Biology-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Stomatal and Non-Stomatal Leaf Traits for Enhanced Water Use Efficiency in Rice.","authors":"Yvonne Fernando, Mark Adams, Markus Kuhlmann, Vito Butardo Jr","doi":"10.3390/biology14070843","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14070843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Globally, rice cultivation consumes large amounts of fresh water, and urgent improvements in water use efficiency (WUE) are needed to ensure sustainable production, given increasing water scarcity. While stomatal traits have been a primary focus for enhancing WUE, complex interactions between stomatal and non-stomatal leaf traits remain poorly understood. In this review, we present an analysis of stomatal and non-stomatal leaf traits influencing WUE in rice. The data suggests that optimising stomatal density and size will be insufficient to maximise WUE because non-stomatal traits such as mesophyll conductance, leaf anatomy, and biochemical composition significantly modulate the relationship between stomatal conductance and the photosynthetic rate. Integrating recent advances in high-throughput phenotyping, multi-omics technologies, and crop modelling, we suggest that combinations of seemingly contradictory traits can enhance WUE without compromising yield potential. We propose a multi-trait breeding framework that leverages both stomatal and non-stomatal adaptations to develop rice varieties with superior WUE and climate resilience. This integrated approach provides a roadmap for accelerating the development of water-efficient rice cultivars, with broad implications for improving WUE in other crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12293053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and Genetic Pathogenesis of Oral Cancer: A Basis for Customized Diagnosis and Treatment.","authors":"Leonor Barroso, Pedro Veiga, Joana Barbosa Melo, Isabel Marques Carreira, Ilda Patrícia Ribeiro","doi":"10.3390/biology14070842","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14070842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral cancer, the most common form of head and neck cancer, is worldwide a serious public health problem. Most patients present a locally advanced disease, and face poor prognosis, even with multimodality treatment. They may also develop second primary tumors in the entirety of their upper aerodigestive tract. The most altered signaling pathways are the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, TP53, RB, and the WNT/β-catenin pathways. Genomic and molecular cytogenetic analyses have revealed frequent losses at 3p, 8p, 9p, and 18q, along with gains at 3q, 7p, 8q, and 11q, and several genes frequently affected have been identified, such as <i>TP53</i>, <i>CCND1</i>, <i>CTTN</i>, <i>CDKN2A</i>, <i>EGFR</i>, <i>HRAS</i>, <i>PI3K</i>, <i>ADAM9</i>, <i>MGAM</i>, <i>SIRPB1</i>, and <i>FAT1</i>, among others. Various epigenetic alterations were also found, such as the global hypomethylation and hypermethylation of <i>CDKN2A</i>, <i>APC</i>, <i>MGMT</i>, <i>PTEN</i>, <i>CDH1</i>, <i>TFP12</i>, <i>SOX17</i>, <i>GATA4</i>, <i>ECAD</i>, <i>MGMT</i>, and <i>DAPK</i>. Several microRNAs are upregulated in oral cancer, including miR-21, miR-24, miR-31, miR-184, miR-211, miR-221, and miR-222, while others are downregulated, such as miR-203, miR-100, miR-200, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-138, and miR-375. The knowledge of this molecular pathogenesis has not yet been translated into clinical practice, apart from the use of cetuximab, an EGFR antibody. Oral tumors are also genetically heterogenous and affect several pathways, which means that, due to the continuous evolution of these genetic alterations, a single biopsy is not sufficient to fully evaluate the most adequate molecular targets when more drugs become available. Liquid biopsies, either resorting to circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles or cell-free nucleic acids, have the potential to bypass this problem, and have potential prognostic and staging value. We critically review the current knowledge on the molecular, genetic and epigenetic alterations in oral cancer, as well as the applications and challenges of liquid biopsies in its diagnosis, follow-up, and prognostic stratification.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12293024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerobiological Dynamics and Climatic Sensitivity of Airborne Pollen in Southeastern Türkiye: A Two-Year Assessment from Siirt.","authors":"Salih Akpınar","doi":"10.3390/biology14070841","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14070841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the composition, abundance, and seasonal variability of airborne pollen in Siirt, a transitional region between the Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean phytogeographical zones in southeastern Türkiye. The main objective was to assess pollen diversity and its relationship with meteorological parameters over a two-year period (2022-2023). Airborne pollen was collected using a Hirst-type volumetric pollen and spore trap; a total of 18,666 pollen grains/m³ belonging to 37 taxa were identified. Of these, 70.67% originated from woody taxa and 29.33% from herbaceous taxa. Peak concentrations occurred in April, with the lowest levels in December. The dominant taxa, all exceeding 1% of the total, were Pinaceae (31.00%); Cupressaceae/Taxaceae (27.79%); Poaceae (18.42%); Moraceae (4.23%); Amaranthaceae (2.42%); Urticaceae (2.13%); <i>Quercus</i> (1.55%); Fabaceae (1.29%); and <i>Rumex</i> (1.02%). Spearman's correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between daily pollen concentrations and meteorological variables such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind speed. These findings highlight that both climatic conditions and the surrounding vegetation, shaped by regional land cover, play a crucial role in determining pollen dynamics. In conclusion, this study provides the first aerobiological baseline for Siirt and contributes valuable data for allergy-risk forecasting and long-term ecological monitoring in southeastern Türkiye.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12292444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Historical Gene Flow Patterns of Nine Indigenous Greek Sheep Breeds.","authors":"Sofia Michailidou, Maria Kyritsi, Eleftherios Pavlou, Antiopi Tsoureki, Anagnostis Argiriou","doi":"10.3390/biology14070845","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14070845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ιn this study, we evaluated the genetic resources of nine Greek sheep breeds. The genotyping data of 292 animals were acquired from Illumina's OvineSNP50 Genotyping BeadChip. The genetic diversity and inbreeding levels were evaluated using the observed and expected heterozygosity indices, the F_IS inbreeding coefficient, and runs of homozygosity (ROH). The genetic differentiation of breeds was assessed using the F_ST index, whereas their population structure was analyzed using admixture and principal components analysis (PCA). Historical recombination patterns and genetic drift were evaluated based on linkage disequilibrium, effective population sizes, and gene flow analysis to reveal migration patterns. PCA revealed distinct clusters mostly separating mountainous, insular, and lowland breeds. The F_ST value was the lowest between Serres and Karagouniko breeds (0.050). Admixture analysis revealed a genetic substructure for Serres and Kalarritiko breeds, while Chios, followed by Katsika, demonstrated the highest within-breed genetic uniformity. ROH analysis revealed low levels of inbreeding for all breeds. Genetic introgression from both Anatolia and Eastern Europe has been evidenced for Greek sheep breeds. The results also revealed that Greek sheep breeds maintain adequate levels of genetic diversity, without signs of excessive inbreeding, and can serve as valuable resources for the conservation of local biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12292511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing and hsp Gene Family Analysis Provide New Insights into the Stress Response Mechanisms of <i>Mystus guttatus</i>.","authors":"Lang Qin, Xueling Zhang, Yusen Li, Jun Shi, Yu Li, Yaoquan Han, Hui Luo, Dapeng Wang, Yong Lin, Hua Ye","doi":"10.3390/biology14070840","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14070840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mystus guttatus</i>, a second-class protected species in China, has undergone severe population decline due to anthropogenic and environmental pressures, yet conservation efforts are hindered by limited genomic resources and a lack of mechanistic insights into its stress response systems. Here, the first full-length transcriptome of <i>M. guttatus</i> was generated via SMRT sequencing. A total of 32,647 full-length transcripts were obtained, with an average length of 1783 bp. After structure and function annotation of full-length transcripts, 30,977 genes, 1670 transcription factors (TF), 918 alternative splicing (AS), and 11,830 simple sequence repeats (SSR) were identified. In order to further explore the stress resistance of <i>M. guttatus</i>, 93 genes belonging to the heat shock protein (HSP) family were identified and categorized into HSP70 and HSP90 subgroups. After phylogenetic analysis and selective stress analysis, it was discovered that the <i>hsp</i> family has suffered purifying selection and gene loss, potentially contributing to a decrease in the stress resilience and population of <i>M. guttatus.</i> Using protein interaction network and molecular docking tools, we observed the intricate interplay among HSPs and discovered HSP70-HOP-HSP90 interaction, which is an essential stress response mechanism. Our study sequenced the first full-length transcriptome of <i>M. guttatus</i> to enhance its genomic resources for its conservation and breeding and provide new insights into the future study of stress response mechanisms on <i>M. guttatus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12292388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic Drivers of Chemoresistance in Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analog Therapies.","authors":"John Kaszycki, Minji Kim","doi":"10.3390/biology14070838","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14070838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nucleobase and nucleoside analogs are critical components of antimetabolite chemotherapy treatments used to disrupt DNA replication and induce apoptosis in rapidly proliferating cancer cells. However, the development of resistance to these agents remains a major clinical challenge. This review explores the epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to acquired chemoresistance, focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These epigenetic alterations regulate key processes such as DNA repair, drug metabolism, cell transport, and autophagy, enabling cancer cells to survive and resist therapeutic pressure. We highlight how dysregulation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) modulates expression of transporters (e.g., hENT1, <i>ABCB1</i>), DNA repair enzymes (e.g., Polβ, BRCA1/2), and autophagy-related genes (e.g., <i>CSNK2A1</i>, <i>BNIP3</i>). Furthermore, emerging roles for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in regulating nucleoside export and DNA damage response pathways underscore their relevance as therapeutic targets. The interplay of these epigenetic modifications drives resistance to agents such as gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil across multiple tumor types. We also discuss recent progress in therapeutic interventions, including DNMT and HDAC inhibitors, RNA-based therapeutics, and CRISPR-based epigenome editing.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12292269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation of the Threatened Arabian Wolf (<i>Canis lupus arabs</i>) in a Mountainous Habitat in Northwestern Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Abdulaziz S Alatawi","doi":"10.3390/biology14070839","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14070839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The expansion of human activities can degrade natural habitats, thereby increasing threats to wildlife conservation. The wild populations of many species have declined due to the modification of natural habitats by humans. The Arabian wolf (<i>Canis lupus arabs</i>) is a subspecies of the gray wolf that is of conservation concern across its distribution range. The Arabian wolf is understudied in certain habitats (e.g., mountainous areas), which limits understanding of its overall ecology. Given its vulnerable conservation status, this study aimed to collect relevant data and information on incidents and potential threats facing this predator in the rugged mountainous habitats of western Tabuk province, Saudi Arabia, and how the effects of these threats can be minimized. In these mountain habitats Arabian wolves encounter various severe threats that challenge relevant conservation efforts. Observations of such threats-some of which result in wolf mortality-represent serious challenges to the survival of wild Arabian wolves. Conflicts with humans and livestock represent considerable threats that must be appropriately managed. Additionally, the potential association between Arabian wolves and free-ranging dogs requires further investigation. Various conservation scenarios and mitigation approaches can be applied to help reduce negative impacts on Arabian wolf populations and maximize their likelihood of survival. Overall, ensuring the persistence of such a unique desert-adapted apex predator in this ecosystem must become a conservation priority.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12292966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Qi et al. Recent Progress in Rice-<i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> Interactions. <i>Biology</i> 2025, <i>14</i>, 471.","authors":"Yuting Qi, Qiong Rao, Chenglong Lu, Junyi Gong, Yuxuan Hou","doi":"10.3390/biology14070837","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14070837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Errors in Table 1</b> [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12292660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the Improving Effect and Molecular Mechanism of <i>L</i>-Clausenamide in Combating the Acute Lung Injury: Insights from Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Validation.","authors":"Yu Fu, Nannan Wang, Jinhai Luo, Yanyi Huang, Baoning Liu, Charles S Brennan, Baojun Xu, Jincan Luo","doi":"10.3390/biology14070836","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14070836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute lung injury is a severe disease with a high mortality rate, which can result in increased oxidative stress and further mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis. <i>L</i>-Clausenamide is an amide from the fruit wampee. This study combined network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro study to elucidate the effect of combating acute lung injury and the underlying mechanism of <i>L</i>-Clausenamide. Network pharmacology indicated that the 152 targets can treat acute lung injury through regulating oxidative stress. Based on PPI analysis and screening of the central target, AKT1 is the key target of the underlying mechanism. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis demonstrated that apoptosis is an important pathway for this curing effect. In the in vitro study, treatment with <i>L</i>-Clausenamide alleviates intracellular ROS accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, mitochondrial morphological distortion, ATP decrease, and the CASP3 activity. The SPR analysis was performed to validate the binding between AKT1 and <i>L</i>-Clausenamide. The Western blot result showed that <i>L</i>-Clausenamide increases the phosphorylation of Akt and decreases cleavage of CASP3. <i>L</i>-Clausenamide can alleviate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury through targeting AKT1 and show an improvement in mitochondrial abnormality and inhibition against ROS-activated caspase-3-dependent apoptosis activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12292302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Enhancement of Immunity Gained from Feline Trivalent Vaccines in Mice Using Feline IL-15, IL-23 and Metabolic Regulatory Molecules.","authors":"Ruichen Gao, Wei Sun, Danning Zhang, Linhan Zhang, Dafang He, Mengxi Li, Yi Wei, Junjie Peng, Gang Wang","doi":"10.3390/biology14070834","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14070834","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The feline calicivirus, herpesvirus, and panleukopenia viruses are major infections that cause serious diseases in cats; however, current trivalent vaccines have limitations in immune efficacy and their duration of protection. This study assesses the immune-enhancing effects of novel adjuvants (feline IL-15, IL-23, and metabolic modulators) on vaccine responses. Forty mice were randomly assigned to four groups: Group A (composite adjuvants), Group B (metabolic regulatory molecules and Mn adjuvant), Group C1 (Mn adjuvant), and Group C2 (a blank commercial vaccine). The results showed that Group A had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against calicivirus post-booster immunization, while both Groups A and B exhibited enhanced antibody responses against the herpesvirus and panleukopenia viruses. Notably, Group A displayed increased proportions of memory T cells, follicular B cells, and activated B cells. These findings suggest that the combination of feline IL-15, IL-23, and metabolic modulators are safe and effective immunoadjuvants for trivalent feline vaccines to promote immune cell differentiation and antibody production, thus representing a promising strategy to optimize vaccine efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12292634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}