3D mechanical analysis of geothermal reservoir operations in faulted sedimentary aquifers using MACRIS

IF 2.9 2区 地球科学 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS
Arjan Marelis, Fred Beekman, Jan-Diederik van Wees
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Abstract

Accurate and efficient predictions of three-dimensional subsurface stress changes are required for the assessment of geothermal operations with respect to fault stability and the potential risk for induced seismicity. This work extends the model capabilities of Mechanical Analysis of Complex Reservoirs for Induced Seismicity (MACRIS) to account for high-resolution thermo-elastic stress evaluations in structurally complex (i.e. faulted) and matrix permeability dominated geothermal systems. By adopting a mesh-free approach suitable to industry standard flow simulation models, MACRIS is capable of preserving the complex 3D hydraulic development of the injected cold-water volume and the 3D geometrical complexities of the reservoir model. The workflow has been applied to three-dimensional models with clastic reservoir characteristics representative for low enthalpy geothermal exploitation in the Netherlands. The models are marked by a single fault, subject to no and normal offset. Comparison of simulated stress evolutions in MACRIS with alternative analytical solutions highlight the effects of stress arching involved in the poro- and thermo-elastic stress developments on complex faults intersected by or in direct contact with the cold-water volume. Results are in agreement with previous studies and show the effect of thermal stressing to be dominant, arching of stresses to occur at the rim of the cold-water volume, and in cooling reservoirs, the intersection area of the cold-water volume in direct contact with the fault plane to be the main driver for fault reactivation and subsequent seismic potential. Moreover, results show the effects of stress arching (i) to be enhanced in the case of reservoir throw and flow compartmentalization, and (ii) to be reduced by a relative increase in conductive heat transfer between the reservoir and surrounding formations.

利用 MACRIS 对断层沉积含水层中的地热储层作业进行三维力学分析
为了评估地热作业的断层稳定性和诱发地震的潜在风险,需要对三维地下应力变化进行准确有效的预测。这项工作扩展了复杂储层诱发地震力学分析(MACRIS)模型的功能,以考虑结构复杂(即断层)和基质渗透主导地热系统的高分辨率热弹性应力评估。通过采用适用于工业标准流动模拟模型的无网格方法,MACRIS 能够保留注入冷水体积的复杂三维水力发展和储层模型的三维几何复杂性。该工作流程已应用于具有碎屑岩储层特征的三维模型,这些特征在荷兰的低焓地热开发中具有代表性。模型以单个断层为标志,受无偏移和法向偏移的影响。将 MACRIS 中的模拟应力演化与其他分析方案进行比较,突出显示了与冷水体相交或直接接触的复杂断层上的孔隙应力和热弹性应力发展所涉及的应力拱化效应。结果与之前的研究一致,表明热应力的影响占主导地位,应力起拱发生在冷水体的边缘,在冷却储层中,与断层面直接接触的冷水体交汇区是断层重新激活和随后发生地震的主要驱动力。此外,研究结果表明应力拱的影响(i)在储层抛掷和流动分隔的情况下会增强,(ii)储层与周围地层之间传导热量的相对增加会减弱。
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来源期刊
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Energy Earth and Planetary Sciences-Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
CiteScore
5.90
自引率
7.10%
发文量
25
审稿时长
8 weeks
期刊介绍: Geothermal Energy is a peer-reviewed fully open access journal published under the SpringerOpen brand. It focuses on fundamental and applied research needed to deploy technologies for developing and integrating geothermal energy as one key element in the future energy portfolio. Contributions include geological, geophysical, and geochemical studies; exploration of geothermal fields; reservoir characterization and modeling; development of productivity-enhancing methods; and approaches to achieve robust and economic plant operation. Geothermal Energy serves to examine the interaction of individual system components while taking the whole process into account, from the development of the reservoir to the economic provision of geothermal energy.
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