartphones, laptops, headphones).Resultsrevealed no significant influence of headphone type, test environment, or pure-tone average. The remote condition demonstrated high test-retest reliability (r = 0.82) and strong correlation with lab-based measurements (r = 0.78). A mean bias of 0.29 dB in speech recognition thresholds was observed with slightly better performance in the lab, though not statistically significant (p = 0.15). Overall, results demonstrate that the MST, when implemented remotely and using uncalibrated consumer hardware, yields results of accuracy and reliability comparable to those obtained in the lab for normal hearing, supporting further applications of remote hearing assessments with optimized test materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":48678,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Hearing","volume":"30 ","pages":"23312165261469957"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13396653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Talker Sex Differences on Binaural Summation in Cochlear Implant Users and Normal Hearing Listeners.","authors":"Jingyuan Chen, Xinyue Zou, Biao Chen, Ying Shi, Xinyi Zhang, Ping Liu, Yongxin Li, John J Galvin, Qian-Jie Fu","doi":"10.1177/23312165261461168","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23312165261461168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The benefit of binaural summation (\"summation\") is often measured in co-located steady-state noise; summation for competing speech is less understood. The goal of the present study was to evaluate how the target-masker acoustic properties and binaural listening mode affect summation for speech-in-speech recognition. Recognition of target speech in two-talker speech maskers was measured with each ear alone and with both ears in bilateral CI users (BiCI), CI users with asymmetric hearing loss (AHL), CI users who were single-sided deaf (SSD), and normal-hearing listeners (NH). Target and masker speech was co-located; the talker sex of the maskers was either the same as or different from the target. With same-sex maskers, significant binaural summation was observed only in the BiCI group. In contrast, with different-sex maskers, significant summation was observed only in the SSD and NH groups, where binaural summation was significantly greater with different-sex than with same-sex maskers. A significant but weak correlation between interaural performance asymmetry and binaural summation was observed in some within-group comparisons, but not in across-group comparisons. For the BiCI group, summation was significantly correlated with SRTs from the better-performing CI ear, but not with performance asymmetry. The findings can be partly accounted for by psychometric-function slope and performance asymmetry within a probability-summation model. However, the probability-summation model generally overestimated the observed summation, suggesting that the assumption of independent processing across ears may not hold for CI users, possibly due to the variability in binaural fusion across individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":48678,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Hearing","volume":"30 ","pages":"23312165261461168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13265984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148253935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building a Multi-Sensor Lab for Interactive Communication Research: Challenges, Workarounds, and Lessons Learned.","authors":"Ronny Kurniawan Ibrahim, Kelly Miles, Lisa Maggs, Brooke Luthy, Alan Kan, Michael J Richardson, Julian Maclaren, Simon Carlile, Zachary M Smith, Joerg M Buchholz","doi":"10.1177/23312165261470622","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23312165261470622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Designing multi-sensor experiments to study interactive communication is costly, complex, and often poorly documented, particularly in terms of implementation challenges and the rationale behind decision-making. Here, we aim to demystify the process by detailing the development of a custom multi-sensor lab designed to monitor comprehensive behavioural and physiological responses during interactive communication. To illustrate the system architecture, we use an implemented paradigm as a worked example: two adults engaged in natural conversation while listening to realistic background noise scenes delivered via open Sennheiser HD-800 headphones. Multi-sensor data were collected using DPA headset microphones, Tobii Pro Glasses 3, a Vicon motion capture system (with Tobii integration), BIOPAC amplifiers (PPG, EDA, ECG, respiration, temperature), a Fitbit Sense 2 smartwatch, and six Logitech BRIO 4K ultra HD video cameras recording via Open Broadcaster Software (OBS). Due to high bandwidth demands and varying sampling rates (1 Hz to 48 kHz) among the different devices, all systems recorded independently which posed a significant synchronisation challenge. A central RME soundcard delivered trigger pulses to the Tobii, BIOPAC, OBS, and Vicon systems to mark stimulus onset/offset. Redundant synchronisation mechanisms were implemented to mitigate the risk of trigger failure and bespoke processing pipelines were developed to synchronise data streams. We share key challenges and creative solutions encountered in building such a lab, to help researchers understand and anticipate common pain points and make more informed decisions when implementing their own multi-sensor setups.</p>","PeriodicalId":48678,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Hearing","volume":"30 ","pages":"23312165261470622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13389142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148537353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Parameters for Measuring Multiband Auditory Brainstem Responses to Continuous Speech.","authors":"Melissa J Polonenko, Benjamin R Eisenreich","doi":"10.1177/23312165261465722","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23312165261465722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate clinical hearing assessment depends on efficient, engaging measures designed to evaluate ecologically relevant stimuli. Often brief tones or narrowband noise stimuli are used, providing a useful but limited snapshot of hearing function. Including dynamic speech offers a means to capture how the hearing system encodes complex sounds critical for everyday communication. Here we describe the optimal parameters for using audiobook continuous speech with the multiband peaky speech paradigm to measure frequency-specific auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to standard audiological octave bands from 500-8000 Hz in each ear simultaneously. Using computational modeling and direct human ABR testing in adults with normal hearing, we demonstrate that continuous speech signals with a chirp phase profile and fundamental frequency (f0) lowered to the range of 90-110 Hz evoke the largest ABR wave V amplitudes. This amplitude boost occurs when any narrator's f0 is lowered to this optimal range, but the largest responses occur for narrators with original f0s below 170 Hz. We also confirmed that different narrator speech stimuli with these optimized parameters can evoke similarly sized ABRs, but some minor differences remain for testing time. Ultimately, optimizing phase-f0 parameters substantially sped up the median testing time to obtain robust audiobook-based multiband ABRs to within 14 minutes, thereby making this paradigm more feasible for future research and clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48678,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Hearing","volume":"30 ","pages":"23312165261465722"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148399798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noise Management Preferences During Long-Term Hearing Aid Usage and Their Relation to Audiologic Factors.","authors":"Marianna Vatti, Takanori Nishiyama, Daisuke Suzuki, Peter Ihly, Chiemi Tanaka, Sébastien Santurette, Johannes Zaar, Søren Laugesen, Gary Jones, Tsubasa Kitama, Jürgen Tchorz, Kaoru Ogawa, Naoki Oishi, Tim Jürgens, Seiichi Shinden","doi":"10.1177/23312165261454552","DOIUrl":"10.1177/23312165261454552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preferences for advanced hearing aid (HA) noise management features, such as directionality and noise reduction (DIR + NR), differ significantly among users. Due to the lack of standardized clinical guidelines for fine-tuning these features, audiologists often rely on individual user preferences. However, this approach doesn't always ensure optimal hearing outcomes. The goal of this study was to examine how users respond to these advanced features in everyday acoustic environments, with two main goals: to assess how sensitive users are to changes in DIR + NR settings compared to subtle gain adjustments, and to identify the factors influencing DIR + NR preferences in various situations. A total of 123 individuals using bilateral HAs participated in the study, conducted at two locations in Germany and Japan. Over six testing periods (half a year), participants were provided with two listening programs that differed either in the strength of their DIR + NR settings or in gain levels for high-frequency and soft sounds. Participants documented their preferences via self-initiated questionnaires, reporting experiences with the different settings in real-life listening scenarios. Most participants preferred modest adaptive DIR + NR settings and participants generally expressed higher preference strength for small gain changes than for variations in DIR + NR. Preferences could not be reliably predicted from audiologic or environmental factors, apart from a minor influence of subjective noisiness. These findings suggest that clinicians can guide the initial fitting of DIR + NR settings to optimize speech-in-noise performance, as adaptive DIR + NR configurations are broadly acceptable. User preferences remain important, particularly during gain fine-tuning, as small adjustments can be noticeable.</p>","PeriodicalId":48678,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Hearing","volume":"30 ","pages":"23312165261454552"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13342364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148399792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}