Biology-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Bioconversion of Agricultural Residues into Nutrient-Enriched Biofertilizers Using <i>Trichoderma</i> sp.: Effects of Substrate Type and Incubation Time.","authors":"Oluwaseyi Matthew Abioye, Oluwaseun Temitope Faloye, Kamorudeen Olaniyi Yusuf, Praise Iyeke, Laemthong Laokhongthavorn, Peter Pelumi Ikubanni, Viroon Kamchoom","doi":"10.3390/biology15191712","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology15191712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Improper disposal or open burning of agricultural waste releases smoke, particulate matter, and greenhouse gases, contributing to air pollution and climate change. The utilization of agricultural wastes as substrates for biofertilizer production offers a sustainable approach to waste valorization and nutrient recycling. This study evaluated the effects of agricultural waste type and contact time on the nutrient composition of <i>Trichoderma</i> sp.-based biofertilizer produced from sawdust, rice husk, and guinea corn husk. A factorial experiment was conducted using four substrates and four incubation periods (0, 5, 10, and 15 days). Nutrient parameters, including total nitrogen (TN %), phosphorus (P %), and potassium (K %), were determined and subjected to analysis of variance. The biofertilizer exhibited high microbial viability, with a highest propagule density of 6.46 × 10¹¹ CFU ml^-1, indicating successful fungal colonization. Significant (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) effects of substrate type, contact time, and their interaction were observed for all nutrient parameter accumulation. Total nitrogen increased with incubation time, reaching a maximum of 0.901% in guinea corn husk after 15 days. Rice husk recorded the highest phosphorus concentration (2.497%) at 15 days, while sawdust produced the greatest potassium concentration (2.389%) at 15 days. The results indicate that <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. effectively bio-converts agricultural residues into nutrient-rich biofertilizers, with substrate type influencing nutrient profiles. This technology represents a promising strategy for sustainable soil fertility management and circular agricultural production systems, depending on substrate type used and incubation time.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"15 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13663401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Big Five Functional Levels of Vascular Calcification.","authors":"Ricardo Villa-Bellosta","doi":"10.3390/biology15191708","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology15191708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular calcification is often described either as passive deposition of calcium-phosphate crystals or as an active osteogenic process. Neither view alone explains how mineral formation begins, progresses and becomes self-sustaining within the vascular wall. Here, we organize the main mechanisms of vascular calcification into five functional levels according to their predominant causal role. Level I defines mineral permissiveness through calcium-phosphate pressure and extracellular mineralization inhibitors. Level II determines how nascent mineral is packaged, nucleated and retained through calciprotein particles, extracellular vesicles and extracellular matrix remodeling. Level III describes the cellular response, including vascular smooth muscle cell plasticity, BMP-WNT signaling and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Level IV comprises inflammatory, oxidative, mitochondrial, senescent and epigenetic-metabolic mechanisms that amplify and stabilize calcification-prone states. Level V determines whether cellular stress can still be contained or progresses to proteostatic failure and regulated cell death. These levels are functionally coupled rather than sequential: mineral can alter cellular phenotype, while cellular dysfunction feeds back to weaken mineral inhibition and generate new nucleation surfaces. This framework places failure of mineral containment, rather than any single signaling pathway, at the center of vascular calcification and provides a basis for considering causal order and therapeutic timing across different disease settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"15 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13663498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanics of Red Blood Cells, Neutrophils, and Macrophages Under Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Viktoria Sergunova, Vera Shashkovskaya, Snezhanna Kandrashina, Mikhail Shvedov, Vladimir Inozemtsev, Ekaterina Sherstyukova","doi":"10.3390/biology15191710","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology15191710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This narrative review summarizes current findings on the biomechanics of red blood cells (RBCs), neutrophils, and macrophages under oxidative stress and inflammation. Its cross-cell framework considers RBC injury, neutrophil activation, and macrophage remodeling as complementary components of a redox-inflammatory network linking microcirculatory alterations with innate immune responses. A focused, iterative search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and eLibrary.ru was used to identify relevant original and review articles. Oxidative and inflammatory stimuli remodel cell membranes and cytoskeletons and alter deformability, stiffness, adhesion, and migratory behavior. RBC adaptation to blood flow is closely linked to the maintenance of reversible deformability. Damaging factors, including prolonged storage, free iron, hemin, and oxidants, alter cell morphology, increase stiffness, and impair microcirculation. Hemolysis and the subsequent release of free iron and hemin further intensify oxidative damage to cell membranes. In neutrophils, priming, activation, and systemic inflammation induce changes in cell shape and physical properties, affecting capillary transit, tissue migration, and the propensity for NETosis. These alterations are associated with the severity of the inflammatory response. In macrophages, activation comprises a continuum of context-dependent functional states rather than two strictly separated M1 and M2 phenotypes. IRF5 regulates pro-inflammatory macrophage programs and represents a potential therapeutic target, although most evidence remains preclinical. The biomechanical parameters reviewed here should be considered experimental readouts or candidate biomarkers rather than clinically validated biomarkers. Their clinical translation requires method-specific standardization, independent reproducibility, and prospective validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"15 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13663560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-Wide Characterization of the GT4 Gene Family in Cotton.","authors":"Kai Zhang, Jiao Lin, Xin Wei, Zipiao Zheng, Liyun Yang, Chi Wang, Aerman Abulimiti, Yuanyuan Liu, Jiachen Wang, Yangdong Ye, Wenhua Ye, Shengjun Shen, Dawei Zhang, Haijiang Xu, Yang Jiao","doi":"10.3390/biology15191709","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology15191709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The glycosyltransferase 4 (GT4) family plays essential roles in plant cell wall biosynthesis, glycolipid metabolism, and secondary metabolite glycosylation, yet its characterization in cotton remains scarce. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification of <i>GT4</i> genes in four cotton species using comprehensive bioinformatics approaches, and systematically analyzed their conserved motifs, gene structures, chromosomal distributions, phylogeny, and selection pressures. A total of 49 GT4 members were identified, including seven genes in <i>G. arboreum</i> (A2), nine genes in <i>G. raimondii</i> (D5), 16 genes in <i>G. hirsutum</i> (AD1), and 17 genes in <i>G. barbadense</i> (AD2). Phylogenetic analysis classified them into four subfamilies. Chromosomal mapping revealed uneven distribution and various duplication events. Promoter <i>cis</i>-element analysis indicated enrichment of light-, phytohormon-, and stress-responsive regulatory elements. Selection pressure analysis indicated predominant purifying selection among homologous pairs. Expression profiling across multiple tissues, fiber developmental stages, and four abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, and heat) identified <i>GhGT4_10</i> and <i>GhGT4_2</i> as stress-responsive candidate genes; <i>GhGT4_10</i> showed the most pronounced induction across the tested stresses, and both were drought-responsive by qRT-PCR. WGCNA under drought stress showed that the MEgreen module was most positively correlated with the 12 h post-treatment time point, and this module was significantly enriched in genes annotated to chloroplast components, photoresponse pathways, ribosomal machinery, and glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism. Subcellular localization showed that <i>GhGT4_2</i> localizes to chloroplasts, consistent with its predicted localization; this observation supports a possible chloroplast-associated role but does not establish its function or involvement in a specific pathway. In fuzz development analysis, the MEturquoise module was highly correlated with fuzz phenotype, and a co-expression network centered on <i>GhGT4_15</i> identified 503 network-connected genes enriched in nucleocytoplasmic transport, phagosome, and spliceosome pathways. These enrichment results suggest a hypothesis that <i>GhGT4_15</i> may be associated with these pathways. qRT-PCR showed that <i>GhGT4_2</i> and <i>GhGT4_10</i> were drought-responsive, whereas <i>GhGT4_7</i> and <i>GhGT4_15</i> were associated with fuzz development and represent candidate regulators, including possible negative regulation, pending functional validation. Collectively, this study characterizes the structural and expression features of the cotton GT4 family and provides candidate genes for molecular breeding targeting abiotic stress resistance and fiber trait improvement; functional validation is needed to establish causal roles.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"15 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13663468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Northward Redistribution of Warm-Affinity Marine Fauna in the Iberian Atlantic: Insights from a Recent Northern Occurrence of the Hermit Crab <i>Dardanus calidus</i>.","authors":"Bruno Almón, Jose A Cuesta, Héctor Costa, Rafael Bañón","doi":"10.3390/biology15191707","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology15191707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poleward shifts in species distributions are increasingly reshaping marine communities worldwide. Along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, recent observations suggest ongoing biogeographical changes affecting a wide range of marine organisms. Here, we document the occurrence of the warm-water hermit crab <i>Dardanus calidus</i> in Galician waters (NW Spain), based on a single female collected in the region. Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed its identification, with the <i>COI</i> sequence showing high similarity to previously published Atlantic and Mediterranean sequences. The Galician record represents the northernmost occurrence of the species currently documented in the Atlantic Iberian region. Given the conspicuous nature of <i>D. calidus</i> and the comparatively well-documented hermit crab diversity of northwestern Iberia, the specimen is unlikely to reflect a common but previously overlooked component of the regional fauna. Although this single record does not demonstrate colonization or a sustained northward expansion, it adds to the increasing number of warm-affinity marine species recently reported beyond their historically documented ranges in northwestern Iberia and is consistent with broader evidence of ongoing biogeographical reorganization in the region. This finding highlights the value of integrating faunistic observations and molecular tools to track contemporary changes in marine species distributions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"15 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13663605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auditory-Olfactory Integration in Simulated Natural Environments Dissociates Neural and Subjective Responses in Visually Impaired Individuals.","authors":"Xiuli Xie, Jingyu Wu, Yiwei Zhou, Hua Chen","doi":"10.3390/biology15191705","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology15191705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visually impaired individuals rely on cross-modal plasticity to compensate for absent visual input, yet the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying naturalistic auditory-olfactory integration remain poorly characterized. This study investigated how combined auditory and olfactory cues in representative landscape scenarios modulate cortical activity and multidimensional perceptual experience in 20 visually impaired participants. Five ecologically distinct scenarios-wooded resting areas, dynamic water features, aromatic planting beds, open lawns, and hard-paved plazas-were simulated using synchronized playback of field-recorded soundscapes and calibrated odor diffusion systems. Participants completed standardized ratings across auditory, olfactory, and integrated perceptual dimensions while electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were acquired. Occipital α/β ratios (O1/O2) served as the primary neurophysiological index of cortical relaxation. Results demonstrated a dissociation between explicit hedonic appraisal and implicit neurophysiological response: dynamic water soundscapes dominated subjective preference ratings, whereas floral olfactory cues in low-amplitude acoustic contexts elicited the highest α/β ratios, significantly exceeding those recorded in wooded and open lawn scenarios. Odor familiarity correlated inversely with α/β elevation (r = -0.46, <i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating that unfamiliar floral scents triggered more robust relaxation responses than familiar urban olfactory environments. This correlation may reflect novelty-related attentional processes rather than relaxation per se. Exploratory clustering revealed stable, trait-like individual differences in baseline α/β activity that were not explained by perceptual ratings, and linear mixed-effects modeling confirmed that inter-individual baseline differences, rather than linear coupling with conscious evaluations, drove α/β variance. Given the relatively small sample size, these findings should be regarded as preliminary and hypothesis-generating. Nevertheless, they extend current models of cross-modal neuroplasticity by demonstrating that naturalistic multisensory integration follows dissociable subjective and neurophysiological trajectories, informing evidence-based multisensory interventions for accessible environmental design.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"15 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13663358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Molecular Regulatory Network in Response to Salt Stress in Intervarietal Hybrids of <i>Chrysanthemum</i> × <i>morifolium</i> 'Yannong Jinxia' × 'Yannong Qiujin'.","authors":"Xintong Li, Beining Zhang, Jiayi Zhou, Yansong Wang, Zimeng Li, Chunxin Dong, Hongbo Liu, Yufeng Cong, Li Zhao, Ri Gao","doi":"10.3390/biology15191703","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology15191703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salinity stress is a major abiotic factor that significantly constrains plant growth and development. Hybridization within the genus <i>Chrysanthemum</i> produces hybrid offspring exhibiting salt tolerance levels that are intermediate between those of the parental. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unreported. In this study, the salt-sensitive chrysanthemum variety 'Yannong Jinxia' (JX) and the salt-tolerant chrysanthemum variety 'Yannong Qiujin' (QJ) were selected as parents for hybridization, aiming to elucidate the molecular basis of this intermediate salt tolerance. The hybrid offspring 'Yannong Xiutang' (XT) were verified using SRAP-PCR. After salt stress treatment, physiological indicators-including antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content-were measured in both the parents and the offspring. Their differential responses to salt stress were systematically compared by integrating transcriptome sequencing with KEGG enrichment analysis. Additionally, the expression patterns of key genes in the SOS signaling pathway were analyzed. Results showed that under salt stress, the hybrid XT exhibited intermediate levels of antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA accumulation relative to its parents. Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct pathway enrichments: comparisons between QJ and XT highlighted differences in galactose metabolism, whereas JX vs. XT showed specific enrichment in pathways such as isoflavonoid biosynthesis and fatty acid elongation. Additionally, the expression of the SOS pathway gene in XT was found to be intermediate between the two parental lines. This study elucidates the molecular regulatory network associated with salt tolerance in hybrid offspring of ground cover chrysanthemum, laying a theoretical foundation for the development of salt-tolerant chrysanthemum germplasm.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"15 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13663464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotic-Prebiotic Co-Encapsulation in Functional Dairy Foods: Current Technologies and Prospects for Integration with Milk-Derived Bioactive Peptides.","authors":"Malika Abdulzhanova, Nurassyl Bakhytzhan, Gulina Doktyrbay, Dilyar Tuigunov, Zulfiya Kachiyeva, Nurgul Amangeldi, Aigerim Abdimadiyeva, Assima Abekova, Maka Muradashvili","doi":"10.3390/biology15191701","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology15191701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Co-encapsulating probiotics with prebiotic substrates (PRO-PRE) is widely proposed as a route to functional dairy products, yet the terminology and the supporting evidence are applied inconsistently. This structured narrative review examines PRO-PRE co-encapsulation in dairy matrices and, as a complementary field, the encapsulation of milk-derived bioactive peptides. Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and PubMed were searched for publications from 1 January 2015 to 1 September 2026. Of 663 records retrieved, 420 remained after deduplication and 330 after screening; 117 were prioritized for technological assessment. Protection is consistent but partial: encapsulated <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> in ice cream declined by 0.61 log CFU/g over 50 days of frozen storage, compared with 0.97 log CFU/g for free cells. Adding a substrate is not invariably beneficial, since sweet-whey-inulin microcapsules in Greek-style yogurt and inulin in ultrafiltered white cheese conferred no advantage over the carrier alone. Outcomes depend on strain, carrier, encapsulation method, and dairy matrix, and no method proved superior on every criterion. Physical co-localization was frequently reported as synbiotic function without evidence of selective substrate utilization. No validated dairy system combining a probiotic, a confirmed prebiotic, and a characterized milk-derived peptide was identified, and clinical validation is still lacking.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"15 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13663425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast Growth at a Physiological Cost: Comparing <i>Odontobutis potamophilus</i> in Recirculating Aquaculture and Rice-Crayfish-Fish Culture.","authors":"Shasha Zhao, Haoran Liu, Jikai Ding, Kun Xiao, Jiahong Shi, Xin Zhang, Ladeertu A, Yang Li, Xinye Wu, Yongjin Li, Liwen Wang, Guofu Huang, Lei Zhang","doi":"10.3390/biology15191706","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology15191706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The freshwater sleeper (<i>Odontobutis potamophilus</i>) is a high-value freshwater fish endemic to China, farmed mainly in rice-crayfish-<i>Odontobutis potamophilus</i> integrated culture (RCO) and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). How these models differ in growth, physiological status, and feeding remains unclear. The same batch of fry was reared for three months (92 days) in six paddy fields (RCO, 3 individuals/m², no artificial feed, with access to natural food organisms and stocked crayfish) and six RAS tanks (6 individuals/m², fed <i>Cirrhinus molitorella</i> and pellet feed twice daily). Growth indicators were calculated from individual data of the sampled fish (<i>n</i> = 138 per model). Per group, 150 fish were sampled for stomach contents, 138 for morphometrics, and six for serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (AST), and glucose (GLU) assays; muscle nutritional composition was also determined. Relative weight gain rate (RWG) and specific growth rate in wet weight (SGRw) were significantly higher in RAS, with positive allometric growth in both models. Muscle crude protein was higher in RCO, whereas crude fat and serum ALT, AST, and GLU levels were higher in RAS, suggesting a heavier metabolic burden on the liver in RAS, which awaits confirmation with a broader panel of liver function markers. RCO stomachs contained nine food categories but had a 38% vacuity rate, whereas RAS fish consumed only <i>C. molitorella</i> (86% occurrence, 14% vacuity). Because stocking density and feeding regimen differed simultaneously between the two models, the observed differences reflect the overall effects of each culture model rather than the effect of the rearing system alone. These findings reveal a growth-metabolism trade-off between the two culture models as currently practiced: RAS produced faster growth accompanied by higher serum transaminase levels and body fat, whereas RCO maintained lower metabolic markers with slower growth. Moderate supplementary feeding in RCO and dietary diversification in RAS may reconcile yield and fish health.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"15 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13663590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Shotgun Metagenomics of Microbial Communities Associated with Two Geothermal Systems in Kazakhstan.","authors":"Ardak B Kakimova, Yelena G Zaparina, Bolatkhan K Zayadan, Sandugash K Sandybayeva, Dinara Kelden, Aliyam A Dauletova, Silvano Piazza","doi":"10.3390/biology15191704","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology15191704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geothermal-associated microbial communities remain poorly characterized in Central Asia. Here, shotgun metagenomics was used to compare microbial communities associated with thermally influenced substrates from the Chundzha and Rakhman geothermal systems in Kazakhstan. Six metagenomes representing three spatial replicates per site yielded approximately 6.5-7.3 Gb of clean sequence data per sample. Species-level richness showed a directional trend toward higher values in Chundzha, whereas Shannon diversity was similar between sites. Genus-level Bray-Curtis ordination showed apparent site-associated separation, with sampling site explaining 87.3% of the variation, although the effect was not statistically significant (PERMANOVA, R² = 0.873, <i>p</i> = 0.10). Chundzha showed greater relative representation of several halophilic and halotolerant taxa, whereas Rakhman showed greater representation of soil-associated lineages. Broad COG and KEGG functional profiles were largely shared between sites. Several hydrogenase-, nitrogenase-, and RuBisCO-associated genes showed higher relative representation in Rakhman, whereas selected fermentation- and photosynthesis-associated functions were relatively higher in Chundzha; however, none of the targeted KO comparisons remained significant after FDR correction. These results indicate candidate taxonomic and functional patterns that should be regarded as exploratory because of the limited replication. The dataset provides a baseline for future genome-resolved and metatranscriptomic studies of geothermal-associated microbial communities in Kazakhstan.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"15 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13663324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}