Biology-Basel最新文献

{"title":"The Good, the Bad, and the Fungus: Insights into the Relationship Between Plants, Fungi, and Oomycetes in Hydroponics.","authors":"Grace C S Laevens, William C Dolson, Michelle M Drapeau, Soufiane Telhig, Sarah E Ruffell, Danielle M Rose, Bernard R Glick, Ashley A Stegelmeier","doi":"10.3390/biology13121014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydroponic systems are examples of controlled environment agriculture (CEA) and present a promising alternative to traditional farming methods by increasing productivity, profitability, and sustainability. In hydroponic systems, crops are grown in the absence of soil and thus lack the native soil microbial community. This review focuses on fungi and oomycetes, both beneficial and pathogenic, that can colonize crops and persist in hydroponic systems. The symptomatology and mechanisms of pathogenesis for <i>Botrytis</i>, <i>Colletotrichum</i>, <i>Fulvia</i>, <i>Fusarium</i>, <i>Phytophthora</i>, <i>Pythium</i>, and <i>Sclerotinia</i> are explored for phytopathogenic fungi that target floral organs, leaves, roots, and vasculature of economically important hydroponic crops. Additionally, this review thoroughly explores the use of plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) to combat phytopathogens and increase hydroponic crop productivity; details of PGP strategies and mechanisms are discussed. The benefits of <i>Aspergillus</i>, <i>Penicillium</i>, <i>Taloromyces</i>, and <i>Trichoderma</i> to hydroponics systems are explored in detail. The culmination of these areas of research serves to improve the current understanding of the role of beneficial and pathogenic fungi, specifically in the hydroponic microbiome.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Genetics of Feed-Efficiency-Related Traits for the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp <i>Penaeus vannamei</i> in a Plant-Based Diet Environment.","authors":"Ping Dai, Xiangyan Zhu, Sheng Luan, Juan Sui, Xianhong Meng, Jiawang Cao, Jian Tan, Jie Kong","doi":"10.3390/biology13121012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Selecting shrimp strains that perform well on a plant-based diet holds promise for solving the fishmeal (FM) shortage issue, with genetic improvement of feed efficiency (FE) being a key focus. This study compared a plant-based (fishmeal-free) diet with a 25% FM diet for the Pacific whiteleg shrimp (<i>Penaeus vannamei</i>) to determine whether the FE-related traits, including residual feed intake (RFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), and daily feed intake (DFI), exhibit diet-specific genetic variations and genotype-by-diet (genotype × diet) interactions. Results showed that RFI was significantly higher under the plant-based diet treatment compared to the FM-based diet treatment (0.0049 g/d vs. -0.0045 g/d, <i>p</i> < 0.001), while ADG was notably lower (0.043 g/d vs. 0.110 g/d, <i>p</i> < 0.001), indicating that a plant-based diet may lead to reduced yields and impact the profitability of shrimp culture. In the case of being unable to estimate common environmental effects, the heritability estimates of RFI under the plant-based and FM-based diets were 0.743 ± 0.157 and 0.440 ± 0.125, respectively, and those of ADG and DFI ranged from 0.314 ± 0.121 to 0.947 ± 0.158. Genetic correlations between diets for RFI and DFI were 0.646 ± 0.162 and 0.549 ± 0.163, respectively, suggesting a degree of genotype × diet interactions. In contrast, the genetic correlation between diets for ADG was only 0.296 ± 0.259, indicating a strong genotype × diet interaction. These findings highlight the importance of considering selective breeding for improved feed efficiency in a plant-based diet environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune-Inflammatory Response in Lifespan-What Role Does It Play in Extreme Longevity? A Sicilian Semi- and Supercentenarians Study.","authors":"Giulia Accardi, Anna Calabrò, Rosalia Caldarella, Calogero Caruso, Marcello Ciaccio, Marta Di Simone, Mattia Emanuela Ligotti, Serena Meraviglia, Rosa Zarcone, Giuseppina Candore, Anna Aiello","doi":"10.3390/biology13121010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studying models of healthy aging and exceptional longevity is crucial to understanding a possible longevity signature, as most show resistance to age-related diseases. In particular, semi- and supercentenarians are a highly selected group, having survived significant adversities, including the Spanish flu and COVID-19 pandemics, indicating distinctive immune system characteristics. This paper analyzes the inflammatory scores (INFLA-score, Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI)) and Aging-Related Immune Phenotype (ARIP) indicators calculated from the dataset of the DESIGN project, including 249 participants aged 19-111 years, aiming to understand the immune-inflammatory (IMFLAM) role in achieving longevity. Statistical analyses, including linear regression and one-way ANOVA, were performed to explore the correlations between these parameters and age. Both INFLA-score and SIRI showed a significant increase with age. However, no statistical differences were found when comparing the values of semi- and supercentenarians to other age groups, which are similar to adults and lower than younger centenarians. Regarding ARIP values, it is noteworthy that when comparing the CD8⁺ Naïve/Effector scores between groups, no significant differences were observed between the semi- and supercentenarian group and the other groups. These results support the idea that the control of IMFLAM response can promote extreme longevity.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic Modifiers: Exploring the Roles of Histone Methyltransferases and Demethylases in Cancer and Neurodegeneration.","authors":"Lauren Reed, Janak Abraham, Shay Patel, Shilpa S Dhar","doi":"10.3390/biology13121008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases (HDMs) are critical enzymes that regulate chromatin dynamics and gene expression through the addition and removal of methyl groups on histone proteins. HMTs, such as PRC2 and SETD2, are involved in the trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 and lysine 36, influencing gene silencing and activation. Dysregulation of these enzymes often leads to abnormal gene expression and contributes to tumorigenesis. In contrast, HDMs including KDM7A and KDM2A reverse these methylation marks, and their dysfunction can drive disease progression. In cancer, the aberrant activity of specific HMTs and HDMs can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes or the activation of oncogenes, facilitating tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Conversely, in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), disruptions in histone methylation dynamics are associated with neuronal loss, altered gene expression, and disease progression. We aimed to comprehend the odd activity of HMTs and HDMs and how they contribute to disease pathogenesis, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. By advancing our understanding of these epigenetic regulators, this review provides new insights into their roles in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, offering a foundation for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rectal Cancer: Exploring Predictive Biomarkers Through Molecular Pathways Involved in Carcinogenesis.","authors":"Sheila Martins, Pedro Veiga, José Guilherme Tralhão, Isabel Marques Carreira, Ilda Patrícia Ribeiro","doi":"10.3390/biology13121007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2022, colorectal cancer (CCR) had the second-highest incidence in Europe, preceded only by breast cancer [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV Sensitivities of Two Littoral and Two Deep-Freshwater Amphipods (Amphipoda, Crustacea) Reflect Their Preferred Depths in the Ancient Lake Baikal.","authors":"Elizaveta Kondrateva, Anton Gurkov, Yaroslav Rzhechitskiy, Alexandra Saranchina, Anastasiia Diagileva, Polina Drozdova, Kseniya Vereshchagina, Zhanna Shatilina, Inna Sokolova, Maxim Timofeyev","doi":"10.3390/biology13121004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solar ultraviolet (UV) is among the most important ecological factors shaping the composition of biota on the planet's surface, including the upper layers of waterbodies. Inhabitants of dark environments recently evolving from surface organisms provide natural opportunities to study the evolutionary losses of UV adaptation mechanisms and better understand how those mechanisms function at the biochemical level. The ancient Lake Baikal is the only freshwater reservoir where deep-water fauna emerged, and its diverse endemic amphipods (Amphipoda, Crustacea) now inhabit the whole range from highly transparent littoral to dark depths of over 1600 m, which makes them a convenient model to study UV adaptation. With 10-day-long laboratory exposures, we show that adults of deep-water Baikal amphipods <i>Ommatogammarus flavus</i> and <i>O. albinus</i> indeed have high sensitivity to environmentally relevant UV levels in contrast to littoral species <i>Eulimnogammarus cyaneus</i> and <i>E. verrucosus</i>. The UV intolerance was more pronounced in deeper-dwelling <i>O. albinus</i> and was partially explainable by lower levels of carotenoids and carotenoid-binding proteins. Signs of oxidative stress were not found but UV-B specifically seemingly led to the accumulation of toxic compounds. Overall, the obtained results demonstrate that UV is an important factor limiting the distribution of deep-water amphipods into the littoral zone of Lake Baikal.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11672936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety Evaluation for Acute and Chronic Oral Toxicity of Maha Pigut Triphala Contains Three Medicinal Fruits in Sprague-Dawley Rats.","authors":"Supaporn Intatham, Weerakit Taychaworaditsakul, Parirat Khonsung, Sunee Chansakaow, Kanjana Jaijoy, Nirush Lertprasertsuke, Noppamas Soonthornchareonnon, Seewaboon Sireeratawong","doi":"10.3390/biology13121005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maha Pigut Triphala is the herbal mixture of three fruits consisting of <i>T. bellirica</i>, <i>T. chebula</i>, and <i>E. officinalis</i> also known as <i>P. emblica</i>. Humans regularly eat the fresh fruits of these plants on a daily basis. Maha Pigut Triphala is one of the widely known herbal medicinal formulas used in traditional Thai medicine. Besides studying pharmacological properties, attention should also be paid to the safety and toxicity studies of herbal medicines. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the acute and chronic oral toxicity of Maha Pigut Triphala (2:1:3) in Sprague-Dawley rats. A single dose of Maha Pigut Triphala at a concentration of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to female rats in the acute oral toxicity study. In the chronic oral toxicity study, male and female rats were treated with various concentrations of Maha Pigut Triphala (600, 1200, and 2400 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 270 consecutive days. The presence of abnormalities in the symptoms and behavior of the rats were observed and recorded throughout the experiment. Additionally, body weight, organ weight, and mortality were recorded. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected for hematological and blood chemistry analysis, while the internal organs were evaluated for gross pathological and histopathological changes. The acute oral toxicity study revealed no mortality and abnormal symptoms or behavior in Maha Pigut Triphala-treated rats. Moreover, gross pathological and histopathological findings did not reveal any abnormalities in the internal organs. In the chronic oral toxicity evaluation, although there were negligible changes in body weight, organ weight, and hematological and blood chemistry parameters in rats treated with Maha Pigut Triphala for 270 days, no behavioral or gross pathological and histopathological abnormalities were observed. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that Maha Pigut Triphala (2:1:3) neither causes acute nor chronic oral toxicity in rats, proposing the safety of this herbal formula in animals prior to human trials and use.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673089/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Major Cell-Wall-Degrading Enzymes Secreted by <i>Diaporthe</i> spp. Isolate Z1-1N Causing Postharvest Fruit Rot in Kiwifruit in China.","authors":"Li-Zhen Ling, Ling-Ling Chen, Jia-Yu Ma, Chao-Yue Li, Dong-Ru Zhang, Xiao-Di Hu, Shu-Dong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/biology13121006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pathogen-induced fruit decay is a significant threat to the kiwifruit industry, leading to considerable economic losses annually. The cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) secreted by these pathogens are crucial for penetrating the cell wall and accessing nutrients. Among them, <i>Diaporthe</i> species are recognized as major causal agents of soft rot in kiwifruit, yet their pathogenic mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we explored the production of various CWDEs secreted by <i>Diaporthe</i> Z1-1N, including polygalacturonase (PG), polymethylgalacturonase (PMG), polygalacturonic acid transeliminase (PGTE), pectin methyltranseliminase (PMTE), endoglucanase (Cx), and β-glucosidase (β-glu), both in liquid cultures and within infected kiwifruit tissues. Our findings revealed significant activities of two pectinases (PG and PMG) and cellulases (Cx and β-glu) in the infected tissues. In contrast, very low levels of PMTE and PGTE activities were observed under the same conditions. When orange pectin served as the carbon source, PG and PMG showed notable activities, while PMTE and PGTE remained inactive. Moreover, the activities of Cx and β-glu significantly decreased by more than 63 times in the liquid medium with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the carbon source compared to their levels in infected kiwifruit. A further analysis indicated that the necrotic lesions produced by pectinase extracts were larger than those produced by cellulase extracts. Notably, four enzymes-PG, PMG, Cx, and β-glu-exhibited high activities on the third or fourth day post-infection with <i>Diaporthe</i> Z1-1N. These results suggest that <i>Diaporthe</i> Z1-1N secretes a range of CWDEs that contribute to kiwifruit decay by enhancing the activities of PG, PMG, Cx, and β-glu. This study sheds light on the pathogenicity of <i>Diaporthe</i> in kiwifruit and highlights the importance of these enzymes in the decay process.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Ancestry and Adaptive Introgression in Xiangnan Cattle.","authors":"Huixuan Yan, Jianbo Li, Kunyu Zhang, Hongfeng Duan, Ao Sun, Baizhong Zhang, Fuqiang Li, Ningbo Chen, Chuzhao Lei, Kangle Yi","doi":"10.3390/biology13121000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exploring the genetic landscape of native cattle is an exciting avenue for elucidating nuanced patterns of genetic variation and adaptive dynamics. Xiangnan cattle, a native Chinese cattle breed mainly produced in Hunan Province, are well adapted to the high temperature and humidity of the local environment and exhibit strong disease resistance. Herein, we employed whole-genome sequences of 16 Xiangnan cattle complemented by published genome data from 81 cattle. Our findings revealed that Xiangnan cattle are pure East Asian indicine cattle with high genetic diversity and low inbreeding. By annotating the selection signals obtained by the CLR, <i>θ</i>π, <i>F</i>_ST, and XP-EHH methods, genes associated with immunity (<i>ITGB3</i>, <i>CD55</i>, <i>OTUD1</i>, and <i>PRLH</i>) and heat tolerance (<i>COX4I2</i>, <i>DNAJC18</i>, <i>DNAJC1</i>, <i>EIF2AK4</i>, and <i>ASIC2</i>) were identified. In addition, the considerable introgression from banteng and gaur also contributed to the rapid adaptation of Xiangnan cattle to the environment of Southern China. These results will provide a basis for the further conservation and exploitation of Xiangnan cattle genetic resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673051/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obstructed Labor, Evolution, and Health Disparities.","authors":"Liliana Light, Suman Kaur Virdee, Colin Dickens, Rui Diogo","doi":"10.3390/biology13121001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The female pelvis is often evolutionarily described as a compromise to accommodate the birthing process and bipedalism. This compromise puts a mother and baby at risk of fetopelvic disproportion, the mismatch between the size of the fetus and that of the mother's pelvis, impacting the ease with which the vaginal birthing process occurs. Obstructed labor, commonly caused by fetopelvic disproportion, is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity and has serious medical sequelae for the fetus. In this review, this evolutionary aspect of fetopelvic disproportion is reconsidered within a broader sociocultural and environmental approach related to a change of paradigm from a more reductionist Neo-Darwinist to a more encompassing Extended Evolutionary Synthesis view. The review explores a more comprehensive understanding of several factors related to fetopelvic disproportion, including socioeconomic factors and ethnic disparities among individuals that might lead to a higher likelihood of obstructed labor and maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142957210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}