Geothermal Energy最新文献

{"title":"A physics-guided clustered GBRT ensemble model for geothermal heat flow prediction and its application in China","authors":"Jifu He,&nbsp;Weikai Yi,&nbsp;Lei Wang,&nbsp;Qiuyuan Shi","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00389-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00389-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Geothermal heat flow (GHF) is essential for quantifying lithospheric thermal conditions and supporting geothermal resource assessment. However, direct GHF measurements remain sparse and unevenly distributed due to drilling limitations and high acquisition costs. While machine learning offers a scalable alternative for GHF estimation, purely data-driven models often struggle to capture complex geological heterogeneity, and their performance tends to plateau as additional geophysical features are introduced. This study introduces a physics-guided clustered Gradient Boosting Regression Trees (GBRT) ensemble framework. Nineteen geological and geophysical features were incorporated, including two newly developed analytical GHF features derived from thermal equilibrium and conduction principles as physics-derived features. The clustered ensemble method significantly enhances prediction accuracy compared with a baseline GBRT model. Ensemble performance plateaus at eight model units, yielding an <i>R</i>² of 92.01% and reductions in MAE and RMSE of 22.72% and 22.37%, respectively. The analytical features show the highest importance scores, demonstrating that embedding physics-guided constraints improves interpretability and reliability. Finally, an updated GHF map of China is generated, offering improved alignment with geothermal manifestations such as high-temperature springs. The proposed framework advances the use of ensemble and physics-guided learning for robust GHF estimation in data-scarce regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00389-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geothermal regime of High Arctic communities—Resolute Bay (Qausuittuq), Nunavut, Canada","authors":"Stephen E. Grasby,&nbsp;Krista Williscroft,&nbsp;Wanju Yuan,&nbsp;Keith Dewing,&nbsp;Kezhen Hu,&nbsp;Jeff Witter,&nbsp;Shannon P. Farrell,&nbsp;Makram Hedhli","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00387-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00387-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Remote northern communities of Canada generally rely on imported diesel and heating oil to meet energy needs. There is a strong interest in transitioning to a more renewable energy supply to reduce the carbon footprint as well as to enhance the energy sovereignty of communities. Here, we examine the geothermal energy potential of the second northernmost community in Canada, Resolute Bay (Qausuittuq) based on reassessment of historic data along with new data collection from cores and field work, as well as remote sensing-based measurements. We show that there are systematic errors in previously reported thermal gradients related to issues of drilling in regions of thick permafrost. Previous estimations as high as 39.4 °C/km are biased by transient thermal response to post-glacial rebound. We estimate the gradient to be 14.9 °C/km based on a continuous depth-temperature log but recognise it could be as high as 22 °C/km based on regional depth-temperature data. Aquifer potential is also limited except in areas where carbonate rocks are highly fractured, especially at intersecting folds related to two different periods of deformation. While previous studies overestimate the local potential, Resolute Bay could utilise some direct use heat or also develop a closed-loop system exploiting higher thermal conductivity evaporites, supplying heat for the community as well as nearby government installations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00387-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the performance of multi-perforation fracturing for deep geothermal energy development: insights from THMD modeling","authors":"Xiaotian Wu,&nbsp;Yingchun Li,&nbsp;Tianjiao Li,&nbsp;Guanglei Cui,&nbsp;Chun’an Tang","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00388-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00388-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Multi-perforation fracturing, despite its proven efficiency in unconventional oil and gas formations, remains rarely assessed for geothermal reservoir applications. Here, we systematically compared simultaneous fracturing (SMF) and sequential fracturing (SQF) using our newly established two-dimensional thermo-hydro-mechanical-damage (THMD) coupled numerical platform, quantifying fluid partitioning among multi-perforations and thermal stress effects. The analysis focused on fracture propagation behavior and multi-physical field evolution under varying dimensionless perforation spacings (DPS), defined as the ratio of perforation spacing to perforation length. Results revealed that SMF creates external fractures deviating 9–18° from the maximum principal direction, and the internal fracture requires higher initiation pressures and receives less fluid. In SQF, subsequent fractures deflect toward previous ones at DPS 3.3 but propagate along straight paths at DPS 6.7 and 10, with initiation pressures progressively increasing due to cumulative stress shadowing. Regarding multi-physical field evolution, the minimum principal stress transitions from compression to tension within fractures and near fracture tips. The internal fracture in SMF and subsequent fractures in SQF both exhibit higher pore pressure and lower temperature. Thermal stress primarily facilitates fracture development by reducing initiation pressure by approximately 5–8 MPa under the present conditions, while fluid pressure dominates fracture propagation. These findings provide fundamental insights for fracture network optimization and geothermal reservoir stimulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00388-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring reservoir processes at The Geysers geothermal field: joint time-lapse acquisition and cooperative joint inversion of passive seismic and magnetotelluric data","authors":"David Alumbaugh,&nbsp;Roland Gritto,&nbsp;Jared Peacock,&nbsp;Evan Um,&nbsp;Craig Ulrich,&nbsp;Steve Jarpe,&nbsp;Craig Hartline","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00384-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00384-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To monitor time-lapse changes in reservoir water and steam concentrations, as well as subsurface flow in The Geysers geothermal field in California, we implemented a multi-physics geophysical imaging approach. This approach utilized continuously monitored microseismic events coupled with repeat magnetotelluric (MT) observations. Travel-time data from microseismic events recorded at surface stations were collected over an area of approximately 75 km² continuously from 2018 to 2023, alongside three repeat MT surveys conducted in 2021, 2022, and 2023. The resulting seismic and MT data were inverted both separately and jointly to generate time-lapse images of geophysical properties that correspond to temporal changes in water and steam saturation within the reservoir, as well as flow paths and barriers. By correlating the geophysical images with known water injection and steam production volumes, we were able to calibrate the data and gain confidence in the results, which can now be applied throughout the reservoir where borehole data are unavailable. The joint imaging results, combined with reservoir data derived from borehole observations, allow for the interpretation of temporal changes in the reservoir. This enables an operator to optimize reservoir management and its drilling program.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00384-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling and design of a pilot-scale ATES experiment plant under the constraints of an urban environment","authors":"Maximilian Dörnbrack,&nbsp;Diana Altendorf,&nbsp;Holger Weiß,&nbsp;Olaf Kolditz,&nbsp;Haibing Shao","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00386-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00386-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Within the KONATES project, a pilot system was set up in the Science Park in Leipzig to investigate the feasibility of combining Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) with groundwater remediation. Along with the circulation and storage of heat through groundwater, a novel zeolite adsorbent and stripping module were used to remove chlorinated hydrocarbons from the extracted groundwater. However, the operation of the ATES system posed challenges due to urban constraints, primarily related to temperature limits and complex infrastructure. To address these limitations, a 3D numerical model was developed to simulate hydraulic and heat transport processes. The model predicted that the ATES system could operate in 10-day active phases at <span>(0.6,text{m}^3)</span>/h and <span>(70,^circ)</span> injection temperatures with one day of storage time, resulting in a maximum <span>(4,^circ)</span>C groundwater temperature increase at the boundary to the neighbouring properties. This work demonstrates the usability of 3D coupled hydrothermal models in designing ATES systems in a complex urban environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00386-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated gravity-magnetic study in deciphering the subsurface structural setup of Taptapani hot spring region: a case study from the metamorphic terrain of Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, India","authors":"Ananya Parthapradip Mukherjee,&nbsp;Animesh Mandal","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00385-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00385-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The integrated gravity-magnetic study presented here is the first attempt to decipher the subsurface architecture of the region encompassing the Taptapani hot spring location, located within the central part of a high-grade Mesoproterozoic metamorphic terrain in the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt of India, which is mainly characterized by khondalites and charnockites. The moderate-to-high anomalies observed in the residual gravity and reduced-to-equator magnetic anomaly maps correspond to exposures of charnockite and khondalite rocks near the hot spring. The low-to-intermediate anomalies indicate the presence of migmatite rocks. The depth-estimation techniques using processed gravity-magnetic data highlight shallower sources/features, ranging between 200 and 2000 m below the study area. The deepest depths (~ 1.5 to 2 km) indicate a cratonic rock unit, possibly hosting discontinuities controlling the transfer of thermal waters. The 2D forward model reveals dipping rock units below the profile, along with a contact/discontinuity between two rock units near the hot spring location, corresponding to a sharp gradient observed in the respective gravity and magnetic anomalies. Thus, the observations obtained here suggest that the local structural setup within a high-grade metamorphic terrain controls the flow of thermal water up to the Taptapani hot spring from deeper thermally affected crust and faraway radiogenic rock sources. This study highlights the importance of gravity and magnetic studies in delineating the structural control of the geothermal springs in a metamorphic terrain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00385-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) for data centres in Germany","authors":"Florian Barth,&nbsp;Georg Schefel,&nbsp;Philipp Blum,&nbsp;Kathrin Menberg","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00383-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00383-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Data centres (DCs) produce large quantities of waste heat and thus require excessive amounts of cooling, which offers potential for an environmentally friendly space heating supply for nearby areas. However, this coupled supply suffers from a seasonal mismatch, with most space heating being required in winter, while DCs produce heat during the entire year. Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) systems are a cost-efficient way to overcome this mismatch and increase the utilisation of DC waste heat. In this study, we quantify the potential waste heat of 19 DCs in Germany, 13 of which are located in areas that are hydrogeologically suited for installing ATES systems. The waste heat of the DCs is quantified based on the installed cooling machines, which are detected on aerial images, their estimated cooling capacity and common DC cooling load factors. Considering typical heat recovery rates of ATES systems, the 13 DCs could supply 707 GWh_th of heat. By comparing this amount of potential waste heat with local heating demands, supply areas are delineated, revealing a total of around 20,000 buildings that could be supplied. In Frankfurt, which has one of the largest accumulations of DCs in Europe, six identified DCs located in areas most suitable for ATES could supply 541 GWh_th, which is equivalent to 13% of the city's residential and commercial heating demand. Considering all ten DCs in Frankfurt by placing the ATES systems in the most suitable areas, even 819 GWh_th, equivalent to 20% of the area’s heating demand, could be achieved. This demonstrates the high potential of waste heat storage from DCs for urban areas with suitable subsurface for ATES systems and its importance for current and future municipal heat planning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00383-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas geochemistry of the Cerro Pabellón geothermal plant: protocol constraining thermal and redox conditions","authors":"Philippe Robidoux,&nbsp;Fausto Grassa,&nbsp;Diego Morata,&nbsp;Maximiliano Seguel Cárdenas,&nbsp;Germain Rivera,&nbsp;Verónica Rodríguez,&nbsp;Santiago Maza,&nbsp;Marco Cecioni,&nbsp;Gianni Volpi,&nbsp;Pierangelo Romano,&nbsp;Marianno Tantillo,&nbsp;Manfredi Longo","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00382-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00382-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Geothermal heat extraction at a binary plant, and associated plant lifetime, can be optimized through fluid monitoring of geothermal gases and natural system gas discharges. A novel gas monitoring tool for geothermal exploration and production-stage decision-making is presented, based on research conducted at Cerro Pabellón, Chile, following its internationally celebrated opening in 2017. The gas phase was studied over a period of 5 years using direct gas condensate sampling and an innovative application of principal component analysis combined with the uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) method. Monitoring results show that gas composition varies during cooling of the vapor phase, with oxidation state (RH) increasing as vapor fraction (%) decreases. A subsequent increase in HCO₃²⁻ concentration was detected in condensate liquids measured by ion chromatography, reflecting progressive gas–liquid interaction. According to UMAP clustering and gas composition analysis, the N₂/Ar ratio in gas samples represents an effective pathfinder to monitor geothermal plant physico-chemical parameters. Gas compositional clusters of CO₂-rich gases (&gt; 96.0%), mainly represented by the N₂/Ar ratio (N₂/O₂:CH₄/CO₂), show two clear trends in gas mixture fluctuations: cooling associated with a relatively hot (315 ± 45 °C) Apacheta-like gas mixture derived from the hydrothermal reservoir, relatively cooler fluids (Md = 252 ± 78 °C) varying in redox conditions (Md (LogH₂/H₂O) = − 3.33 ± 0.64 RH). These estimated thermo-redox conditions in tandem with vapor N₂/Ar ratio fluctuate distinctly along each vapor separation line segments (C, F, J, M), correlating strongly on vapor fraction (19–100 vol.%), with progressive cooling until reaching temperatures of 140–160 °C at the plant steam–brine separators. Gas compounds in equilibrium with CO₂-rich fluids represent critical indicators of reservoir and plant-scale processes. Monitoring and control of these gas compounds at geothermal plants can improve long-term maintenance strategies and sustainability of binary power plants through integration of condensate liquid surveillance and improved geostatistical analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00382-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Perception and Frames of Geothermal Energy: the Relevance of Cultural and Religious Values","authors":"Anita Trisiah,&nbsp;Gerdien de Vries","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00381-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00381-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The potential of geothermal energy is not parallel with the amount of its production due to several factors. Although technical, financial, and regulatory challenges are often cited, this paper highlights the critical role of indigenous perceptions and cultural–religious framing in shaping local responses to geothermal energy initiatives. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in South Sumatera–home to Indonesia’s most promising geothermal reserves–this study explores how local cultural and religious values interrupt people's perception and reactions to the implementation of geothermal energy. In-depth interviews conducted within participants’ homes provided nuanced insights into the socio-cultural context. Findings reveal that the economic, environmental, and quality-of-life concerns are deeply embedded in the Tunggu Tubang tradition, which prohibits the ancestral land from being traded. This cultural framework influences how local people interpret change, evaluate risks, and determine a meaningful future, including the adoption of new energy resources. We described the local culture and religious values that shape the perceptions and frames surrounding geothermal energy, offering implications for more culturally attuned energy policy and implementation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00381-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sensitivity analysis of induced seismicity potential for geothermal direct heat production in faulted sedimentary aquifers: a case study in the Netherlands","authors":"Arjan Marelis,&nbsp;Fred Beekman,&nbsp;Jan-Diederik van Wees","doi":"10.1186/s40517-026-00380-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40517-026-00380-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the past decades there has been a significant increase in the direct utilization of geothermal power as a renewable energy resource. Low-enthalpy geothermal systems for direct heat production are commonly developed in sedimentary aquifers with high matrix permeability. Although such geothermal systems are not often associated with induced seismicity, the potential occurrence of induced seismic events is of concern in geothermal resource development and requires improved seismic hazard assessment associated with geothermal operations. Mechanical Analysis of Complex Reservoir for Induced Seismicity (MACRIS) is applied to evaluate the sensitivity for fault reactivation and induced seismicity potential in three-dimensional clastic reservoir models representative of low-enthalpy geothermal exploitation in the Netherlands. The reservoir models are separated by a single fault causing both no and normal reservoir offset, and, unlike previous induced seismicity studies, incorporate the effects of reservoir throw and flow compartmentalization. Results show the potential for fault reactivation and induced seismicity to be (i) substantially impacted by the three-dimensional interaction of injected cold-water volume and its destabilizing effect on complex faults in sedimentary aquifers, and (ii) characterized by moderately low seismic magnitudes for the majority of predicted events. Where reservoir throw is shown to contribute to the fault reactivation and seismicity potential, fault-related reservoir flow compartmentalization has an opposite effect and is shown to reduce the potential of a sealing or bounding fault. Results confirm the findings from previous studies by showing (i) a predominant sensitivity of induced seismicity potential to the thermo-elastic reservoir parameters and injection temperature, and the in situ stress conditions and fault frictional properties affecting slip length and resulting magnitude estimate of the seismic event. In particular, results show the seismic hazard potential to significantly decrease in the case of reservoir creep or stable in situ stress conditions, and by limiting reservoir thermal drawdown.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48643,"journal":{"name":"Geothermal Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40517-026-00380-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147342816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}