Biology-Basel最新文献

{"title":"<i>Leontodon albanicus</i> subsp. <i>acroceraunicus</i> (Asteraceae, Cichorieae): A New Subspecies from Southern Albania.","authors":"Fabio Conti, Luca Bracchetti, Marco Dorfner, Nadine Benda, Christoph Oberprieler","doi":"10.3390/biology14030259","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14030259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Some plants belonging to the <i>Leontodon</i> sect. <i>Asterothrix</i> were collected from southern Albania. They were compared with the closest taxon (<i>L. albanicus</i> s.str.) from morphological and molecular (AFLPseq fingerprinting) points of view. Uni- and multivariate statistical analyses of morphological data revealed distinctive discontinuities-especially in terms of the characteristics of the indumentum-that are paralleled by separation into two genetic clusters in AFLPseq fingerprinting. Following an integrated taxonomic approach based on morphological, genetic, and geographical sources of evidence, we show that the newly discovered population should be regarded as a new subspecies named <i>Leontodon albanicus</i> subsp. <i>acroceraunicus</i>. The new taxon is described and illustrated, and its relationship with <i>L. albanicus</i> subsp. <i>albanicus</i> is also discussed. We have no data to assess conservation status according to IUCN categories and criteria; however, considering that it is probably limited to the Acroceraunian Mountains, it deserves particular conservation interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mutations in <i>RcMYB114</i> Affect Anthocyanin Glycoside Accumulation in Rose.","authors":"Maofu Li, Yuan Yang, Hua Wang, Pei Sun, Shuting Zhou, Yanhui Kang, Xiangyi Sun, Min Jin, Wanmei Jin","doi":"10.3390/biology14030258","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14030258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In plants, the R2R3-MYB transcription factors are one of the largest MYB gene families. These MYB transcription factors are very important for regulating plant growth and development. RcMYB114, RcbHLH, and RcWD40 promote anthocyanin accumulation by forming the MBW (MYB-bHLH-WD40) complex and determine the rose flower's color. <i>RcMYB114</i> genomic sequences differ between the red petal and white varieties. Two non-synonymous substitutions were found in the open reading frame. It leads to a change in amino acids. Here, the anthocyanin content showed that there was no anthocyanin in white petals, while the anthocyanin content in red petals increased firstly at stage 2, decreased slightly at stage 4, and then increased again at stage 5. The spatiotemporal expression pattern analysis showed that <i>RcMYB114</i> was not expressed in all petals and tissues of white petals at different flower development stages. In red petal varieties, <i>RcMYB114</i> was highly expressed in petals, followed by styles, and not expressed in stems, young leaves, and stage 1 of flower development. However, <i>RcMYB114</i> has the highest expression level at the blooming stage. The <i>RcMYB114</i> sequence contains 9 SNPs in the coding region, 7 of which were synonymous substitutions that had no effect on the translation product and 2 of which were non-synonymous substitutions that resulted in amino acid alteration at positions 116 and 195, respectively. The <i>RcMYB114</i> gene in red rose was named <i>RcMYB114a</i>, and in white rose was <i>RcMYB114b</i>. <i>RcMYB114c</i> was mutated into leucine via artificial mutation; it was valine at position 116 of <i>RcMYB114a</i>, and Glycine mutated into Arginine at position 195 of <i>RcMYB114a</i> was <i>RcMYB114d</i>. <i>RcMYB114b</i> was the double mutation at positions 116 and 195 of <i>RcMYB114a</i>. The results of yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that RcMYB114a and its missense mutations RcMYB114b, RcMYB114c, and RcMYB114d could both interact with RcbHLH and RcWD40 to form the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex. A transient transformation experiment in tobacco confirmed that <i>RcMYB114a</i> and its missense mutations <i>RcMYB114b</i>, <i>RcMYB114c</i>, and <i>RcMYB114d</i> could significantly promote the high expression of related structural genes in tobacco, together with the <i>RcbHLH</i> gene, which led to the accumulation of anthocyanins and produced the red color of the leaves. The <i>RcMYB114a</i> gene and its missense mutations <i>RcMYB114b</i>, <i>RcMYB114c</i>, and <i>RcMYB114d</i> interacted with the <i>RcbHLH</i> gene and significantly regulated the accumulation of anthocyanins. The two non-synonymous mutations of <i>RcMYB114</i> do not affect the function of the gene itself, but the content of the anthocyanins accumulated was different. This study should provide clues and references for further research on the molecular mechanism underlying the determination of rose petal color.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Temporal Effects of Thermal Stress on Corticosterone Release and Growth in Toad Tadpoles.","authors":"Saeid Panahi Hassan Barough, Dillon J Monroe, Thomas C Clark, Caitlin R Gabor","doi":"10.3390/biology14030255","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14030255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Corticosterone (CORT) is a key glucocorticoid hormone that regulates energy balance and physiological responses to environmental stressors, making it a valuable biomarker for assessing how organisms cope with changing conditions. Understanding how amphibians respond to chronic thermal stress is critical in the context of climate change and urbanization. We investigated the effects of a week-long exposure to elevated water temperatures on CORT release rates and growth in Gulf Coast toad (<i>Incilius nebulifer</i>) tadpoles, a species adapted to variable thermal environments. Using a non-invasive water-borne hormone method, we measured CORT at multiple time points (1 h, 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 5 days) post-treatment to assess how CORT varied with time after exposure to elevated heat vs. the control temperature. We found a significant time-by-treatment response in tadpoles after a week of exposure to 32 °C versus 23 °C (control) temperatures. Both control and treatment individuals showed a marked decrease in CORT release rates 6 h post-return to room temperature, but by 24 h post-experiment, CORT release rates were higher in the tadpoles exposed to 32 °C. Heat-exposed tadpoles also showed significantly faster growth during and after treatment, but a lower survival to 12 days, indicating a potential trade-off between survival and accelerated growth. Overall, our study highlights a trade-off for populations of <i>I. nebulifer</i> when exposed to thermal stress and suggests that amphibian responses to chronic environmental stressors are shaped by adaptive physiological strategies, with implications for understanding and conserving amphibian populations in a rapidly changing world.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Druggable Molecular Networks in <i>BRCA1/BRCA2</i>-Mutated Breast Cancer.","authors":"Francesca Pia Carbone, Pietro Ancona, Stefano Volinia, Anna Terrazzan, Nicoletta Bianchi","doi":"10.3390/biology14030253","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14030253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mutations in the tumor suppressor genes <i>BRCA1</i> and <i>BRCA2</i> are associated with the triple-negative breast cancer phenotype, particularly aggressive and hard-to-treat tumors lacking estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. This research aimed to understand the metabolic and genetic links behind <i>BRCA1</i> and <i>BRCA2</i> mutations and investigate their relationship with effective therapies. Using the Cytoscape software, two networks were generated through a bibliographic analysis of articles retrieved from the PubMed-NCBI database. We identified 98 genes deregulated by <i>BRCA</i> mutations, and 24 were modulated by therapies. In particular, <i>BIRC5</i>, <i>SIRT1</i>, <i>MYC</i>, <i>EZH2</i>, and <i>CSN2</i> are influenced by <i>BRCA1</i>, while <i>BCL2</i>, <i>BAX</i>, and <i>BRIP1</i> are influenced by <i>BRCA2</i> mutation. Moreover, the study evaluated the efficacy of several promising therapies, targeting only <i>BRCA1</i>/<i>BRCA2</i>-mutated cells. In this context, CDDO-Imidazolide was shown to increase ROS levels and induce DNA damage. Similarly, resveratrol decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene <i>BIRC5</i> while it increased <i>SIRT1</i> both in vitro and in vivo. Other specific drugs were found to induce apoptosis selectively in <i>BRCA</i>-mutated cells or block cell growth when the mutation occurs, i.e., 3-deazaneplanocin A, genistein or daidzein, and PARP inhibitors. Finally, over-representation analysis on the genes highlights ferroptosis and proteoglycan pathways as potential drug targets for more effective treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Occurrence and Biodiversity of Insects in an Arid Ecosystem: An Ecological Study of the King Abdulaziz Royal Reserve, Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Abdulrahaman S Alzahrani, Moutaman Ali Kehail, Sara A Almannaa, Areej H Alkhalifa, Abdulaziz M Alqahtani, Mohammed H Altalhi, Hussein H Alkhamis, Abdullah M Alowaifeer, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei","doi":"10.3390/biology14030254","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14030254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Each living organism thrives best in a habitat that provides optimal conditions for flourishing, reproduction, and distribution within a certain area. This study aims to investigate the seasonal variation in insect biodiversity across different sites of the King Abdulaziz Royal Reserve (KARR), located between E 45.19-46.57 and N 25.15-27.41, with a focus on assessing biodiversity, density and seasonal variation using active and passive methods, over the period from January to November 2023. A total of 68 sites within the study area were randomly selected for trap placement. The trapped specimens were labeled and transferred to plastic bottles half filled with 70% ethanol and then taken to the laboratory for counting and identification. Identification was based on morphological characteristics and appropriate identification keys, with the assistance of entomological expertise, and a list of local species. Simpson's diversity index (D) was also calculated. The results revealed that, out of 6320 trapped insects, species were identified across six orders: Blattodea (termites), represented by 2 families and 2 species; Coleoptera, comprising 12 families and 38 species, of which 11 belonged to the family Tenebrionidae; Hemiptera, comprising 7 families and 9 species, 3 of which belonged to the family Lygaeidae; Hymenoptera, comprising 5 families and 15 species, 9 of which were from Formicidae; Lepidoptera, comprising 2 families and 3 species; and Orthoptera, comprising 3 families and 7 species, 4 of which were from family Acrididae. Insect biodiversity and abundance were observed to be relatively low during the winter (January-March) and autumn (October-November) seasons, while relatively higher densities were recorded during spring (May) and summer (August-September).</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small Extracellular Vesicles with a High Sphingomyelin Content Isolated from Hypertensive Diabetic db/db Mice Inhibits Calcium Mobilization and Augments Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel Activity.","authors":"Hunter Ramsay, Ling Yu, Faisal F Alousi, Abdel A Alli","doi":"10.3390/biology14030252","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14030252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain bioactive lipids that play a key role in pathophysiology. We hypothesized that EVs released from salt-loaded hypertensive diabetic db/db mice have increased bioactive lipid content that inhibits intracellular calcium mobilization and increases the activity of renal epithelial sodium channels (ENaC). An enrichment of sphingomyelins (SMs) was found in small urinary EVs (uEVs) isolated from salt-loaded hypertensive diabetic db/db mice (<i>n</i> = 4) compared to non-salt loaded db/db mice with diabetes alone (<i>n</i> = 4). Both groups of mice were included in the same cohort to control for variability. Cultured mouse cortical collecting duct (mpkCCD) cells loaded with a calcium reporter dye and challenged with small uEVs from hypertensive diabetic db/db mice showed a decrease in calcium mobilization when compared to cells treated with small uEVs from diabetic db/db mice. The amiloride-sensitive transepithelial current was increased in mpkCCD cells treated with small uEVs with abundant sphingomyelin content from hypertensive diabetic db/db mice in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Similar results were observed in mpkCCD cells and <i>Xenopus</i> 2F3 cells treated with exogenous sphingomyelin in a time-dependent manner. Single-channel patch clamp studies showed a decrease in ENaC activity in cells transiently transfected with sphingomyelin synthase 1/2 specific siRNA compared to non-targeting siRNA. These data suggest EVs with high sphingomyelin content positively regulate renal ENaC activity in a mechanism involving an inhibition of calcium mobilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Anakinra Inhibits the Effect of IL-1β- Mediated Osteoclast Formation by Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts.","authors":"Elizabeth Steemers, Wael M I Talbi, Jolanda M A Hogervorst, Ton Schoenmaker, Teun J de Vries","doi":"10.3390/biology14030250","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14030250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis are comorbidities that share mutual pathways. IL-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in both diseases. One of the treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis is the use of an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) such as anakinra. Anakinra tempers the disease by decreasing bone resorption and it could possibly stimulate bone formation. Here, we investigate the effect of anakinra in a periodontal disease setting on osteoclastogenesis by co-culturing periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that contain monocytes, a source of osteoclast precursors, as well as by culturing PBMCs alone. The effect of anakinra on PDLF-mediated osteogenesis was studied under mineralization conditions. To mimic a chronic infection such as that prevalent in periodontitis, 10 ng/mL of IL-1β was added either alone or with 10 µg/mL of anakinra. Osteoclastogenesis experiments were performed using co-cultures of PDLF and PBMCs and PBMCs only. Osteoclastogenesis was determined through the formation of multinucleated cells in co-cultures of PDLF and PBMCs, as well as PBMCs alone, at day 21, and gene expression through qPCR at day 14. Osteogenesis was determined by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) per cell at day 14. Anakinra is effective in downregulating IL-1β mediated leukocyte clustering and osteoclastogenesis in the co-cultures of both PDLF and PMBCs and PBMCs alone. Gene expression analysis shows that IL-1β increases the expression of the osteoclastogenic marker RANKL and its own expression. This higher expression of IL-1β at the RNA level is reduced by anakinra. Moreover, IL-1β downregulates OPG expression, which is upregulated by anakinra. No effects of anakinra on osteogenesis were seen. Clinically, these findings suggest that anakinra could have a beneficial systemic effect on periodontal breakdown in rheumatoid arthritis patients taking anakinra.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Macrophytes and Algae (Volume I).","authors":"Jinlin Liu, Wei Liu, Shuang Zhao","doi":"10.3390/biology14030246","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14030246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquatic macrophytes and algae constitute essential components of aquatic ecosystems, fulfilling diverse and critical roles in sustaining ecological integrity and equilibrium [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the PE_PGRS Proteins of Mycobacteria: Are All Equal or Are Some More Equal than Others?","authors":"Bei Chen, Belmin Bajramović, Bastienne Vriesendorp, Herman Pieter Spaink","doi":"10.3390/biology14030247","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14030247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PE_PGRS domain proteins represent a family of proteins found in pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria such as <i>M. smegmatis</i>. This conserved family is characterized by two distinct regions denoted as the variable PGRS domain defined by glycine-rich repeats, and a PE domain consisting of two antiparallel alpha-helices. There are many indications that PE_PGRS proteins are involved in immunopathogenesis and virulence by evading or triggering the host immune response. However, there is not yet any information on their degree of specialization or redundancy. Computational analysis and structural annotation using AlphaFold3 combined with other tools reveals an exceptionally powerful and unprecedented ability to undergo phase separation by the PGRS domain. This suggests that PGRS's glycine-rich, multivalent, low-complexity composition supports phase separation while adopting a structured conformation, contrary to the disordered nature typical of such domains. While previously never reported, the hypothesized role of PGRS in virulence indicates a novel window into the seemingly ubiquitous role of phase separation in cellular compartmentalization and molecular dynamics. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the PE_PGRS family and its various biological roles in the context of bioinformatic analyses of some interesting representatives of <i>M. marinum</i> that are under control by host sterols. Based on the structural bioinformatics analysis, we discuss future approaches to uncover the mechanistic role of this intriguing family of mycobacterial proteins in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Moisture Is the Key Factor Facilitating Giant Ragweed Invasions in Grasslands of the Yili Vally, China.","authors":"Xinyi Chen, Zhanli Song, Baoxiong Chen, Wanli Yu, Hegan Dong","doi":"10.3390/biology14030249","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14030249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Giant ragweed (GR; <i>Ambrosia trifida</i> L.), an invasive alien species, causes significant harm to grassland ecosystems and farmlands in some areas but is challenging to control. GR has invaded the hilly grasslands of Yili Valley, China, since 2013, and preliminary observations have shown that GR populations on the lower slopes of hills are more successful than those on the middle or upper slopes. To clarify the factors determining GR's invasion success, we compared GR population distributions among slope positions and the relationship between non-biotic factors and the invasion of GR. Of the soil physicochemical properties, only soil moisture differed significantly among slope positions, with the wettest soils found on the lower slopes. GR biomass increased with the soil water content, irrespective of native plant diversity. In our experiment, when the annual average soil volume moisture content exceeded 20.3% and 25.3%, GR could reduce the biomass of native herbs by more than 50% and 80%. Therefore, water is the determining factor of a successful GR invasion in the grasslands of the Yili Valley. On a global scale, it was discovered for the first time that GR can invade temperate grasslands, but also has risks of invading other grasslands that share similar conditions. So, GR invasions of temperate grasslands must be closely monitored, particularly in low-lying areas or those with increasing precipitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}