Biology-Basel最新文献

{"title":"A Simple Three-Dimensional Compartmentalized Co-Culture Model for Basal Forebrain and Hippocampal Neurons.","authors":"Xiaoman Luo, Jing Li, Zhiyu Deng, Yali Xu, Xixi Li, Miao Ren, Xiangning Li","doi":"10.3390/biology14091238","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The basal forebrain (BF)-hippocampus (HPC) circuit is indispensable for learning and memory, and in vitro models are essential for dissecting its age-related decline. Nonetheless, current culture methods endure brief survival or confine cells to two dimensions, leaving the circuit's progressive degeneration refractory to long-term investigation. Here, we developed a simple, three-dimensional (3D) compartmentalized co-culture model that mimics the anatomical organization of BF and HPC neurons. Results demonstrate that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) co-cultured with primary HPC neurons remain viable for more than two months without exogenous growth factors, significantly promoting BFCNs growth, polarity development, and functional maturation. In this system, BFCNs somata were confined within the hydrogel, whereas cholinergic axons extended toward adjacent hippocampal area, reaching 1681.9 ± 351.8 μm by week 5-significantly longer than in BFCNs monocultures. This model can successfully recapitulate age-dependent progressive neuronal degeneration during long-term culture, validating this long-term co-culture as a platform for studying circuit aging and degeneration. Therefore, this low-cost and highly physiological platform provides a new avenue for in-depth investigations into the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Morinda officinalis</i> Polysaccharide Supplement Improves Meat Quality in Late-Stage Wenchang Chicken Breeding.","authors":"Wei Wu, Hao-Jie Zhang, Quan-Wei Liu, Rui-Ping Sun, Jing-Li Yuan, Yan Zhang, Yu-Hang Liu, Kun Ouyang, Xiu-Ping Wang, Gui-Ping Zhao, Jie Liu, Li-Min Wei","doi":"10.3390/biology14091235","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This experiment aimed to study the effects of adding <i>Morinda officinalis</i> polysaccharide (MOP) on the growth, carcass performance and meat quality of Wenchang chickens. A total of 480 eighty-one-day-old Wenchang chickens were randomly allocated into five groups using a completely randomized design, with eight replicates per group (<i>n</i> = 8 per treatment). The control group received a basal diet (CON group), while the experimental group was given a diet with 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg MOP supplements. During the 40 day trial, MOP supplementation did not affect the growth and carcass performance (<i>p</i> > 0.05), but it increased the a* value of breast muscles compared to the CON group. The breast and thigh muscles in the MOP group had significantly lower shear force than those in the CON group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The MOP groups significantly decreased the muscle fibers' cross-sectional area and diameter in the breast and thigh muscles of Wenchang chickens compared to the CON group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The MOP₅₀₀ group notably raised the total number of essential amino acids and total amino acid levels in Wenchang chickens, whereas the MOP₁₀₀₀ group significantly lowered the total SFA concentration (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Collectively, MOP enhances Wenchang chickens' meat quality, with optimal results at 1000 mg/kg.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and Functional Characterization of Neuropeptide F Receptor in <i>Pomacea canaliculata</i>: Roles in Feeding and Digestion and Communication with the Insulin Pathway.","authors":"Haotian Gu, Haiyuan Teng, Tianshu Zhang, Yongda Yuan","doi":"10.3390/biology14091241","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The invertebrate neuropeptide F (NPF) signaling plays versatile roles in diverse biological activities and processes. Still, whether and how it mediates feeding and digestion in <i>Pomacea canaliculate</i> remain gaps in our knowledge. Herein, we first identified and characterized <i>PcNPFR</i> via bioinformatics analysis in <i>P. canaliculate</i>, which is a polyphagous herbivore with a voracious appetite that causes devastating damages to ecosystem functioning and services in colonized ranges. Double stranded RNA (dsRNA)-based RNA interference (RNAi) and exogenous rescue were utilized to decipher and substantiate underlying mechanisms whereby NPFR executed its modulatory functions. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogeny indicated that <i>PcNPFR</i> harbored typical seven transmembrane domains (7 TMD) and belonged to rhodopsin-like GPCRs, with amino acid sequence sharing 27.61-63.75% homology to orthologues. Spatio-temporal expression profiles revealed the lowest abundance of PcNPFR occurred in pleopod tissues and the egg stage, while it peaked in male snails and testes. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that 4 µg dsNPFR and 10^-6 M trNPF (NPFR agonist) were optimal doses to exert silencing and rescue effects, accordingly with sampling time at 3 days post treatments. Moreover, the dsNPFR injection (4 µg) at 1/3/5/7 day/s delivered silencing efficiency of 32.20-74.01%. After 3 days upon dsNPFR knockdown (4 µg), mRNA levels of <i>ILP7/InR/Akt/PI3Kc/PI3K_R</i> were significantly downregulated compared to dsGFP controls, except FOXO substantially upregulated at both transcript and translation levels. In addition, the activities of alpha-amylase, protease and lipase were significantly suppressed, accompanied by decreased leaf area consumption, attenuated feeding behavior and diminished feeding rate. Moreover, expression trends were opposite and proxies were partially or fully restored to baseline levels post exogenous compensation of trNPF, suggesting phenotypes specifically attributable to PcNPFR RNAi but not off-target effects. <i>PcNPFR</i> is implicated in both feeding and digestion by modulating the ISP pathway and digestive enzyme activities. It may serve as a promising molecular target for RNAi-based antifeedants to manage <i>P. canaliculate</i> invasion.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic Analysis of <i>Antheraea pernyi</i> Larvae After Injection of Vitamin C and Preliminary Exploration of the Function of <i>Antheraea pernyi</i> Aldonolactonase.","authors":"Xin Xu, Zhongwen Liu, Yongjun Zhang, Yaoting Zhang, Yanxian Lian, Zhen Zhang, Xuwei Zhu","doi":"10.3390/biology14091236","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Antheraea pernyi</i> is a large silk-producing insect belonging to the family Saturniidae of the order Lepidoptera [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of <i>Ocellarnaca</i> (Orthoptera, Gryllacrididae) and Their Phylogenies.","authors":"Ting Luo, Yanting Qin, Xiangyi Lu, Siyu Pang, Xun Bian","doi":"10.3390/biology14091231","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Raspy crickets are an interesting group of nocturnal animals that bear femoral-abdominal stridulation and spin silk from the mouthparts. Gryllacridid classification is the subject of ongoing discussion. Here, we present the first mitogenomic sequences for three <i>Ocellarnaca</i> taxa: <i>O. braueri</i> (15,597 bp), <i>O. fuscotessellata</i> (15,607 bp), and <i>O. emeiensis</i> (16,510 bp). Three mitochondrial genomes exhibited the conventional metazoan gene and conserved the characteristic gene order across Gryllacrididae species. Evolutionary selection analyses showed that <i>atp8</i> was the least evolutionarily constrained mitochondrial gene, whereas <i>cox1</i> was the most conserved across lineages. The three <i>Ocellarnaca</i> species harbored 5-8 mitochondrial DNA sequence repeats (mtSSRs), falling within the 1-8 range detected in all analyzed Gryllacrididae species. <i>Magnigryllacris</i> and <i>Ocellarnaca</i> exhibited higher mtSSR counts than related genera sharing analogous male abdominal apex morphology. Phylogenomic analyses of 35 mitogenomes from 21 Gryllacrididae species supported <i>Ocellarnaca</i> as monophyletic and a sister to <i>Magnigryllacris</i> (bootstrap = 100%), with <i>O. fuscotessellata</i> resolved as sister to the clade (<i>O</i>. sp. + (<i>O</i>. <i>emeiensis</i> + <i>O</i>. <i>braueri</i>)). This study expands the mitogenomic resources for <i>Ocellarnaca</i>, which will facilitate further resolution of phylogenetic reconstruction within this genus and across Gryllacrididae genera.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive Effects of Dietary Starch Levels and Exogenous α-Amylase on Growth, Digestibility, and Metabolic Responses in <i>Channa striata</i> Juveniles.","authors":"Kaliyaperumal Sriranjani, Amit Ranjan, Albin Jemila Thangarani, Ambika Binesh, Mohamood Kavimugaraja, Subbiah Balasundari, Nathan Felix","doi":"10.3390/biology14091237","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 70-day feeding trial was carried out to examine the effects of exogenous alpha amylase supplementation and different levels of starch on the growth performance, whole-body proximate composition, apparent nutrient digestibility, and digestive and metabolic enzyme activities of <i>Channa striata</i> juveniles. Nine semi-purified iso-nitrogenous (42%) and iso-lipidic (7%) diets containing three different levels of starch (<i>viz.</i> 10%, 20% and 30%) and amylase (0%, 0.05%, 0.1%) were formulated as C₁₀A₀, C₁₀A_0.05, C₁₀A_0.1, C₂₀A₀, C₂₀A_0.05, C₂₀A_0.1, C₃₀A₀, C₃₀A_0.05, and C₃₀A_0.1 (C-starch, A-amylase). A total of 405 <i>C. striata</i> juveniles of average weight (14.31 ± 0.1 g) were randomly assigned to 27 150 L capacity FRP tanks with 15 fish per tank following a 3 × 3 factorial design in triplicate with proper aeration. Final weight, weight gain (WG%), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly influenced (<i>p</i> < 0.05) by dietary starch and amylase supplementation as well as their interaction. The nutrient digestibility results revealed that the apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipids, and carbohydrates improved significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with higher amylase levels. There was no significant variation (<i>p</i> > 0.05) in the whole-body proximate composition of fish fed with different levels of starch and exogenous amylase supplementation. Amylase activity increased with higher dietary amylase levels; however, there were no significant differences in protease and lipase enzyme activity. Fish in the A_0.1 treatment group had significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) hexokinase activity, which was significantly affected by exogenous amylase levels. AST and ALT activities in the serum were decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) at 0.1% amylase inclusion in the diet. From the present study, it is concluded that supplementation with exogenous alpha amylase has the potential to enhance starch utilization in <i>C. striata</i>. In particular, 0.1% amylase with 20% starch can significantly improve growth and nutrient utilization in <i>C. striata</i> juveniles without adverse effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key Invariants in the Evolution of Sociality Across Taxa.","authors":"Bianca Bonato, Marco Dadda, Umberto Castiello","doi":"10.3390/biology14091239","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elucidating the evolutionary origins of social behavior remains a major challenge due to the complexity of social systems across taxa. Here, we examine social behavior through the lens of competition and cooperation across the three domains of life-<i>Bacteria, Archaea</i>, and <i>Eukarya</i>. By focusing on gene-based mechanisms, we propose that sociality arises from conserved molecular pathways shaped by similar selective pressures, even in phylogenetically distant organisms. This cross-domain perspective highlights the potential for convergent evolutionary solutions and offers a foundation for identifying invariant principles underlying the emergence and maintenance of social behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":"1239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7618134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145087685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the Microbiota of the Scale Insect (<i>Diaspis echinocacti</i>, Bouché, 1833) in <i>Opuntia stricta</i> Cladodes: Taxonomic and Metagenomic Analysis as a Function of Infestation Levels.","authors":"Mikaelly Batista da Silva, Ana Beatriz Medeiros, Antonia Isabelly Monteiro Dos Anjos, João Vitor Ferreira Cavalcante, Bianca Cristiane Ferreira Santiago, Shênia Santos Monteiro, Antonio Carlos Vital, Rodrigo Juliani Siqueira Dalmolin, Hugo M Lisboa, Matheus Augusto de Bittencourt Pasquali","doi":"10.3390/biology14091233","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drought-tolerant cactus <i>Opuntia stricta</i> sustains livestock in Brazil's semi-arid Northeast but suffers yield losses from the armored scale insect <i>Diaspis echinocacti</i>. Symbiotic bacteria are thought to underpin scale fitness; however, their response to pest pressure remains unexplored. We characterized the bacterial communities of <i>D. echinocacti</i> collected from cladodes displaying low, intermediate, and high infestation (<i>n</i> = 3 replicates per level) using 16S-rRNA amplicon sequencing, processed with nf-core/ampliseq. Shannon diversity declined from low to high density, and Bray-Curtis ordination suggested compositional shifts, although group differences were not significant (Kruskal-Wallis and PERMANOVA, <i>p</i> > 0.05). The obligate endosymbiont \"<i>Candidatus Uzinura</i>\" dominated all samples (>85% relative abundance) irrespective of density, indicating a resilient core microbiome. PICRUSt2 predicted a contraction of metabolic breadth at higher infestations, with convergence on energy- and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Taken together, increasing pest density was associated with modest loss of diversity and functional streamlining, rather than wholesale turnover. These baseline data can guide future work on microbiome-based strategies to complement existing scale-insect control in dryland cactus systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid-Mediated Assembly of Biomolecular Condensates: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Therapeutic Implications.","authors":"Shijie Ma, Zheng Yang, Chang Du, Binjie Gan, Tong Tang","doi":"10.3390/biology14091232","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cellular organization relies on both membrane-bound organelles and membraneless biomolecular condensates formed through liquid-liquid phase separation. Recent discoveries reveal intricate coupling between lipid membrane organization and condensate assembly, reshaping our understanding of cellular compartmentalization. This review synthesizes multidisciplinary research using advanced techniques including super-resolution microscopy, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and in vitro reconstitution to examine lipid-condensate interactions. Lipid membranes serve as nucleation platforms that reduce critical concentrations for condensate formation by orders of magnitude through membrane anchoring and thermodynamic coupling, creating specialized microenvironments that substantially enhance enzymatic activities. Key regulatory mechanisms include phosphorylation-driven assembly and disassembly, membrane composition effects from cholesterol content and fatty acid saturation, and environmental factors such as calcium and pH. These interactions drive signal transduction through receptor clustering, membrane trafficking via organized domains, and stress responses through protective condensate formation. Dysregulation of lipid-condensate coupling, including aberrant phase transitions and membrane dysfunction, underlies metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. This coupling represents a fundamental organizing principle with significant therapeutic potential. Current challenges include developing quantitative methods for characterizing condensate dynamics in complex cellular environments and translating molecular mechanisms into clinical applications. Future progress requires interdisciplinary approaches combining advanced experimental techniques, computational modeling, and standardized protocols to advance both fundamental understanding and therapeutic innovations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed Morphology of <i>Allium</i> L. Endemic Species from Section <i>Schoenoprasum</i> (Amaryllidaceae) in Eastern Kazakhstan.","authors":"Aidar Sumbembayev, Olga Lagus, Alevtina Danilova, Zhanar Aimenova, Ainur Seilkhan, Zhanar Takiyeva, Agnieszka Rewicz, Sławomir Nowak","doi":"10.3390/biology14091230","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus <i>Allium</i> is highly diverse and ecologically significant in Eastern Kazakhstan, with several rare and endemic species belonging to the section <i>Schoenoprasum</i>. This study provides a comparative analysis of the seed morphology of four species from this section: <i>A. ledebourianum</i>, <i>A. ivasczenkoae</i>, <i>A. schoenoprasum</i>, and <i>A. ubinicum</i>. Seeds were collected from their natural habitats and analyzed through morphometric measurements, surface structure assessments, and environmental correlation. Distinct differences in seed length, width, thickness, and weight were identified, with <i>A. ubinicum</i> displaying the most pronounced divergence in size and mass. Qualitative traits, including surface texture, micropyle visibility, and chalaza structure, were also recorded. Principal component and cluster analyses revealed clear separation between the species, notably distinguishing <i>A. ubinicum</i> from <i>A. schoenoprasum</i>, challenging their previously assumed synonymy. Environmental variables such as light, moisture, and soil chemistry showed significant correlations with seed dimensions, suggesting that environmental conditions contribute to morphological differentiation. Although the micromorphological features observed under scanning electron microscopy were generally similar, the macromorphological traits proved to be taxonomically informative. The larger and heavier seeds of <i>A. ubinicum</i> suggest regional divergence or adaptive evolution, reinforcing its classification as a separate taxon. These findings contribute to the refinement of the species delimitation process within <i>Schoenoprasum</i> and underscore the role of seed traits in both taxonomic research and conservation strategies in floristically rich but understudied regions like Eastern Kazakhstan.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}