Geothermal Energy最新文献

{"title":"Geophysical characteristics of a fault system in the northern Central Range of Taiwan and its applications for geothermal energy exploration","authors":"Bing-Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Tito Perdana,&nbsp;Li-Wei Kuo","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00265-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00265-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The northern Central Range of Taiwan is a high-potential geothermal region. Since the formations are mainly tight metasandstone and slate, permeable structures associated with faults are commonly considered as conduits of geothermal fluids. This study determines the characteristics and orientations of the permeable fault zones by analyzing the geophysical logs and microresistivity formation image log (FMI) of the JT-4 well in Jentse, an important geothermal area in the northern Central Range. Between 720 and 1480 m measured depth (MD), the effective porosity of the intact host rock is mostly below 3% calculated by the geophysical log. Zones with porosity greater than 5% are only clustered within a few thin intervals. The FMI interpretations show these porous zones are in the interior of the fractured and faulted intervals. These porous fault zones comprise fault damage zones with a high density of open fracture planes and fault cores with porous fault breccias. There is a highly brecciated fault core in 1334–1339 m MD, which would be the most permeable interval of the well. Additionally, some healed fault zones with sealed fractures are observed. The picked drilling-induced tensile fractures signify that the direction of the present-day maximum horizontal principal stress is N40–50°E, and most of the open fractures also strike parallel to the NE–SW direction. The study results show that the open fractures are concentrated in the four fault zones belonging to one major normal fault system. After integrating the orientations and locations of the fault zones, we propose that the permeable normal fault system is about 200 m wide, trends N50–70°E, and dips 70–80° to the NW. The development of the open fractures and the permeable fault system in the northern Central Range may be controlled by the current rifting of the Okinawa Trough offshore northeastern Taiwan. The study exhibits the characteristics of fractured fluid conduits of the regional geothermal system, which will benefit future geothermal exploration in northeastern Taiwan.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00265-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47344714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of Play Fairway Analysis of the geothermal potential of Camas Prairie, south-central Idaho, by an exploration well","authors":"Thomas E. Lachmar,&nbsp;Ghanashyam Neupane,&nbsp;Sabodh K. Garg,&nbsp;Patrick F. Dobson,&nbsp;Connor J. Smith,&nbsp;Dennis L. Newell,&nbsp;John W. Shervais,&nbsp;James P. Evans,&nbsp;Leland L. Mink","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00264-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00264-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Play Fairway Analysis (PFA) methodology was adapted for geothermal exploration at Camas Prairie, Idaho. Geophysical data, structural and geologic mapping, volcanic rock ages and vent locations, and the distribution of thermal springs and wells all indicated a relatively high geothermal potential along the southern margin of the Prairie. An exploration well (USU Camas-1) was drilled to a depth of 618.3 m to validate the PFA. A permeable zone was encountered at ~ 357.5 m with a maximum measured temperature of ~ 80 °C, which was suppressed following the injection of cold water. A moderate transmissivity of ~ 0.25–1 cm²/s estimated from an injection test as well a seasonal artesian flow at ~ 0.7 L/s corroborate the presence of a permeable zone. The existence of a lacustrine clay seal was confirmed near the bottom of the basin-fill sediment occupying the upper 314 m of the well. Geothermometers suggest the USU Camas-1 well water equilibrated at a reservoir temperature of ~ 120 °C. Based on the locations of both thermal and cold wells, geothermal fluids appear to be flowing upward along one or both of two fault systems. The presence of young basalts and elevated helium isotope ratios suggest that the heat source of Camas Prairie is magmatic. However, the faults may be acting as a conduit for geothermal fluids to rise from great depth without a shallow magmatic source being present. Camas Prairie is a promising area for geothermal development, but the relatively low reservoir temperatures indicate this resource may not be suitable for electric generation. Perhaps the best use would be for heating.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00264-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44674464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling of flow through naturally fractured geothermal reservoirs, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand","authors":"Warwick M. Kissling,&nbsp;Cécile Massiot","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00262-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00262-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Numerous fractures are observed in fractured geothermal reservoirs on borehole images in the Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ), Aotearoa New Zealand. These fractures are necessary to explain the sustained reservoir permeabilities despite the low matrix porosity. However, conventional continuum models do not adequately represent fluid flow through these fractured rocks.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We present new Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) codes that model fractures and associated fluid flow in 2-D at reservoir scales to represent typical rock types found in TVZ reservoirs. Input parameters are derived from interpretations of borehole images at the Rotokawa and Wairakei geothermal fields where fractures have high dip magnitudes (&gt; 60–70°). This paper focuses on the effect of fracture density along virtual boreholes (P₁₀), that is in average 0.6 m⁻¹ in sheet-like andesites; 0.8 m⁻¹ in ignimbrites and 1.7 m⁻¹ in rhyolite lavas.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The number of fractures in the models scale linearly with the input P₁₀ in virtual boreholes. The percolation threshold, where the backbone of fractures is connected across the entire model domain, is reached for P₁₀ &gt; 0.24 m⁻¹. Above this threshold, mean flow measured along the mean fracture direction scales linearly with P₁₀. For P₁₀ &gt; 0.4 m⁻¹ the permeability anisotropy lies in the interval 13 ± 3, with the scatter decreasing as P₁₀ increases. The pressure distributions in individual DFN realisations are highly variable, but averages of 50 realisations converge towards those given by equivalent continuum models. Probability density functions resulting from DFN realisations can therefore be used to constrain continuum models. Tracing of fluid particles through the DFN shows that particles can take numerous pathways to define a swath of paths. The travel time of particles over 1 km follows a distribution similar to real tracer tests, with arrivals peaking at 1–2 days and a long tail stretching to over 200 days.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The new codes, calibrated to real measurements of fracture geometries in borehole images of the TVZ, reproduce patterns of flows in fractured geothermal systems. Mean flows and permeability anisotropies derived from the DFNs can be used to improve modelling of flows through fractured geothermal reservoirs using continuum models at a limited computational cost.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00262-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42554833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of extreme fracture flow channels on the thermal performance of open-loop geothermal systems at commercial scale","authors":"Nicolás Rangel-Jurado,&nbsp;Adam J. Hawkins,&nbsp;Patrick M. Fulton","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00261-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00261-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adequate stewardship of geothermal resources requires accurate forecasting of long-term thermal performance. In enhanced geothermal systems and other fracture-dominated reservoirs, predictive models commonly assume constant-aperture fractures, although spatial variations in aperture can greatly affect reservoir permeability, fluid flow distribution, and heat transport. Whereas previous authors have investigated the effects of theoretical random aperture distributions on thermal performance, here we further explore the influence of permeability heterogeneity considering field-constrained aperture distributions from a meso-scale field site in northern New York, USA. Using numerical models of coupled fluid flow and heat transport, we conduct thermal–hydraulic simulations for a hypothetical reservoir consisting of a relatively impervious porous matrix and a single, horizontal fracture. Our results indicate that in highly channelized fields, most well design configurations and operating conditions result in extreme rates of thermal drawdown (e.g., 50% drop in production well temperatures in under 2 years). However, some other scenarios that account for the risks of short-circuiting can potentially enhance heat extraction when mass flow rate is not excessively high, and the direction of geothermal extraction is not aligned with the most permeable features in the reservoir. Through a parametric approach, we illustrate that well separation distance and relative positioning play a major role in the long-term performance of highly channelized fields, and both can be used to help mitigate premature thermal breakthrough.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00261-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44867079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural control of the graben fault on hydrothermal alteration in the Cerro Pabellón geothermal system (Andean Cordillera, Northern Chile)","authors":"J. Vidal,&nbsp;P. Patrier,&nbsp;D. Beaufort,&nbsp;S. Maza,&nbsp;G. Rivera,&nbsp;G. Volpi,&nbsp;D. Morata","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00260-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00260-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focuses on hydrothermal alteration in the geothermal reservoir of Cerro Pabellón (Andean Cordillera, Northern Chile). It is based on CP2A and CP5A production wells drilled above a local normal fault and presenting unlike hydraulic properties. Cuttings from 300 to 1555 m depth were sampled and analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to observe distribution of hydrothermal minerals and crystal chemistry variations of clays (fraction &lt; 5 μm). Then, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) allowed to perform microanalysis of hydrothermal minerals. These results highlight a mineral assemblage that was not observed before, composed of adularia + Ba-rich feldspar + feathery quartz + chalcedony + calcium arsenates + illite. They are characteristics of high-temperature hydrothermal alteration in epithermal settings and are restricted to shallow permeable fracture zones of the active part of the reservoir. Another fracture-controlled event related to a typical illitization is observed in all permeable fracture and fault zones of the geothermal system. This multi-event alteration seems strongly controlled by the eastern graben fault and the associated interconnected fracture network.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00260-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5121902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory experiments on the effects of corrosion inhibitor on the mechanical properties of reservoir rock","authors":"Jon-Danilo Kortram,&nbsp;Auke Barnhoorn,&nbsp;Anne Pluymakers","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00257-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00257-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Geothermal energy production often involves use of corrosion inhibitors. We performed rock mechanical experiments (room temperature; confining pressure of 10/20/30 MPa) on typical reservoir rocks (Bentheim sandstone and Treuchtlinger limestone) in contact with two different inhibitor solutions or with demineralized water. The sandstone experiments show no discernible difference in rock strength between inhibitors or water, attributed to low quartz reactivity. The limestone experiments show a significant difference in rock strength (and Mohr–Coulomb envelope), dependent on inhibitor type, attributed to high carbonate reactivity. This implies that, depending on the reactivity of the rocks and local stress conditions, inhibitor leakage may lead to unpredicted reservoir failure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00257-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4349136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operational strategies to alleviate thermal impacts of the large-scale borehole heat exchanger array in Beijing Daxing Airport","authors":"Yaqian Ren,&nbsp;Yanlong Kong,&nbsp;Yonghui Huang,&nbsp;Shu Bie,&nbsp;Zhonghe Pang,&nbsp;Jichao He,&nbsp;Wei Yi,&nbsp;Bin He,&nbsp;Jiyang Wang","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00259-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00259-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Large-scale ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are increasingly used for space heating and cooling. In comparison with smaller ones, large GSHP systems are often coupled with much more borehole heat exchangers (BHEs). Because of the intense thermal interactions between BHEs, they are more susceptible to significant ground temperature changes. Meanwhile, they possess the advantage that their operational strategies can be applied with a high degree of freedom, which presents chances to alleviate intense thermal interactions. In this study, we used a new performance indicator to access the effectiveness of GSHP operational strategies on alleviating thermal anomalies. The Daxing Airport GSHP system, contains 10,497 BHEs and is the largest in the world; therefore, it was selected as the test case for performance enhancement through operational strategies. We established a 2D model to predict ground temperature changes during the 50-year operation of the BHEs. First, it was revealed that the most severe thermal anomalies in the study area mainly occurred both within and between the BHE arrays, which should be mitigated. To alleviate the thermal anomalies caused by the thermal interactions of BHEs, operational strategies were applied by adjusting the cooling/heating starting sequence, setting time-dependent thermal loads, and reallocating thermal loads according to the position of the BHEs. Our study demonstrates that only the operation strategy that adjusts the cooling/heating starting sequence is beneficial for different BHE layouts, while the operational strategy that reallocates the thermal loads depending on BHEs position may be only effective for specific BHE layouts. In addition, our new performance indicator can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the operational strategies and determine the spacing of adjacent BHE arrays. Therefore, it benefits the operation management of BHE array and design of BHE layout, and further guarantees the sustainable operation of the GSHP system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00259-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4310283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison and integration of simulation models for horizontal connection pipes in geothermal bore fields","authors":"Stephan Düber,&nbsp;Raul Fuentes,&nbsp;Guillermo A. Narsilio","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00252-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00252-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The heat transfer along horizontal connection pipes in geothermal bore fields can have significant effects and should not be neglected. As practical and design-related applications require simple and efficient models, we investigate suitability of different models for the first time within this context. Three ground and three pipe models of different complexity are studied. All model combinations are coupled with a fixed ground load boundary condition on one side and a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) model on the other side. Models are tested under a variety of realistic conditions to evaluate performance. The investigations show that all investigated pipe models are equally suitable for the application. For the ground models, the horizontal finite line source model and the numerical 2D model produce identical results for homogeneous ground properties. The soil resistance model neglects the temperature accumulation in the ground and thus leads to considerable deviations and should be avoided. Based on the findings, we propose a computationally efficient approach using a novel combination of established simple steady-state models for the BHE and connection pipes. In the selected example scenario, the consideration of a 30 m connection pipe attached to the BHE leads to an increase in the BHE load by 40% for the heating case and a reduction in the BHE load by 5% for the cooling case.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00252-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4433336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The northeastern Algeria hydrothermal system: gravimetric data and structural implication","authors":"Yasser Bayou,&nbsp;Abdeslam Abtout,&nbsp;Rosemary A. Renaut,&nbsp;Boualem Bouyahiaoui,&nbsp;Said Maouche,&nbsp;Saeed Vatankhah,&nbsp;Mohamed Cherif Berguig","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00258-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00258-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Tell Atlas of Algeria has a huge potential for hydrothermal energy from over 240 thermal springs with temperatures up to <span>(98^circ)</span> C in the Guelma area. The most exciting region is situated in the northeastern part which is known to have the hottest hydrothermal systems. In this work, we use a high-resolution gravity study to identify the location and origin of the hot water, and how it reaches the surface. Gravimetric data analysis shows the shapes of the anomalies arising due to structures at different subsurface depths. The calculation of the energy spectrum for the data also showcases the depths of the bodies causing anomalies. 3D-Euler deconvolution is applied to estimate the depths of preexisting tectonic structures (faults). These preprocessing steps assist with assessing signal attenuation that impacts the Bouguer anomaly map. The residual anomaly is used in a three-dimensional inversion to provide a subsurface density distribution model that illustrates the locations of the origin of the dominant subsurface thermal systems. Overall, the combination of these standard processing steps applied to the measurements of gravity data at the surface provides new insights about the sources of the hydrothermal systems in the Hammam Debagh and Hammam Ouled Ali regions. Faults that are key to the water infiltrating from depth to the surface are also identified. These represent the pathway of the hot water in the study area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00258-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4902276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of surface heat flow and effects on the subsurface temperatures in the northern part of Thrace Basin, NW Turkey","authors":"Kamil Erkan,&nbsp;Elif Balkan-Pazvantoğlu","doi":"10.1186/s40517-023-00253-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-023-00253-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Thrace Basin in northwestern Turkey is a deep Eocene–Oligocene hydrocarbon-bearing sedimentary basin. The basin has potential for geothermal energy utilization in the future due to its favorable geological conditions. In this study, we combined the available bottom hole temperature (BHT) data from 70 points with the thermal conductivity and radiogenic heat productions of the basin formations, and generated a detailed thermal model of the northern part of the basin. For heat flow determinations from the BHT data, we applied Bullard’s thermal resistance method on formation thermal conductivities and thicknesses. The results give an average surface heat flow of 65.8 ± 11.3 mW/m². We obtained high heat flow values (75–80 mW/m²) in the eastern and western sides, and the central part of the study area. These relatively high heat flow values can be explained by the combined effect of basement topography and the variations in the radiogenic heat production of the basement rocks. The calculated subsurface temperatures in selected hydrocarbon fields vary in the range of 45–64 °C at 1 km depth, 99–136 °C at 3 km depth, and 155–208 °C at 5 km depth as a result of local variations of the surface heat flow and formation thermal resistances. These variations in subsurface temperatures can have significant effects on the cost of geothermal energy production in future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40517-023-00253-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4761883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}