Biology-Basel最新文献

{"title":"The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Dynamics in Hypertensive Heart Disease: Mechanisms and Recent Advances.","authors":"Bislom C Mweene, Hanzooma Hatwiko, Joreen P Povia, Sepiso K Masenga","doi":"10.3390/biology14091212","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) is characterized by pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling, in which mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a central contributor to pathophysiology. Mitochondria occupy roughly one-third of the volume of a cardiomyocyte and serve as the primary source of ATP for the constantly active heart, while also regulating calcium homeostasis, redox balance, and apoptotic signaling. Chronic hypertension imposes energetic and oxidative stress on cardiomyocytes, disrupting mitochondrial structure and function. Key mitochondrial quality control processes including organelle fusion-fission dynamics, biogenesis, and mitophagy become dysregulated in HHD, leading to impaired energy production and heightened cell injury. This unstructured review discusses the physiological roles of mitochondria in cardiac muscle and examines how altered mitochondrial dynamics contribute to hypertensive cardiac damage. We detail mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in HHD, such as excessive fission, cristae disruption, and oxidative stress, and how these changes are exacerbated by aging. Age-related mitochondrial remodeling such as loss of cristae and decreased organelle volume may synergistically worsen hypertensive cardiac injury. We further integrate findings from recent studies in animal and human models, including advanced three-dimensional ultrastructural analyses and molecular investigations that illuminate new aspects of mitochondrial network organization, the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS), cristae maintenance complex, and quality control pathways in HHD. Understanding mitochondrial dysfunction in HHD reveals potential therapeutic avenues targeting mitochondrial quality and dynamics to preserve cardiac function in hypertension.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome Analysis of Muscle Tissue from Three Anatomical Locations in Male and Female Kazakh Horses.","authors":"Ayixie Wubuli, Yi Su, Xinkui Yao, Jun Meng, Jianwen Wang, Yaqi Zeng, Linling Li, Wanlu Ren","doi":"10.3390/biology14091216","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Kazakh horse, a versatile breed, is renowned for stable genetic performance and strong tolerance to coarse feed. Sex is a key factor influencing skeletal muscle development. However, the mechanisms underlying sex-specific regulation of equine muscle growth remain obscure. This study employed transcriptomic analysis to investigate sex-associated molecular differences in skeletal muscle of Kazakh horses. The experimental cohort comprised four three-year-old Kazakh stallions and four three-year-old Kazakh mares. After slaughter, six groups of muscle samples were collected immediately, including the longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, and diaphragm muscles of both sexes, with four biological replicates per group. RNA-seq analysis revealed 361, 230, and 236 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the longissimus dorsi of stallion Kazakh horses (Mb) vs. the longissimus dorsi of mare Kazakh horses (Gb), the rectus abdominis of stallion Kazakh horses (Mf) vs. the rectus abdominis of mare Kazakh horses (Gf), and the diaphragm of stallion Kazakh horses (Mg) vs. the diaphragm of mare Kazakh horses (Gg), respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that DEGs such as <i>TPM1</i>, <i>MYL1</i>, <i>MYH3</i>, and <i>PYGM</i> were primarily enriched in muscle system processes (BP), contractile fibers (CC), and adenosine ribonucleotide binding (MF). Furthermore, these genes were significantly associated with pathways such as the Cytoskeleton in muscle cells and the Thyroid hormone signaling pathway. The data demonstrate pronounced sex-related differences in gene expression and muscle structure in Kazakh horses, likely mediated by cytoskeleton-associated genes. Notably, <i>TPM1</i>, <i>MYL1</i>, <i>MYH3</i>, and <i>PYGM</i> may act as key regulators of sex-specific muscle development. These findings provide molecular insights into the mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in equine muscle growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Off-Season Reproductive Performance of Tsurcana Ewes Under Five Estrous Induction Protocols with Different Hormonal Profiles.","authors":"Nicolae Adrian Giurginca, Marioara Nicoleta Caraba, Gabi Dumitrescu, Ioan Pet, Elena Pet, Adrian Sinitean, Delia Hutanu, Ion Valeriu Caraba","doi":"10.3390/biology14091217","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The low profitability of small-scale dual-purpose (milk-meat) farming has caused the decline of Tsurcana sheep, making hormonal reproductive optimization essential to sustain Tsurcana sheep farming. We aimed to identify an effective protocol for out-of-season estrous induction in Tsurcana micro-farms. Five protocols were tested in multiparous ewes under free-range conditions (n = 100; 20/group): T1-prostaglandin F₂α (PGF₂α) on day 9/gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on day 12; T2-PGF₂α on day 9/pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) on day 11; T3-PGF₂α + PMSG on day 9/GnRH on day 12; T4-PGF₂α on day 12/PMSG on day 13; T5-PMSG on day 13. The fluorogestone acetate (FGA) sponges were removed on day 9 (T1-T3), day 12 (T4), or day 13 (T5). The estrous responses (70-100%) mainly occurred 36-48 h post-sponge removal, with no differences between protocols or time points. The sponge losses (≤10%) were similar among groups. The occurrence of vaginitis differed significantly between the groups (<i>p</i> = 0.008) and was restricted to the long-duration treatments (T4 and T5; ≤10%). Singleton births predominated, the twinning rate was modest (highest in T1-T3), and no multiple births occurred. The lambing, singleton, twinning, and prolificacy rates, as well as birth weights, showed no significant differences between the groups. The estrous responses correlated strongly with the pregnancy, lambing, and singleton rates (Kendall's τ = 0.82, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Cost analysis identified T1 as the most efficient protocol. Short-duration sponge retention combined with PGF₂α and GnRH (T1) provides the optimal reproductive results for sustainable Tsurcana micro-farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choline-Mediated Regulation of Follicular Growth: Interplay Between Steroid Synthesis, Epigenetics, and Oocyte Development.","authors":"Wenfeng Liu, Xucheng Zheng, Haiming Yang, Zhiyue Wang","doi":"10.3390/biology14091220","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review article focuses on the role of choline in ovarian follicular development, regulated by nutrient-epigenetic interactions. Choline, a key feed additive, participates in DNA methylation and steroid hormone synthesis via its methyl donor function. However, its role in follicular hierarchy and maturation is unclear. Research lacks an understanding of species-specific choline metabolism, follicular fluid methylation dynamics, and toxicity thresholds. This study combines animal nutrition, epigenetics, and reproductive endocrinology. Using in vitro follicle culture models, metabolomics analysis, and cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (<i>CYP19a1</i>) methylation site screening, it reveals that choline regulates follicle hierarchy through the betaine-S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) pathway. Proper dietary choline reduces homocysteine (HCY) and boosts <i>CYP19a1</i> demethylation, enhancing theca cell estradiol (E₂) production and accelerating follicle maturation. In contrast, inadequate or excessive choline causes mesoderm-specific transcript (<i>MEST</i>) gene methylation abnormalities or trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-mediated β-oxidation inhibition, increasing follicle atresia. A phenomenon of steroidogenic factor 1 (<i>SF-1</i>) methylation has been observed in poultry, showing that choline affects offspring egg-laying persistence by altering the adrenal-ovarian axis DNA methylation imprint. Future research should establish a precise choline supply system based on the HCY/TMAO ratio in follicular fluid and the <i>CYP19a1</i> methylation map to improve animal reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism Analysis of Transcription Factor OsERF110 Regulating Rice Pollen Response to Heavy Ion Irradiation.","authors":"Kai Sun, Jinzhao Liu, Jiameng Zhang, Haonan Li, Jian Zeng, Libin Zhou, Tao Guo, Chun Chen","doi":"10.3390/biology14091218","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is of great significance to analyze the molecular mechanism of rice response to heavy ion irradiation and to mine its key response genes for food security. In this study, the regression equation for the dose survival rate was constructed using heavy ion irradiation on rice pollen. Through an immunofluorescence experiment, it was found that DSBs induced by irradiation could be repaired quickly, but the repair of complex damage required more time. RNA-seq of irradiated pollen showed that the gene expression patterns at different time points were significantly different. A total of 5556 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened out, and the number of DEGs decreased with time. DEGs were mainly involved in stress response, protein folding, DNA repair, and other damage response processes at 0-1 h. At 6 h, the cells turned to normal metabolism functions, such as organic synthesis and protein activity. Combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and trend analysis, the key transcription factor OsERF110 was identified in response to heavy ion irradiation, which acts on the nucleus and cell membrane. A total of 45,680 OsERF110 binding peaks were identified by DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) in the whole genome. When this method was combined with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), 62 OsERF110 target genes were further screened. These target genes were involved in DNA repair, stress response, redox, metabolic regulation, and other processes, forming the OsERF110 mediated radiation response regulatory network. The results of this study provide a new target for rice mutation breeding and lay a theoretical foundation for radiation biology research.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466974/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lactate Metabolism: The String-Puller for the Development of Pancreatic Cancer.","authors":"Lan Yang, Dong Guo, Kangli Wu, Yiqi Li, Yue Xi, Wenying Qin, Xingzhen Chen, Cefan Zhou, Jingfeng Tang","doi":"10.3390/biology14091213","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the discovery of the 'Warburg effect' in cancer, lactate is no longer considered merely a metabolic byproduct. It serves as both a metabolic fuel involved in the energy cycle and a signaling molecule that modulates cellular signal transduction. Recent studies have demonstrated that lactate participates in protein lactylation, regulates energy metabolism, reshapes the tumor microenvironment, and facilitates the metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, targeting lactate metabolism has emerged as a promising strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy and survival rates in pancreatic cancer. In this review, we outline aberrant lactate metabolism and recent advancements in lactylation, and elucidate the biological functions of lactate metabolism in pancreatic cancer, focusing on metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. Additionally, we discuss diagnostic and therapeutic approaches targeting lactate metabolism in pancreatic cancer. Research in this field is critical for understanding the mechanisms driving pancreatic cancer progression and is anticipated to develop novel therapeutic strategies for clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Distribution Shifts of <i>Zelkova schneideriana</i> Under Climate Change: A Biomod2-Driven Modeling Framework.","authors":"Mimi Li, Lingdan Wang, Hailong Liu, Yueqi Sun, Naiwei Li, Maolin Geng","doi":"10.3390/biology14091221","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Zelkova schneideriana</i> (Ulmaceae), an endemic relict species of the Tertiary in China, has experienced a sharp decline in population due to habitat fragmentation, poor natural regeneration, and anthropogenic disturbances. It is currently listed as a category II national key protected wild plant and categorized as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). To explore its response mechanisms to climate change, this study integrates 11 species distribution models (SDMs) to comprehensively predict its suitable habitat distribution patterns. Key environmental variables were identified as Bio06 (minimum temperature of the coldest month, 21.57%), Bio02 (mean diurnal range, 19.81%), Bio17 (precipitation of the driest quarter, 13.52%), Bio15 (precipitation seasonality, 8.32%), Bio07 (temperature annual range, 8.15%), Bio12 (annual precipitation, 6.58%), and elevation (6.57%), collectively contributing approximately 85%. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed that during historical glacial periods, suitable habitats were significantly restricted, and highly suitable zones were absent under extreme climatic conditions, suggesting the presence of potential glacial refugia. Under current climatic conditions, highly suitable habitats have expanded notably. However, under the high-emission scenario (SSP585) in the future, the suitable range is projected to shrink considerably, with a drastic reduction in highly suitable areas. Moreover, the suitability centroid is expected to shift markedly toward higher elevations in the northeast, indicating a potential adaptation strategy of <i>Z. schneideriana</i> toward mountainous regions in Hunan, Hubei, and Chongqing. These findings provide quantitative guidance for the formulation of targeted conservation strategies for <i>Z. schneideriana</i> and offer methodological insights for predicting suitable habitats and managing related relict plant species under the threat of climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Limitation and Conservation Implications in <i>Tetracentron sinense</i>: SNP-Based Analysis of Spatial Genetic Structure and Gene Flow.","authors":"Xiaojuan Liu, Xue Wang, Hongyan Han, Ting Pan, Mengxing Jia, Xiaohong Gan","doi":"10.3390/biology14091214","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present research investigates the fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) and gene flow dynamics in the endangered relict tree <i>Tetracentron sinense</i>, a keystone species in China's montane ecosystems facing severe habitat fragmentation and genetic erosion. Utilizing genome-wide SNPs from 378 individuals across four natural populations (BMXS, MGFD, GLGS, SXFP), derived from ddRAD-seq, we quantified genetic diversity, SGS (<i>Sp</i> statistic), and dispersal patterns through spatial autocorrelation, parentage analysis, and age-class stratification. Results indicated critically low heterozygosity (observed heterozygosity, H_O = 0.019-0.022) and high inbreeding coefficient (Fis = 0.147-0.304), with moderate SGS (<i>Sp</i> = 0.0076-0.021) suggesting restricted gene flow (effective dispersal radius: 11-32 m). Seed-mediated dispersal was predominant, but topography and rainfall constrained dispersal (<5% beyond 50 m). Saplings exhibited stronger SGS, and the SXFP population experienced 100% sapling mortality due to inbreeding depression. Conservation efforts should prioritize assisted gene flow, habitat restoration, and ex situ sampling at distances greater than 115 m to preserve genetic diversity and adaptive potential. This study highlights the urgent need for genomics-informed conservation strategies in fragmented montane ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Variation and Assembly Process of Fish Communities in a Typical Canalized River After the 10-Year Fishing Ban.","authors":"Qiang Qin, Yuanfeng Li, Peng Chen, Ting Wei, Jianghaoyue Xu, Fubin Zhang, Tong Zhou","doi":"10.3390/biology14091208","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Jialing River is a representative and typical canalized tributary in the upper Yangtze River basin. In the context of the 10-year fishing ban, it is imperative to elucidate the dynamics and assembly of fish communities in the Jialing River. In this study, field surveys were conducted during the flood and dry seasons from 2021 to 2025 at the Cangxi section of the Jialing River. Fifty fish species belonging to three orders and six families were collected in the study area, with <i>Chanodichthys oxycephaloides</i>, <i>Hemibarbus labeo</i>, <i>Xenocypris davidi</i>, and <i>Siniperca chuatsi</i> identified as dominant species. In addition, fish communities in this region exhibited significant temporal variations, clustering into flood season and dry season groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The result suggested that diversity indices were consistently higher in the flood season than the dry season and an increasing trend was observed during the sampling periods. Community assembly analysis revealed that the fish communities were mainly characterized by phylogenetic clustered structure, indicating environmental filtering as the deterministic process in the study area. Despite the steady recovery of fish biodiversity and resource following the fishing ban in the study area, further attention must be directed to other anthropogenic disturbances, especially habitat fragmentation. This study provides a scientific reference for fisheries management after the fishing ban in the Jialing River.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and Sex-Specific Growth Variations of Migratory <i>Coilia nasus</i> in the Middle and Lower Yangtze, China.","authors":"Hongyi Guo, Xuguang Zhang, Wenqiao Tang, Kai Liu","doi":"10.3390/biology14091211","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14091211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Japanese grenadier anchovy (<i>Coilia nasus</i>), an economically vital anadromous species in the Yangtze River, has experienced severe population decline, prompting a 10-year fishing moratorium. Comprehensive data on its population structure and spatial growth variations during this critical recovery period, however, remain scarce. This study addresses this gap by analyzing 1119 individuals sampled from four sites along the species' migratory corridor during the 2024 spawning season. We assessed key life-history traits to quantify spatial and sex-specific dynamics. We found significant sexual dimorphism, with females attaining greater size and age than males. The population was highly structured spatially: larger individuals were captured farther upstream, and initially female-biased sex ratios became more balanced inland. Growth modeling revealed that females had higher asymptotic lengths (<i>L</i>_∞) but lower growth coefficients (<i>k</i>). Furthermore, macroscopic assessment of gonadal maturity identified contrasting reproductive schedules between sexes along the migratory route. These results demonstrate clear sex-specific life-history strategies and a strong spatial segregation by size and reproductive state. This study provides crucial baseline data from the moratorium period, underscoring the necessity of spatially explicit management-particularly the protection of upstream spawning habitats for larger, more fecund individuals-to aid the recovery of this endangered species.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}