Geothermal Energy最新文献

{"title":"Modelling and design of a pilot-scale ATES experiment plant under the constraints of an urban environment","authors":"Maximilian Dörnbrack,&nbsp;Diana Altendorf,&nbsp;Holger Weiß,&nbsp;Olaf Kolditz,&nbsp;Haibing Shao","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00386-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00386-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Within the KONATES project, a pilot system was set up in the Science Park in Leipzig to investigate the feasibility of combining Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) with groundwater remediation. Along with the circulation and storage of heat through groundwater, a novel zeolite adsorbent and stripping module were used to remove chlorinated hydrocarbons from the extracted groundwater. However, the operation of the ATES system posed challenges due to urban constraints, primarily related to temperature limits and complex infrastructure. To address these limitations, a 3D numerical model was developed to simulate hydraulic and heat transport processes. The model predicted that the ATES system could operate in 10-day active phases at <span>(0.6,text{m}^3)</span>/h and <span>(70,^circ)</span> injection temperatures with one day of storage time, resulting in a maximum <span>(4,^circ)</span>C groundwater temperature increase at the boundary to the neighbouring properties. This work demonstrates the usability of 3D coupled hydrothermal models in designing ATES systems in a complex urban environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00386-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) for data centres in Germany","authors":"Florian Barth,&nbsp;Georg Schefel,&nbsp;Philipp Blum,&nbsp;Kathrin Menberg","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00383-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00383-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Data centres (DCs) produce large quantities of waste heat and thus require excessive amounts of cooling, which offers potential for an environmentally friendly space heating supply for nearby areas. However, this coupled supply suffers from a seasonal mismatch, with most space heating being required in winter, while DCs produce heat during the entire year. Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) systems are a cost-efficient way to overcome this mismatch and increase the utilisation of DC waste heat. In this study, we quantify the potential waste heat of 19 DCs in Germany, 13 of which are located in areas that are hydrogeologically suited for installing ATES systems. The waste heat of the DCs is quantified based on the installed cooling machines, which are detected on aerial images, their estimated cooling capacity and common DC cooling load factors. Considering typical heat recovery rates of ATES systems, the 13 DCs could supply 707 GWh_th of heat. By comparing this amount of potential waste heat with local heating demands, supply areas are delineated, revealing a total of around 20,000 buildings that could be supplied. In Frankfurt, which has one of the largest accumulations of DCs in Europe, six identified DCs located in areas most suitable for ATES could supply 541 GWh_th, which is equivalent to 13% of the city's residential and commercial heating demand. Considering all ten DCs in Frankfurt by placing the ATES systems in the most suitable areas, even 819 GWh_th, equivalent to 20% of the area’s heating demand, could be achieved. This demonstrates the high potential of waste heat storage from DCs for urban areas with suitable subsurface for ATES systems and its importance for current and future municipal heat planning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00383-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Perception and Frames of Geothermal Energy: the Relevance of Cultural and Religious Values","authors":"Anita Trisiah,&nbsp;Gerdien de Vries","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00381-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00381-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The potential of geothermal energy is not parallel with the amount of its production due to several factors. Although technical, financial, and regulatory challenges are often cited, this paper highlights the critical role of indigenous perceptions and cultural–religious framing in shaping local responses to geothermal energy initiatives. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in South Sumatera–home to Indonesia’s most promising geothermal reserves–this study explores how local cultural and religious values interrupt people's perception and reactions to the implementation of geothermal energy. In-depth interviews conducted within participants’ homes provided nuanced insights into the socio-cultural context. Findings reveal that the economic, environmental, and quality-of-life concerns are deeply embedded in the Tunggu Tubang tradition, which prohibits the ancestral land from being traded. This cultural framework influences how local people interpret change, evaluate risks, and determine a meaningful future, including the adoption of new energy resources. We described the local culture and religious values that shape the perceptions and frames surrounding geothermal energy, offering implications for more culturally attuned energy policy and implementation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00381-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sensitivity analysis of induced seismicity potential for geothermal direct heat production in faulted sedimentary aquifers: a case study in the Netherlands","authors":"Arjan Marelis,&nbsp;Fred Beekman,&nbsp;Jan-Diederik van Wees","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00380-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00380-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the past decades there has been a significant increase in the direct utilization of geothermal power as a renewable energy resource. Low-enthalpy geothermal systems for direct heat production are commonly developed in sedimentary aquifers with high matrix permeability. Although such geothermal systems are not often associated with induced seismicity, the potential occurrence of induced seismic events is of concern in geothermal resource development and requires improved seismic hazard assessment associated with geothermal operations. Mechanical Analysis of Complex Reservoir for Induced Seismicity (MACRIS) is applied to evaluate the sensitivity for fault reactivation and induced seismicity potential in three-dimensional clastic reservoir models representative of low-enthalpy geothermal exploitation in the Netherlands. The reservoir models are separated by a single fault causing both no and normal reservoir offset, and, unlike previous induced seismicity studies, incorporate the effects of reservoir throw and flow compartmentalization. Results show the potential for fault reactivation and induced seismicity to be (i) substantially impacted by the three-dimensional interaction of injected cold-water volume and its destabilizing effect on complex faults in sedimentary aquifers, and (ii) characterized by moderately low seismic magnitudes for the majority of predicted events. Where reservoir throw is shown to contribute to the fault reactivation and seismicity potential, fault-related reservoir flow compartmentalization has an opposite effect and is shown to reduce the potential of a sealing or bounding fault. Results confirm the findings from previous studies by showing (i) a predominant sensitivity of induced seismicity potential to the thermo-elastic reservoir parameters and injection temperature, and the in situ stress conditions and fault frictional properties affecting slip length and resulting magnitude estimate of the seismic event. In particular, results show the seismic hazard potential to significantly decrease in the case of reservoir creep or stable in situ stress conditions, and by limiting reservoir thermal drawdown.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00380-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147342816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristics of single-well enhanced geothermal system","authors":"Ma Bo,&nbsp;Li Anfan,&nbsp;Chen Wei,&nbsp;Gao Xujun,&nbsp;Han Wenbin,&nbsp;Lei Yongzhi,&nbsp;Wang Lingbao","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00379-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00379-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The single-well enhanced geothermal system (SEGS) is an innovative approach designed to overcome the limitations of traditional deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHEs). It achieves this by modifying the well structure and circulating working fluid through an engineered reservoir to enhance heat transfer. This study presents a laboratory-scale experimental investigation of a SEGS analog to identify key performance determinants. The research explores the impacts of injection flow rate, injection temperature, and the initial temperature of the sandbox on the system’s thermal performance and temperature distribution into the sandbox. A series of experiments were conducted under different conditions, and the results were analyzed to determine the optimal operating parameters for maximizing heat extraction while minimizing temperature decay. The study also investigates the influence of injection–production spacing on the thermal breakthrough and the overall efficiency of the SEGS. Based on the observed trade-offs within the tested range, a flow rate of 0.4 m³/h, an injection temperature of 31 °C, and a spacing of 120 cm provided the best compromise between high heat extraction rate and stable production temperature. These findings provide foundational insights into SEGS thermal behavior and a basis for optimizing system design, supporting the development of sustainable geothermal energy solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00379-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147341835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic assessment and hydro-thermal coupling simulation of geothermal resources potential for heating/cooling","authors":"Tingting Ke,&nbsp;Yage Zhang,&nbsp;Yang Zhou,&nbsp;Le Zhang,&nbsp;Ruyang Yu,&nbsp;Chenyang Duan,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00378-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00378-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate assessment of geothermal resources potential is of vital importance for promoting the rational development and utilization of geothermal resources. This study aims to systematically explore the collaborative application of various methods for evaluating the potential of geothermal resources, providing more effective evaluation tools for the development of deep geothermal resources. The Xixian Campus of Xi’an Jiaotong University, which is located in the central area of the Guanzhong Basin in Northwest China, is taken as the case study area. The volumetric method and the Monte Carlo method are combined to evaluate the geothermal resource potential for heating/cooling, and hydro-thermal coupling simulation is conducted to investigate the flow field and temperature field responses of geothermal reservoirs under production and reinjection. Results show that the best estimated technical potential of geothermal resources in Xixian Campus is 191.19 × 10¹⁵ J (equivalent to 6.66 million tons of coal equivalent), sufficient to support heating and cooling demands for at least 51 years. The technical potential per unit area is 38.24 × 10¹⁵ J·km⁻². Besides, the technical potential of geothermal resources in the Sanmen Formation, the Zhangjiapo Formation, the Lantian-Bahe Formation, the Gaoling Group, and the Bailuyuan Formation constitute 4.12%, 8.85%, 22.99%, 30.92%, and 33.12% of the total technical potential, respectively. Modeling results indicate that the geothermal reservoirs of the Lantian-Bahe Formation are the most suitable for economic geothermal resource development. The implementation of this work can provide data support for the plans of geothermal resource development and utilization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00378-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147341553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geothermal energy prospectivity in the Hutton Sandstone, Eromanga Basin, Australia","authors":"Oluwaseun Daniel Akinyemi,&nbsp;Kenneth Shipper,&nbsp;Jeremy T. Greene,&nbsp;John P. Castagna","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00377-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00377-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Cooper and Eromanga Basins of Australia, with old and hot basement rocks, offer promise for geothermal exploration. The basement rock radioactive decay has high radiogenic heat production exceeding 5 microwatts per cubic meter. The basement structure transitions from the 3.6 km deep Patchawarra Trough in the west with 3–4 μW/m3 radiogenic heat production to the 4.7 km deep Nappamerri Trough having 5–7 μW/m3 radiogenic heat production in the east (Beardsmore in Explor Geophys 35(4):223–35, 2004). This study integrates petrophysical analysis, seismic interpretation, and thermal energy assessment to evaluate the geothermal viability and prospectivity in the Hutton Sandstone formation of the Eromanga Basin in the vicinity of an unsuccessful geothermal well. The Hutton Sandstone is a potential geothermal aquifer where it contains temperatures exceeding 120 °C, high thermal conductivity of 5 W/mK (Beardsmore in Explor Geophys 35(4):223–35, 2004), net sand thickness over 60 m, and effective porosities &gt; 10%. The 120 ºC isotherm occurs in several areas downslope of gas fields along the Warra–Merrimelia NE–SW ridge system. The highest Hutton net sand thickness (~ 50 m) and porosity thickness (~ 30) occur near the Gashnitz-001 well, where there are good reservoir characteristics and high thermal energy. Seismic interpretation indicates probable lateral reservoir continuity up to 11 km east of the well. A prospective area of 100–683 km² is interpreted as having over 50 m net sand in the Hutton with over 16% average effective porosity and temperatures exceeding 120 °C. The in-place potential thermal energy is as high as 245 MWth with a mean of 164 MWth. The Gashnitz-001 well drilled outside of structural closure benefited from high total heat content and less geological risk in terms of porosity thickness in the Hutton formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00377-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147340902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater and geothermal archetypes in Berlin, Germany","authors":"Mohammad Reza Hajizadeh Javaran,&nbsp;Monika J. Kreitmair,&nbsp;Nikolas Makasis,&nbsp;Philipp Blum,&nbsp;Kathrin Menberg","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00375-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00375-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban aquifers are influenced by several natural and anthropogenic factors, such as geological and hydrogeological conditions and built infrastructure, such as heated basements, underground car parks, and train tunnels. Realistic 3D city-scale physics-based models of complex and heterogeneous aquifers must balance accuracy and efficiency to support scenario-based subsurface management. Hence, this study aims to provide an overview of the 3D thermal state of the urban subsurface of Berlin, Germany, with the goal of identifying groundwater and geothermal archetypes. Based on a detailed 3D geological model, covering an area of 118 km² and a depth of 250 m, block-divided (500 m × 500 m × 50 m), steady-state groundwater flow and heat transport models are created. These block models serve as a basis for identifying groundwater archetypes representing areas with similar hydrogeological and infrastructure conditions. The simulated, large-scale groundwater temperature patterns are generally in good agreement with interpolated temperatures from depth-oriented measurements. In addition, the block-scale models capture thermal hot spots and low spots that are not detected by interpolated maps. Using regression-based decision trees, 38 groundwater archetypes are identified for the shallow anthropogenically influenced layer of blocks and 21 archetypes at deeper layers (&gt; 50 m bgl). Heated basements and groundwater head difference are the most contributing features in differentiating archetypes for the shallow layer of the blocks, while lower temperature boundary dominates selection of archetypes in deeper layers. Similarity of large-scale groundwater temperature patterns across different numbers of selected archetypes shows the robustness of the approach. Using thermal and geological criteria, 10 of the identified archetypes are classified as geothermal archetypes that indicate suitable conditions for ground source heat pump systems. The archetypes approach could be further developed to support other groundwater and subsurface uses, e.g., by considering groundwater-dependent ecosystems, legal aspects (e.g., groundwater contamination), and the interactions between different uses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00375-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147339130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curie point depth and geothermal heat flow analysis of the northwest Ethiopian plateau","authors":"Muluken Kassa","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00376-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00376-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The northwest Ethiopian plateau (NWEP) has thick flood basalts from the Eocene–Miocene Trap provinces. While previous studies have established the Ethiopian Rift Valley as a region of significant geothermal potential, the NWEP has remained largely unexplored in this regard. This study aims to estimate the Curie point depth, heat flow, and geothermal gradient in the NWEP, through spectral analysis of magnetic data in the NWEP, covering the region between 9.8 and 14.1°N latitude and 36–39.64°E longitude. The magnetic anomaly map was processed using Reduction to the Pole (RTP) filter to generate the RTP corrected magnetic map of the study area. This map was subsequently partitioned into twenty four overlapping blocks, of which each one was analyzed by means of spectral methods. The estimated Curie point depths range from 14 to 75 km, while the geothermal gradient varies between 8 and 38 °C/km, with corresponding heat flow values ranging from 19 to 94 mW/m². The localities of Metema, Kora, Amanuel, Wukro, Wanzaye, Tsi Abay, Arb Gebeya, Dogolo, Alem Ketema, and Anchekorer exhibit Curie point depths (CPD) of less than 20 km. These regions exhibit high heat flow, elevated geothermal gradient, and shallow CPD, all of which indicate substantial geothermal potential. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the crustal thermal structure of the NWEP.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00376-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147337806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participatory monitoring in geothermal projects: a combined socio-geophysical approach to seismicity, risk perception and acceptability","authors":"Judith Bremer,&nbsp;Jérôme Azzola,&nbsp;Nicola Moczek,&nbsp;Thomas Kohl","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00373-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00373-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The interplay between geothermal technologies, risk perception, social acceptability and acceptance is critical in the context of geothermal energy projects. Induced seismicity is of particular concern to citizens, and the perception of seismic risk plays an important role in the acceptability of geothermal projects. Starting point for our considerations is the DeepStor research infrastructure project and observations made within this research environment. We establish a conceptual framework for participatory monitoring of seismicity in geothermal projects and explore its possible influence on socio-psychological factors related to risk perception and technology acceptability and acceptance. The participatory monitoring is based on a citizen science approach in which citizens are invited to actively participate in seismic measurements around a geothermal project using plug-and-play seismometers. The potential individual, societal and scientific implications of this approach are analyzed by introducing established participatory and social scientific concepts within the geothermal context. Our conceptual analysis suggests that participatory monitoring could effectively address seismic risk perception and acceptability by enhancing transparency, providing non-experts with first-hand experiences, and fostering discussions and informed decision-making. From a technical perspective, implementing this approach to create dense seismic networks enhances the evidence base in research projects and supports more balanced risk management strategies. This article lays the conceptual groundwork for combining social scientific and geophysical approaches and recommends citizen science demonstration projects accompanied by social scientific research to evaluate this approach. As case example, the planned implementation of the participatory monitoring approach within the DeepStor project is presented. Our findings aim to contribute to the ongoing discourse on sustainable energy transition, risk management and governance, and the role of public participation in geothermal energy development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00373-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147337707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}