Structures最新文献

{"title":"A laboratory study of tensile strength and tensile stress-strain relations of historical and new Persian adobes","authors":"Arash Eskandari ,&nbsp;Mehrdad Hejazi ,&nbsp;Josko Ozbolt ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Hashemi","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There are countless valuable historical monuments in Iran, whose restoration and protection are critical. Nevertheless, ignorance of the mechanical behavior of Persian adobes has jeopardized their survival. This research aims to understand the mechanical properties of historical and new Persian adobes through DTS/ITS and modulus of elasticity in tension. To this end, six groups of adobes produced in various time periods were initially collected from historical places in different parts of Iran and adobe production workshops. After preparing specimens from existing adobe materials, several mechanical strength tests, including flexural strength, splitting tensile strength (STS), and DST were conducted according to international standards. The mechanical properties and behavior of the Persian adobes were determined by analyzing the results of the experiments. Load-deflection curves obtained from flexural strength tests and stress–strain curves, stress–strain relations and normalized stress–strain relations obtained from DST test were also presented as another part of the results. Moreover, the relationships between mechanical properties were determined with high accuracy using laboratory data. The results of this research will help engineers and researchers take an effective step toward the international standardization of materials and construction related to adobe and earthen materials through perceiving the mechanical properties and developing knowledge of behavior of Persian adobes. Based on the results, new adobes exhibit higher resistance than their historical counterparts, whose mechanical strengths can be converted to each other with amplification or reduction factors. Therefore, researchers will be able to perform only one type of test to obtain mechanical strengths. Finally, a comparison was drawn between the mechanical properties of Persian adobes and those made in other countries, indicating that adobes around the world possess convergent and similar tensile behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 110198"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of bonding performance of horizontal reinforcement bars in rammed earth walls","authors":"Zengfei Liang ,&nbsp;Tiegang Zhou ,&nbsp;Sheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Hanyi Li ,&nbsp;Peng Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experiment investigated the bonding performance of horizontal reinforcement bars in rammed earth walls. An in-situ pull-out test method was developed to evaluate the average bond strength-slip relationship of these horizontal reinforcement bars within the rammed earth walls. The dimensions of the rammed earth wall were 2700 mm in length, 400 mm in thickness, and 1000 mm in height. Six groups of 24 anchored steel bars were designed, with 12 bars positioned at the interface between rammed earth layers and 12 bars embedded within the intralayer of rammed earth, oriented vertically to the wall surface. The experimental scheme primarily considered four influencing factors: vertical stress, bar diameter, anchorage length, and bar position. The test results indicated that the chemical bond strength between the horizontal reinforcement bars and the rammed earth medium was minimal and could be neglected to some extent. The results demonstrated that increased vertical stress correlated with improved ultimate average bond strength. Within the intralayer, increasing the diameter of the horizontal reinforcement bars significantly enhanced the ultimate bond strength; conversely, at the interface between rammed earth layers, smaller diameter bars exhibited higher bond strength. Within the critical anchorage length, the bond strength in the intralayer of rammed earth increased with anchorage length, while there was little to no improvement at the interface between layers. The anchorage bonding performance within the intralayer of rammed earth was significantly greater than that at the interlayer interface; thus, for the same anchorage length, anchoring within the intralayer should be prioritized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 110191"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive modeling and experimental assessment of interface strength between UESC and normal concrete under dynamic loading","authors":"Jiangang Wei ,&nbsp;Zichao Dai ,&nbsp;Manji Xu ,&nbsp;Kangming Chen ,&nbsp;Yan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increasing traffic demands, bridge widening has become a critical strategy for enhancing transport capacity. Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA)-based ultra-early-strength concrete (UESC), known for its rapid early-age strength development, is increasingly employed in widening projects conducted under uninterrupted traffic. However, the cast-in-place UESC-normal concrete (NC) interface is vulnerable to early-age degradation due to vehicular vibration, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To address this, a series of shear and tensile tests were conducted, supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate microcrack evolution at the interface. Results showed that vibration significantly weakened the interfacial bond: under 10 mm high-amplitude excitation, shear and tensile strengths decreased by up to 65.34 % and 45.48 %, respectively. In contrast, the influence of frequency was comparatively minor. High-frequency loading induced dense fatigue-related microcracks in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), while large amplitudes caused through-thickness fractures and premature instability. SEM observations revealed that fine crack networks gradually evolved into wider penetrating cracks, disrupting mechanical continuity and structural integrity. To overcome limitations in existing design codes, which neglect vibration effects, a predictive model incorporating vibration frequency, amplitude, and material strength was developed. The model achieved prediction errors within ±10 % across all tested conditions, outperforming conventional code-based formulations. This model offers a practical tool for early-age interfacial performance assessment and durability optimization in vibration-sensitive bridge widening applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 110194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclic strength degradation of shallow cast-in-place anchor bolts modeled using continuous surface cap plasticity","authors":"Negar Qahremani ,&nbsp;Erfan Shafei ,&nbsp;Reza Ghorbani ,&nbsp;Reza Kianoush","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.109914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.109914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cyclic-to-monotonic pullout strength degradation of shallow cast-in-place anchors is investigated using a continuous surface cap plasticity model within a numerically developed and experimentally validated framework. The parametric investigation considers variations in the effective depth-to-diameter ratio, concrete type, and loading regime. Results indicate that anchors with an effective depth-to-diameter ratio less than five exhibit brittle failure modes and the lowest energy dissipation capacity, whereas deeper anchors demonstrate more ductile behavior. While depth-to-diameter exponent is estimated as 1.353 for monotonic regime, cyclic pullout leads to a reduced size effect sensitivity suggesting 1.237 exponent. Moreover, introducing a top layer of steel reinforcement in the concrete slab mitigates brittle fracture size effects, as reflected by 1.219 exponent in the depth-dependent strength expression. An average cyclic strength reduction factor of 0.75 is recommended for shallow cast-in-place anchors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 109914"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damping reduction factors for vertical acceleration, velocity, and displacement response spectra in Italian seismic regions","authors":"Issam Aouari ,&nbsp;Aicha Rouabeh ,&nbsp;Baizid Benahmed ,&nbsp;Davide Lavorato","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-rise buildings, bridges, long-span structures, and tall structures are highly vulnerable to vertical seismic acceleration. As a vibrating system dissipates energy over time, its amplitude decreases—a process known as damping. The damping Reduction factor (DRF) is a key parameter used to quantify damping relative to critical damping. This study aims to develop DRF formulas for acceleration, displacement, and velocity spectra of the vertical component, specifically for Italy. Notably, current building codes—such as the Italian, European, and American standards for seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings, as well as the American Manual for Bridge Evaluation—provide DRF values only for horizontal acceleration spectra. Given the critical role of the vertical component, this study proposes formulas to estimate vertical DRFs. To ensure reliable findings, a large dataset of 262 real vertical accelerometric records, recorded exclusively in Italy, was obtained from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center. The selected range of damping values (ξ = 1 %, 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, 6 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %) encompasses various structural types with different construction materials and includes structures equipped with damping devices. Vertical DRFs for given damping ratios were computed using 5 %-damped vertical response spectra as reference targets for all dataset. The effects of magnitude and distance on DRFs were analyzed. The results indicate no significant dependence on magnitude or distance; rather, DRFs primarily depend on the period and damping ratio. Additionally, the proposed DRF models were compared against existing equations in the literature and seismic design codes. The findings highlight the necessity of accounting for vertical seismic components in structural analysis and provide new empirical insights for DRF in the Italian region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 110178"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the protective performance and structural optimization based on TiB2-based composite ceramic multilayer target plates","authors":"Min Qin ,&nbsp;Jianong Yu ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Fuhui Huang ,&nbsp;Lulu He ,&nbsp;Guiqin Gu ,&nbsp;Lin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multilayer protective target plates commonly employ ceramic materials as the core functional component, integrated with metallic and composite layers to achieve enhanced ballistic protection in complex operational environments. This paper experimentally investigates the high-velocity penetration of steel projectiles into a compact three-layer armor plate composed of segmented TiB₂-based composite ceramics, aluminum, and Kevlar fiber. A coupled FEM-SPH numerical model was developed to simulate the penetration process and jointly determine the optimal layer configuration: Aluminum plate/Segmented TiB₂-based composite ceramic plate /Kevlar fiber plate. Furthermore, parametric analyses of projectile diameters and segmented ceramic unit sizes were conducted via numerical simulations to systematically assess the ballistic resistance of the multilayer target plate. The key findings are as follows: (1) The multilayer protective target plate demonstrates effective resistance against 7.5-mm-diameter steel projectiles. However, when the projectile diameter increases to 17.5 mm, the energy absorption rate declines to 84 %. (2) Although 10.0-mm-diameter steel projectiles can penetrate all tested multilayer protective target plates with varying ceramic unit edge lengths, target plate maintain exceptional energy absorption rates exceeding 97.3 %. When ceramic unit edge lengths are optimized between 37.5 and 50.0 mm, the multilayer protective target plates demonstrate optimal ballistic performance under single high-velocity impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 110183"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of large compression performance of angle steel truss reinforced concrete columns with comparative crack-control detailing","authors":"Da-yu Zhu ,&nbsp;Ji-qian Ge ,&nbsp;Hai-zhou Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Yang ,&nbsp;Pei-yang Wang ,&nbsp;Cheng-xin Peng ,&nbsp;Xin Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prefabricated angle steel truss reinforced concrete (ASRC) composite column integrates an angle steel lattice skeleton with concrete. This configuration combines the construction efficiency of steel structures with the durability of concrete, making it suitable for prefabricated applications. However, under large eccentric loading conditions, these columns are susceptible to cracking during long-term service, which compromises structural safety and functionality. This study investigates crack-control connection detailing techniques to improve crack resistance through experimental testing, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis. Four full-scale ASRC column specimens with distinct connection configurations, along with one conventional reinforced concrete (RC) control column, were tested under large eccentric compression to evaluate their deformation characteristics. Results showed that the conventional ASRC column exhibited similar cracking loads but superior ultimate load capacity compared to the RC column. The introduction of external stud reinforcement significantly enhanced performance: cracking loads (at 0.05 mm crack width) increased by 27.3 %, ultimate capacity improved, failure modes became more predictable, and post-yield ductility increased by 16.5 % due to effective stress transfer. The experimental results also validated the finite element models developed in Abaqus. A subsequent parametric study of seven modeled columns explored the effects of concrete strength, angle steel area, and lattice plate dimensions on eccentric compression capacity. Based on combined experimental and numerical results, a calculation method for the eccentric compression capacity of ASRC columns with external studs is proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 110189"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term fatigue damage assessment of a 22 MW offshore wind turbine considering climate change scenarios","authors":"Duc-Vu Ngo ,&nbsp;Young-Suk Chun ,&nbsp;Dong-Hyawn Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the lifetime of an offshore wind turbine (OWT), its components are subjected to environmental conditions that are likely to be altered by climate change. This study focuses on examining the potential impacts of climate change, i.e., the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, on the long-term fatigue damage of monopile-supported 22 MW OWTs. An innovative and computationally efficient OWT model was developed using Abaqus, which integrates wind loads calculated from long-term distributions of wind speed in climate scenarios and wave loads calculated from significant wave height and wave period. These wave parameters are determined based on their empirical relationship with wind speed. Stress-based fatigue analysis was then conducted using the Rainflow counting method, S-N curve, and Palmgren-Miner linear damage rule. Compared with the traditional fatigue analysis approach, the results showed that the 25-year fatigue damage of the tower and monopile increased by 17.3 % and 11.0 % under RCP4.5 scenarios and by 52.3 % and 51.6 % under RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. In addition, the study also considers the influence of the uncertainty of the long-term distribution of environmental conditions predicted by RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 on OWT component fatigue damage. This research demonstrates the clear effects of climate change and recommends considering environmental loading under climate scenarios in OWT design, not only in terms of fatigue but also other aspects, as a mandatory requirement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 110182"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behaviour of hollow concrete-encased CFST columns with inner octagonal steel plate under eccentric compression","authors":"Peijia Dai ,&nbsp;Hui Zhao ,&nbsp;Rui Wang ,&nbsp;Wenda Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Tian ,&nbsp;Jinglong Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hollow concrete-encased concrete-filled steel tubular (HCE-CFST) columns are composite structures that combine high load-bearing capacity with low self-weight, making them especially promising for application in bridge piers. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the behaviour of the HCE-CFSTs with an inner octagonal steel plate under eccentric compression. Finite element models, considering the nonlinearity of materials and the steel-concrete interaction, were developed and validated. Using the validated models, the failure mode, ultimate bearing capacity-bending moment correlation curves, load versus mid-height deflection responses, stress distributions, and the interaction stresses between the steel and concrete were analyzed. Results revealed that the inner octagonal steel plate effectively restrains the lateral deformation of the outer concrete and improves the column's ductility. Furthermore, a database of 104 FE models with varied parameters, including the thicknesses and yield strengths of both the steel tubes and inner steel plate, outer and core concrete strengths, and slenderness ratio, was established to examine the key factors affecting the eccentric compression behaviour of these columns. Finally, a simplified method for predicting the ultimate eccentric compression capacity of HCE-CFSTs with an inner octagonal steel plate was proposed and validated against numerical results, indicating satisfactory accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 110195"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic behavior of lightweight steel and EPS concrete shear walls","authors":"Shixing Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhaoqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Tipeng Xiao ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Chuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Min Peng ,&nbsp;Qinchuan Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.istruc.2025.110175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the seismic performance of lightweight steel and expanded polystyrene (EPS) concrete shear walls, quasi-static tests were conducted on four specimens with a shear-span ratio of 2.5. The study used different steel ratios to examine seismic performance indicators, including disruption mechanisms, hysteretic behavior, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity. A finite element model of lightweight steel and EPS concrete shear walls was developed using ABAQUS software, and its validity was verified by comparing numerical results with experimental data. Parametric analyses were subsequently performed to evaluate the effects of axial compression ratio, shear-span ratio, and EPS concrete strength on the seismic performance of the walls. The test results demonstrated that the four lightweight steel and EPS concrete shear walls exhibited similar disruption patterns, progressing through elastic deformation, elastoplastic deformation, and ultimate disruption stages. The walls primarily failed in a flexure-dominated mode, with displacement ductility coefficients ranging from 2.14 to 2.55 and equivalent viscous damping ratios between 0.0378 and 0.0941, indicating favorable load-bearing capacity, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation capability. Increasing the steel ratio effectively enhanced the walls’ load-bearing capacity and ductility. Using bidirectional welded reinforcement meshes significantly improved the load-bearing capacity, strengthened the bond between lightweight steel and EPS concrete, and reduced interfacial slippage. The strength degradation coefficients remained stable at approximately 0.9, confirming the superior seismic performance of the walls. Finite element simulations revealed that the model accurately replicated the experimental results regarding disruption modes, load-displacement curves, and steel stress distribution. Parametric studies indicated that higher axial compression ratios increased the ultimate load capacity of high shear-span ratio specimens but reduced their ductility. Larger shear-span ratios significantly decreased the ultimate load capacity while substantially improving displacement ductility. Increasing the EPS concrete strength enhanced the ultimate load capacity; however, under high axial compression ratios, the load-displacement curves exhibited a more pronounced descending branch, accompanied by reduced displacement ductility coefficients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48642,"journal":{"name":"Structures","volume":"81 ","pages":"Article 110175"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}