Biology-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of Software Read Cross-Contamination in DNBSEQ Data.","authors":"Dmitry N Konanov, Vera Y Tereshchuk, Ignat V Sonets, Elena V Korneenko, Aleksandra V Lukina-Gronskaya, Anna S Speranskaya, Elena N Ilina","doi":"10.3390/biology14060670","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>DNA nanoball sequencing (DNBSEQ) is one of the most rapidly developing sequencing technologies and is widely applied in genomic and transcriptomic investigations. Recently, a new PE300 sequencing option primarily recommended for amplicon analysis was released for DNBSEQ-G99 and G400 devices. Given their unprecedentedly high data yield per flow cell, the new PE300 kits could be a great choice for various sequencing tasks, but we found that combining different types of DNA libraries in a single run could lead to undesired artifacts in the data. In this study, we investigate the occasional read cross-contamination that we first observed in our DNBSEQ PE300 run. The phenomenon, which we refer to as \"software contamination\", is not actual contamination but primarily manifests as improper forward/reverse read pairing, improper demultiplexing, or as \"digital chimeric\" reads. Although rare, these artifacts were found in all runs we have analyzed, including several MGI demo datasets (both PE100 and PE150). In this study, we demonstrate that these artifacts arise primarily from the incorrect resolution of sequencing signals produced by neighboring DNA nanoballs, leading to mixing out forward and reverse reads or improper demultiplexing. The artifacts occur most frequently with read pairs where the length of insert sequence is shorter than the read length. Based on a few external NA12878 human exome sequencing data, we conclude that the total improper pairing rate in DNBSEQ data is comparable to Illumina ones. Overall, the problem only affects the analysis results when simultaneously sequenced libraries have markedly different insert size distribution or flow cell loading. Additionally, we demonstrate here that raw DNBSEQ data might contain ~2% optical duplicates, resulting from the same effect of close neighboring of DNB-sites in the flow cell.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurobiology of Chronic Pain, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.","authors":"Gerald Young, Hella Thielen, Kristin Samuelson, Joel Jin","doi":"10.3390/biology14060662","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This article describes the neurobiology of psychological injuries-chronic pain, concussion/mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), and fear/posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-toward elucidating common mechanisms in central and peripheral sensitization that contribute to their onset, exacerbation, and maintenance. Central sensitization refers to central nervous system (CNS) and related processes, while peripheral sensitization is typically referred to as receptor field expansion. The three psychological injury diagnoses/conditions are accompanied by impairments in function after negligent events (such as motor vehicle accidents (MVAs)) that lead to tort court action.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The conducted literature review involved an extensive scoping review of recent neurobiological literature on chronic pain, PTSD, and MTBI. The literature review sought biological markers that distinguish them.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For chronic pain, concussion/MTBI, and fear/PTSD, this article reviewed definitions and critical neurobiological research. The literature review did not find evidence of biological markers, but the role of sensitization emerged as important.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Common therapeutic processes, such as focusing on sensitization, might be helpful for these conditions. As for causal mechanisms related to sensitization in the causality of psychological injuries, the major ones hypothesized relate to the biopsychosocial model, psychological control, and activation-inhibition coordination.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Aspergillus</i> Infections in Cetaceans: A Systematic Review of Clinical, Ecological, and Conservation Perspectives.","authors":"Victor Garcia-Bustos, Inmaculada Rosario Medina, Marta Dafne Cabanero-Navalon, Rosie S Williams, Shaheed Karl Macgregor, Shinto Kunjamma John, Francisco Javier Aznar, Patricia Gozalbes, Begoña Acosta-Hernández","doi":"10.3390/biology14060664","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aspergillus</i> spp., particularly <i>A. fumigatus</i>, are increasingly reported as emerging pathogens in cetaceans, yet their clinical and ecological relevance remains poorly characterized. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 34 studies involving 106 animals, identifying respiratory, neurological, and otic infections as the most frequent presentations with potential interspecies tropism. Invasive disease, frequently fatal, was linked to co-infections-especially with morbillivirus-and environmental stressors such as pollution- and climate-related immune suppression. Despite cetaceans' role as sentinel species, antifungal susceptibility testing and species-level identification were inconsistently performed. Additionally, azole-resistant <i>A. fumigatus</i> strains were isolated from wild porpoises, indicating environmental antifungal exposure and potential public health implications. Aspergillosis remains underdiagnosed in free-ranging populations, particularly in remote or pelagic species. Conservation implications were scarcely addressed, despite evidence suggesting that fungal disease may contribute to morbidity, stranding, and population impact. This review underscores the need for enhanced surveillance, integrative diagnostics, and recognition of fungal pathogens in a One Health framework. The growing intersection of climate change, emerging mycoses, and wildlife conservation positions <i>Aspergillus</i> infections in cetaceans as both a marine mammal health concern and an ecological indicator of broader environmental changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> Phenotypic Virulence Factors in Mexican Strains.","authors":"Esther Conde-Cuevas, Rigoberto Hernández-Castro, Claudia Erika Fuentes-Venado, Roberto Arenas, María Guadalupe Frías-De-León, Gabriela Moreno-Coutiño, María Esther Ocharan-Hernández, Eunice D Farfan-Garcia, Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán, Erick Martínez-Herrera","doi":"10.3390/biology14060661","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: <i>T. rubrum</i> is the most important agent in <i>tinea pedis</i>, <i>tinea manuum</i>, <i>tinea cruris</i>, <i>tinea corporis</i>, and even in subcutaneous dermatophytosis. <i>T. rubrum</i> must overcome several obstacles to adhere, grow, and invade the host, for which their virulence factors are important. Previous studies have demonstrated the capability of <i>T. rubrum</i> strains to produce proteases, phospholipases, hemolysins, and elastases. The aim of this work was the genotypic identification of clinical isolates of <i>T. rubrum</i> to subsequently determine production of the main phenotypic virulence factors associated with this pathogen responsible for different types of dermatophytosis in Mexican patients. (2) Methods: Twenty samples of <i>T. rubrum</i> were obtained from different body parts of patients treated in the Mycology section. The colonies were transferred to specific agars to analyze the production of phenotypical virulence factors (lipase, phospholipase, hemolysin, and elastase). (3) Results: Almost all the strains of <i>T. rubrum</i> showed growth in the test culture medium. A significantly smaller size of the halo diameter of elastase (26.51 ± 11.95 mm) in comparison to lipase (59.51 ± 16.00 mm) and phospholipase (55.97 ± 19.60 mm) was measured. Additionally, a significantly reduced size of the halo diameter of hemolysin (42.01 ± 5.49 mm) was observed compared to lipase. When comparing the virulence factors, greater expression of lipase was observed, followed by phospholipase, hemolysins, and elastase. <i>T. rubrum</i> strains were classified as being between high and ultra-lipase producers; most of the strains were also considered low producers of phospholipase and hemolysins; and most of the strains (<i>n</i> = 13) were classified as non-producers of elastase. (4) Conclusions: Almost all the <i>T. rubrum</i> strains of the study were found to be ultra-producers of lipase, and low producers of hemolysins and phospholipases. Elastase was the least expressed virulence factor in these strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feeding Behavior and Ecological Significance of <i>Craspedacusta sowerbii</i> in a Freshwater Reservoir: Insights from Prey Composition and Trophic Interactions.","authors":"Hailong Yan, Yu Wang, Mengyao Wu, Yuying Li, Wanping Wang, Dongliang Zhang, Jingjing Guo, Nicola Fohrer, Bailian Larry Li","doi":"10.3390/biology14060665","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060665","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the feeding behavior and ecological role of <i>Craspedacusta sowerbii</i> in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, a crucial freshwater source in central China. Through in situ cultivation, microscopic examination, and amplicon sequencing analysis, we identified the primary food sources of <i>C. sowerbii</i> within the reservoir's aquatic food web. Our results indicate that <i>C. sowerbii</i> predominantly consumes zooplankton, specifically rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans, while phytoplankton is ingested less frequently and often remains undigested. Amplicon sequencing data further confirms that the prey composition of <i>C. sowerbii</i> is enriched in zooplanktonic communities compared to phytoplanktonic communities. Our findings suggest that <i>C. sowerbii</i> plays a significant role in regulating plankton populations and shaping the planktonic community structure in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, thereby contributing to the ecosystem's functions and trophic dynamics. This study enhances our understanding of the feeding ecology of <i>C. sowerbii</i> and highlights its potential as a bioindicator species for assessing freshwater ecosystem health and monitoring water quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Vascular Developmental Toxicity and Underlying Mechanisms of 1-Bromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole (1-B-36-CCZ) in Zebrafish Larvae.","authors":"Jie Gu, Ziyu Gong, Yue Fan, Jun Hu, Liguo Guo, Wenming Pei, Daqiang Yin","doi":"10.3390/biology14060659","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants that have attracted widespread attention due to their environmental occurrence and potential ecological risks. 1-Bromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole (1-B-36-CCZ), which is a typical homolog of PHCZs produced as a byproduct in the dye industry, has been widely detected in various environmental media. In this study, we employed an integrated approach using an in vivo zebrafish model and network toxicology methods to systematically evaluate the vascular developmental toxicity of 1-B-36-CCZ and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. The experimental results revealed that the 96 h-LC₅₀ of 1-B-36-CCZ in zebrafish larvae was 4.52 mg/L. Sublethal exposures (0.045-45 μg/L) significantly induced an increase in heart rate (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and an enlargement of the pericardial edema area (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Using <i>Tg(flk:eGFP)</i> transgenic zebrafish embryos to assess vascular toxicity at concentrations of 0, 0.045, 0.45, 4.5, and 45 μg/L, we observed that 1-B-36-CCZ exposure significantly reduced the length and anastomosis rate of intersegmental vessels (ISVs) at 30 hpf, and inhibited the development of the common cardinal vein (CCV) at 48 and 72 hpf as well as the subintestinal vessel (SIV) at 72 hpf. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis further revealed that the expression of key angiogenic genes (<i>flk</i>, <i>kdr</i>, and <i>vegfa</i>) was significantly downregulated, thus corroborating the phenotypic observations. Moreover, a \"compound-target-pathway\" network model predicted that SRC kinase is a key molecular target for 1-B-36-CCZ action. Enrichment analysis of target protein-coding genes and verapamil replication experiments indicated that 1-B-36-CCZ may cause damage to early vascular development in zebrafish larvae by altering intracellular calcium ion content through the activation of the SRC-mediated calcium ion signaling pathway. This study provides new experimental evidence for elucidating the toxic mechanisms of PHCZ-type pollutants and offers a theoretical basis for environmental health risk assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189126/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Metal Poisoning and Its Impacts on the Conservation of Amazonian Parrots: An Interdisciplinary Review.","authors":"Marina Sette Camara Benarrós, Ketelen Ayumi Corrêa Sakata, Brenda Juliane Silva Dos Santos, Felipe Masiero Salvarani","doi":"10.3390/biology14060660","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amazonian parrots (Psittacidae) are essential to ecosystem balance. Already vulnerable to habitat fragmentation and weak environmental regulations, they are now increasingly threatened by heavy metal contamination. This review synthesizes evidence on the sources, transgenerational bioaccumulation, and physiological impacts of metals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in these birds. Anthropogenic activities, including illegal gold mining, agricultural intensification, and urban expansion, release metals that biomagnify along food webs. Parrots, as long-lived, high-trophic consumers, accumulate metals in vital tissues, leading to severe neurotoxic effects, immunosuppression, reproductive failure, and reduced survival. Furthermore, maternal transfer of contaminants to eggs exacerbates genetic erosion and threatens population viability. While biomonitoring tools and habitat restoration have been proposed, current strategies are insufficient against the synergistic pressures of pollution and climate change. Addressing heavy metal exposure is critical to conserving Amazonian biodiversity and safe-guarding ecosystem services. Future efforts should prioritize multidisciplinary predictive models, bioremediation actions, and the strengthening of international environmental governance to ensure the survival of these sentinel species.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Superovulated Embryo Quality in Simmental Cattle Inseminated with 0 °C-Refrigerated and Liquid Nitrogen-Frozen Semen.","authors":"Jie-Ru Wang, Fei Huang, Peng Niu, Hong Cheng, Hui-Min Qu, Xiao-Peng Li, Xue-Yan Wang, Jie Wang, Jia-Jia Suo, Di Fang, Qing-Hua Gao","doi":"10.3390/biology14060658","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Semen quality plays a crucial role in bovine in vivo embryo production. This study aimed to compare the effects of 0 °C-refrigerated semen and liquid nitrogen-frozen semen on embryo quality in Simmental cattle. Semen collected from five bulls was equally divided into two groups: one diluted with a 0 °C refrigeration solution and stored at 0 °C, and the other diluted with a cryopreservation solution and stored in liquid nitrogen for 24 h. We evaluated sperm motility, progressive motility (assessed via a computer-assisted sperm analyzer), acrosome integrity, and plasma membrane integrity in both groups. Fifty superovulated Simmental cows were artificially inseminated with semen from both groups. Embryos were non-surgically flushed on day seven, followed by BrdU proliferation staining and TUNEL apoptosis staining. Proliferation and apoptosis levels were quantified using marker genes. Results showed that 0 °C-refrigerated semen exhibited significantly higher sperm motility, progressive motility, acrosome integrity, and plasma membrane integrity compared to liquid nitrogen-frozen semen (<i>p</i> < 0.05). While total embryo numbers showed no significant difference between groups (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.05), embryos from 0 °C-refrigerated semen contained significantly more proliferative cells (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and fewer apoptotic cells (<i>p</i> < 0.05) than those from frozen semen. These findings demonstrate that 0 °C-refrigerated semen outperforms liquid nitrogen-frozen semen in both sperm quality parameters and resultant embryo quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Monoterpene-Based Biostimulants on Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) Plants: Functional and Molecular Insights.","authors":"Lamyae Et-Tazy, Riccardo Fedeli, Oussama Khibech, Abdeslam Lamiri, Allal Challioui, Stefano Loppi","doi":"10.3390/biology14060657","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the physiological and biochemical responses of chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) to foliar application of cineole, carvacrol, and thymol at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm. Carvacrol at 1000 ppm significantly enhanced fresh biomass (+15.4%) and aerial biomass (+46.2%), whereas thymol significantly reduced plant height (-20.2%) and overall biomass, yet notably increased chlorophyll content (+23.3%) and vitamin C levels (+41.4%) at the same concentration. Cineole significantly improved antioxidant capacity by increasing total phenolic content (+15.5% at 1000 ppm) and total flavonoid content (+19.1% at 500 ppm), but simultaneously decreased soluble protein synthesis and chlorophyll content (-39% at 500 ppm). Mineral analysis showed notable increases in calcium content following treatment with cineole (+30.5% at 1000 ppm) and carvacrol (+32% at 500 ppm), while thymol at 1000 ppm significantly reduced phosphorus, potassium, manganese, iron, copper, and zinc accumulation. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations revealed strong interactions of thymol and carvacrol with essential enzymes, specifically ascorbate peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, which are involved in antioxidant and phenolic metabolism pathways. These molecular interactions suggest potential contributions of thymol and carvacrol to plant stress resilience mechanisms, although further experimental validation is needed to confirm their roles in vivo. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing monoterpene concentrations, indicating that carefully calibrated treatments could effectively enhance chickpea growth, nutritional quality, and stress tolerance within sustainable agricultural practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic and Molecular Mechanisms of Goat Environmental Adaptation.","authors":"Ying Lu, Ruoshan Ma, Dongfang Li, Yuyang Gao, Zhengmei Sheng, Jinpeng Shi, Yilong Peng, Zhengdong Gao, Weidong Deng, Xiaoming He","doi":"10.3390/biology14060654","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Goats (<i>Capra hircus</i>) are a widely distributed livestock known for their exceptional environmental adaptability. This review presents an integrated overview of recent advances in understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying goat adaptation to heat, cold, and high-altitude hypoxia. We first discuss the development of high-quality reference genomes, including recent telomere-to-telomere assemblies. We then examine major adaptive genes such as <i>HSP70</i>, <i>ACTHR</i>, <i>EPAS1</i>, <i>SLC2A1</i>, <i>FGF12</i>, and <i>UCP1</i>, and their roles in thermoregulation, oxygen metabolism, and stress resistance. Additionally, the review explores the synergistic role of immune signaling pathways in environmental adaptation, as well as the regulatory effects of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs. Future efforts should focus on integrating multi-omics data to uncover the complex molecular networks involved in goat adaptation. This comprehensive synthesis offers valuable insights for precision breeding and long-term sustainability in the context of environmental challenges and climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}