Ain Shams Engineering Journal最新文献

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Hybrid optimized droop control for DC microgrid with storage element based on CMPN algorithm 基于CMPN算法的带存储单元直流微电网混合优化下垂控制
IF 6 2区 工程技术
Ain Shams Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2025.103520
M. Samy , Naggar H. Saad , A.Y. Hassan , M. Mokhtar
{"title":"Hybrid optimized droop control for DC microgrid with storage element based on CMPN algorithm","authors":"M. Samy ,&nbsp;Naggar H. Saad ,&nbsp;A.Y. Hassan ,&nbsp;M. Mokhtar","doi":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green energy management is a key research focus to support de-carbonization goals by reducing harmful emissions. DC microgrid specifically helps to reach these goals as it provides numerous advantages over AC microgrid. However, challenges such as voltage regulation and power sharing mismatch must be addressed. This paper applies a novel optimization algorithm to determine the optimal droop coefficient and regulate DC bus voltage using an adaptive PID controller. The PID parameters are tuned using three techniques: Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Continuous Mixed P-Norm Controller (CMPN), and Fractional Order Controller (FO). These tuning techniques essentially aim to preserve DC bus voltage at the reference value under any perturbation. Each tuning technique is integrated with the optimized droop coefficient to improve the voltage regulation and power sharing. Comprehensive simulations validate and compare the effectiveness of these controllers in achieving robust and reliable DC microgrid operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48648,"journal":{"name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 103520"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Deconstructing synergistic carbon reduction mechanisms in large-scale construction governance: A Monte Carlo simulation based on a cross-scale model 解构大型建筑治理中的协同减碳机制:基于跨尺度模型的蒙特卡罗模拟
IF 6 2区 工程技术
Ain Shams Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2025.103513
Zhizhe Zheng , Yikun Su , Junhao Liu
{"title":"Deconstructing synergistic carbon reduction mechanisms in large-scale construction governance: A Monte Carlo simulation based on a cross-scale model","authors":"Zhizhe Zheng ,&nbsp;Yikun Su ,&nbsp;Junhao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a cross-scale collaborative optimization model to explore synergistic carbon emission reduction (SCER) mechanisms in governance networks for large-scale construction projects. Monte Carlo simulations validate the model and provide actionable guidance. Key results indicate optimal cost-effectiveness ratios for additional capability deployment between [0.439, 1.371], and policy leverage ratios between [0.425, 1.097]. Contractual governance emerges as pivotal, with value allocation ratios between general contractors and engineering commands ranging from 0.415 to 0.590, and between general contractors and subcontractors from 0.349 to 0.661. Relational governance, in contrast, shows weaker, nonlinear effects. The engineering commands excessive intervention slightly inhibited SCER during project execution. This study advances low-carbon construction governance by providing a quantitative framework for balancing cost, value distribution, and policy support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48648,"journal":{"name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 103513"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Critical factors influencing post-disaster reconstruction: A quantitative analysis of Yemen’s recovery challenges 影响灾后重建的关键因素:也门恢复挑战的定量分析
IF 6 2区 工程技术
Ain Shams Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2025.103538
Husam. A.S. Al Mekhlefi, Jie Liu
{"title":"Critical factors influencing post-disaster reconstruction: A quantitative analysis of Yemen’s recovery challenges","authors":"Husam. A.S. Al Mekhlefi,&nbsp;Jie Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yemen faces considerable obstacles in post-disaster reconstruction owing to political instability, budgetary limitations, and inefficiencies in disaster management. This article delineates and ranks the principal issues obstructing reconstruction initiatives, providing the inaugural complete examination of these challenges in Yemen. A thorough literature study identified 47 important elements that contribute to delays and failures in reconstruction. The elements were assessed through a survey of 51 seasoned engineers and prioritized using the Relative Importance Index (RII) into four categories: management, government, beneficiaries, and economic. The study delineates the 10 principal components that represent the foremost impediments to restoration, underscoring the want for improved governmental administration, dependable financial backing, and augmented community involvement. Addressing these issues can accelerate and improve the efficacy of reconstruction operations. The results offer pragmatic suggestions for policymakers and practitioners to enhance post-disaster reconstruction in Yemen and other areas encountering analogous difficulties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48648,"journal":{"name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 103538"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Numerical and experimental analysis of thermal transfer for radial-shaped holed fins 径向孔翅片传热的数值与实验分析
IF 6 2区 工程技术
Ain Shams Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2025.103529
Arkan Fawzi Saeed , Noori Raad
{"title":"Numerical and experimental analysis of thermal transfer for radial-shaped holed fins","authors":"Arkan Fawzi Saeed ,&nbsp;Noori Raad","doi":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates heat characteristics transferred from a rectangular perforated fins, which are widely used in engineering applications for thermal management. The research focuses on the radial shaped perforation geometry effects on the fins thermal performance. Perforation is introduced to reduce the weight of the fins and improve thermal dispersion by increasing the ratio of exposed area to volume and promoting better airflow. A combination of experimental testing and CFD simulations is employed to examine parameters such as Nusselt number, overall thermal efficiency, and effectiveness. The results indicate that strategically placed perforations significantly improve heat transfer performance while reducing material usage by 16% of area. The experimental data closely matched the numerical results with an error of 3.99%. It has been found that the radial fin perforation had achieved a significant overall efficiency and effectiveness enhancement. Present work provides insights into optimizing perforation patterns for various applications, offering an effective solution for lightweight and high-performance heat transfer systems in automotive, aerospace, and electronic cooling industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48648,"journal":{"name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 103529"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mathematical modeling and characteristics of automotive electric power steering systems: A state–of–the–art literature review 汽车电动助力转向系统的数学建模和特性:最新的文献综述
IF 6 2区 工程技术
Ain Shams Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2025.103516
Tuan Anh Nguyen
{"title":"Mathematical modeling and characteristics of automotive electric power steering systems: A state–of–the–art literature review","authors":"Tuan Anh Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric Power Steering (EPS) systems offer several advantages over traditional steering mechanisms and are increasingly adopted in modern vehicles. The performance of an EPS system strongly depends on its assisted steering characteristic curves, which serve as reference signals for control algorithms. While many models and methods have been proposed to describe and analyze EPS systems, no comprehensive publication has systematically categorized and reviewed the dynamic models and assisted steering characteristics of these systems. This article addresses the research gap by presenting a thorough, up-to-date overview of automotive EPS systems. Specifically, we summarize and compare widely used EPS configurations’ structures, mathematical models, and application scopes. A key contribution of this work is the classification and analysis of various assisted steering characteristic curves, which are essential for optimizing control performance. These curves provide a helpful basis for researchers and engineers in designing optimal EPS system behaviors. To enhance practical accessibility, we also provide a summary table consolidating the main findings, allowing practitioners to reference the characteristics and models discussed quickly. This work’s distinctive contribution is its comprehensive integration of structural and performance-related features of EPS systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48648,"journal":{"name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 103516"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimization of emergency medical low-carbon cold chain transportation routes considering hospital priority during an epidemic outbreak 考虑医院优先的疫情应急医疗低碳冷链运输路线优化
IF 6 2区 工程技术
Ain Shams Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2025.103515
Shouchen Liu
{"title":"Optimization of emergency medical low-carbon cold chain transportation routes considering hospital priority during an epidemic outbreak","authors":"Shouchen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At the beginning of 2020, during the sudden outbreak of the novel coronavirus in Wuhan, the hoarding, untimeliness, lack of transparency and unreasonable distribution of rescue medical cold chain materials also exposed the drawbacks of domestic medical logistics emergency distribution. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the optimization of the emergency medical cold chain material distribution routes mainly for hospitals. Firstly, the K-means clustering algorithm is used to classify the hospital priorities. Subsequently, this paper proposes two situations: shortage of goods and lack of goods, and constructs a path optimization model with the total cost as the objective function. Finally, the improved ant colony algorithm is adopted to solve the model. The results show that through simulation to verify the validity and rationality of the model, this method can effectively solve the truck routing problem of priority emergency allocation in hospitals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48648,"journal":{"name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 103515"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Computational-experimental investigation of radiations shielding characteristics for polymethyl methacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯辐射屏蔽特性的计算与实验研究
IF 6 2区 工程技术
Ain Shams Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2025.103527
Susan Shukur Noori , Kadir Günoğlu , Osman Günay , Iskender Akkurt , Ipek Atik
{"title":"Computational-experimental investigation of radiations shielding characteristics for polymethyl methacrylate","authors":"Susan Shukur Noori ,&nbsp;Kadir Günoğlu ,&nbsp;Osman Günay ,&nbsp;Iskender Akkurt ,&nbsp;Ipek Atik","doi":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the gamma radiation shielding properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) samples augmented with varying proportions of silicon carbide (SiC). The neutron radiation shielding properties were determined through theoretical calculations using specialized software (Phy-X/PSD). Experimental measurements were conducted utilizing a NaI(Tl) detector system, capturing gamma-ray energies emitted by some radiation sources (<sup>137</sup>Cs and <sup>60</sup>Co) at 0.662, 1.173, and 1.332 MeV. To enhance result accuracy, a slender beam geometry was established with a collimator. Theoretical calculations of shielding parameters were conducted across an energy spectrum ranging from 0.015 to 15 MeV utilizing specialized software. Experimental linear attenuation coefficient outcomes facilitated the calculation of half and tenth layer thickness values, mean free path. Furthermore some parameters such as electron density and effective atomic number were derived using software alongside measurement results. Fast-neutron removal cross sections for neutron radiation were ultimately determined. This findings reveal an increase in LAC values with rising SiC ratio in PMMA, yet they exhibit a decrease with rising photon energy. Conversely, MFP, HVL, TVL, and d<sub>Pb</sub> values escalate with energy increase, whereas they diminish with higher SiC ratios in PMMA. Theoretically calculated fast neutron removal cross sections augment with escalating SiC ratios. Comparison of gamma radiation shielding parameters, both experimental and theoretical, demonstrates a harmonious correlation between the two, affirming their reliability and congruence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48648,"journal":{"name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 103527"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An algorithmic approach to signed fuzzy graph integrity: Complexity, graph operations, and metro rail network applications 签名模糊图完整性的算法方法:复杂性、图操作和地铁轨道网络应用
IF 6 2区 工程技术
Ain Shams Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2025.103509
Chakaravarthy Sankar , Chandran Kalaivani , Mariappan Saravanan , Ramalingam Sujatha
{"title":"An algorithmic approach to signed fuzzy graph integrity: Complexity, graph operations, and metro rail network applications","authors":"Chakaravarthy Sankar ,&nbsp;Chandran Kalaivani ,&nbsp;Mariappan Saravanan ,&nbsp;Ramalingam Sujatha","doi":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an algorithm to compute the integrity of a signed fuzzy graph by systematically evaluating vertex subsets, removing them, and analyzing the resulting connected components. Integrity is determined by computing the minimum sum of the fuzzy membership of the removed subset and the maximum fuzzy order among the remaining components. Additionally, this study explores the vertex integrity of signed fuzzy graphs under operations such as union, Cartesian product, and join. Integrity results for special graph operations are derived and illustrated with examples. The corona and pendant operations on signed fuzzy graphs are also introduced, along with their structural properties. Understanding graph integrity is essential for assessing network resilience, particularly in transportation systems. The proposed framework is applied to metro rail networks to demonstrate its practical significance in ensuring operational efficiency. Integrity values are computed using computational tools, providing insights into network robustness and failure resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48648,"journal":{"name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 103509"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analysis of periodic wave soliton structure for the wave propagation in nonlinear low–pass electrical transmission lines through analytical technique 用解析技术分析非线性低通输电线路中波传播的周期波孤子结构
IF 6 2区 工程技术
Ain Shams Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2025.103506
Mujahid Iqbal , Jianqiao Liu , Aly R. Seadawy , Huda Daefallh Alrashdi , Reem Algethamie , Abeer Aljohani , Ce Fu
{"title":"Analysis of periodic wave soliton structure for the wave propagation in nonlinear low–pass electrical transmission lines through analytical technique","authors":"Mujahid Iqbal ,&nbsp;Jianqiao Liu ,&nbsp;Aly R. Seadawy ,&nbsp;Huda Daefallh Alrashdi ,&nbsp;Reem Algethamie ,&nbsp;Abeer Aljohani ,&nbsp;Ce Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present research, the nonlinear electrical equation named low–pass electrical transmission lines (LPETLs) equation under examination through extended simple equation approach. The nonlinear LPETLs model having important implications in sciences and engineering such as communication and electronic engineering included system of signal distribution in cable television, connection system of radio receiver and transmitter and its antennas, computer networking connected system, routing call truck lines of telephone switching centers, high speed data buses in computers and many others. In the presenting research, we examined novel solitons with interesting structure such as periodic wave solitons, kink wave solitons, bright solitons, anti–kink wave solitons, dark solitons, mixed bright and dark solitons, periodic traveling and solitary waves. The physical structure of some explored results demonstrated by contour, two–dimensional and three–dimensional through numerical simulation with computational Mathematica software. These novel explored results prove that proposed approach in this research is more straightforward, effective, not difficult to use and efficient to the investigation of different nonlinear differential equations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48648,"journal":{"name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 103506"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comparative study of oblique stagnation point flow of MWCNT-Ag/blood and MWCNT/blood nanofluids due to shrinking surface MWCNT- ag /血纳米流体与MWCNT/血纳米流体由于表面收缩导致的斜驻点流动的比较研究
IF 6 2区 工程技术
Ain Shams Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2025.103517
M.S. Abbas , M. Qamar , M. Khan , S.M. Hussain
{"title":"Comparative study of oblique stagnation point flow of MWCNT-Ag/blood and MWCNT/blood nanofluids due to shrinking surface","authors":"M.S. Abbas ,&nbsp;M. Qamar ,&nbsp;M. Khan ,&nbsp;S.M. Hussain","doi":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asej.2025.103517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid nanofluids improved the thermal characteristics and stability features of various applications including thermal efficiency systems, solar collectors, energy production, nuclear processes, and heat transfer properties. Motivated by above mentioned applications of hybrid nanofluids, the primary aim is to explore the heat transfer analysis through a comparative study of (MWCNT-Ag/blood) hybrid nanofluid and (MWCNT /blood) nanofluid near an oblique stagnation point flow with the impact of non-linear thermal radiation, variable thermal conductivity and non-uniform heat generation/absorption across a shrinking surface. The influence of suction, convective boundary condition are also under consideration. The governing flow problem is reformed into non-linear ODEs employing appropriate similarity variables. A suitable technique bvp4c built-in MATLAB function used for numerical solutions. A comprehensive analysis of distinct influential fluid factors against drag friction, Nusselt number, flow, and thermal transportation are examined graphically. The outcome shows that friction drag increases with the increment in suction parameter for both hybrid and monofluids for stable branch solutions. Furthermore, heat transportation rate rises with the addition of variable thermal conductivity and radiation factors for hybrid nanofluid and monofluid. It also observed that hybrid nanofluid boosted rapidly compared to a naonofluid, representing an improvement in thermal characteristics is more stable for hybrid nanofluid than monofluid. Additionally, increasing the temperature ratio factors shows an upsurge in thermal distribution profile.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48648,"journal":{"name":"Ain Shams Engineering Journal","volume":"16 9","pages":"Article 103517"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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