Biology-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Response Characteristics of Biological Soil Crusts Under Different Afforestation Measures in Alpine Sandy Land.","authors":"Shaobo Du, Huichun Xie, Gaosen Zhang, Feng Qiao, Guigong Geng, Chongyi E","doi":"10.3390/biology14050532","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14050532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Desertification, which may lead to land degradation, is a significant global ecological issue. Biological soil crusts (BSCs) can play a role in sand fixation, carbon sequestration, and the improvement in soil functions in the ecological restoration of sandy soil. Therefore, elucidating the responses of BSCs to afforestation measures in alpine sandy areas is necessary to guide vegetation configuration in sandy ecosystems and enhance the effectiveness of sand fixation measures to prevent desertification. Herein, we determined the physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of bare sand (no crust) and algal and moss crusts collected from four sites subjected to different afforestation measures, including <i>Salix cheilophila</i> + <i>Populus simonii</i> (WLYY), <i>Salix psammophila</i> + <i>S. cheilophila</i> (SLWL), <i>Artemisia ordosica</i> + <i>Caragana korshinskii</i> (SHNT), and <i>C. korshinskii</i> (NT80) plantations. High-throughput sequencing was also employed to analyze bacterial community structure in BSCs. The results revealed that fine particle contents in algal and moss crusts were higher than in bare sand. During the succession from bare sand to algae to moss crust, their enzymatic activities and water and nutrient contents tended to increase. And the diversity of bacterial communities changed little in the SLWL sample points, while the richness showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, but bacterial community richness and diversity first decreased and then increased at the other sites. Among the four measures, SLWL enhanced nutrient contents, enzyme activities, and bacterial community richness and diversity in BSCs relatively more effectively. Alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen and soil organic matter were the key factors impacting bacterial community structures in BSCs under the four afforestation measures. From the perspective of BSCs, the results can provide a reference for the prevention and control strategies of other alpine sandy soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supra-Physiological Levels of Magnesium Counteract the Inhibitory Effect of Zoledronate on RANKL-Dependent Osteoclastogenesis.","authors":"Lorenzo Caselli, Lisa De Pasquale, Rossella Palumbo, Silvia Ricchiuto, Monica Montanari, Sebastiano Rontauroli, Alessandra Ottani, Ruggiero Norfo, Tommaso Zanocco-Marani, Alexis Grande","doi":"10.3390/biology14050533","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14050533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bisphosphonates (BPs) are drugs used to cure metabolic diseases like osteoporosis and oncological conditions, such as multiple myeloma and bone metastases. The pharmacological activity of these compounds is mediated by their capacity to induce a systemic osteoclast depletion, finally resulting in reduced bone resorption. In spite of their efficacy, the clinical application of BPs is sometimes associated with a frightening side effect known as osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). In principle, a therapeutic approach able to elicit the local re-activation of osteoclast production could counteract the onset of ONJ and promote the healing of its lesions. Using a vitamin D3-dependent model of osteoclast differentiation, it has been previously demonstrated that when used at supra-physiological concentrations, magnesium strongly favors the process under consideration, and its effect is furtherly enhanced by the presence of a BP called zoledronate. Here, we show that similar results can be obtained in a RANKL-dependent model of osteoclast differentiation, suggesting that a topical therapy based on magnesium may be also suitable for ONJ determined by denosumab in light of the ability of this monoclonal antibody to target RANKL.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12109320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin of Polyploidy, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Biogeography of Botiid Fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes).","authors":"Lei Yang, Richard L Mayden, Gavin J P Naylor","doi":"10.3390/biology14050531","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14050531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Botiidae is a small family of freshwater fishes distributed across Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Asia. It comprises two subfamilies: the diploid Leptobotiinae and the tetraploid Botiinae. Whether species in the Botiinae are autotetraploids or allotetraploids and how many polyploidization events occurred during the evolution of this subfamily remain open questions. The phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the Botiidae also require further investigation. In the current study, we compared phylogenetic trees constructed using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial genome and five phased nuclear genes. We also performed whole genome sequencing for two tetraploid species: <i>Chromobotia macracanthus</i> and <i>Yasuhikotakia modesta</i>. Genome profiling of five botiine species suggests that they are likely of allotetraploid origin. Nuclear gene tree topologies indicate that the tetraploidization of the Botiinae occurred only once in the common ancestor of this subfamily. Although the possible maternal progenitor and paternal progenitor of the Botiinae cannot be determined, the subfamily Leptobotiinae can be excluded as a progenitor. The gene trees built in this study generally agree on the following sister group relationships: Leptobotiinae/Botiinae, <i>Leptobotia</i>/<i>Parabotia</i>, <i>Chromobotia</i>/<i>Botia</i>, <i>Yasuhikotakia</i>/<i>Syncrossus</i>, and <i>Sinibotia</i>/<i>Ambastaia</i>. Clades formed by the last two generic pairs are also sisters to each other. Timetree analyses and ancestral range reconstruction suggest that the family Botiidae might have originated in East Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia approximately 51 million years ago and later dispersed to South Asia and the islands of Southeast Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12109351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Sec-Dependent Effector from \"<i>Candidatus</i> Phytoplasma ziziphi\" Suppresses Plant Immunity and Contributes to Pathogenicity.","authors":"Cui-Ping Wan, Fu-Xin He, Wei Zhang, Qian Xu, Qi-Liang Zhu, Chuan-Sheng Song","doi":"10.3390/biology14050528","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14050528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease, caused by <i>Candidatus</i> Phytoplasma ziziphi (<i>Ca</i>. P. ziziphi), severely threatens the production of Chinese jujube (<i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> Mill.). Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of phytoplasma-secreted effectors in pathogenesis, though few have been functionally characterized. Here, we identified a Sec-dependent effector, JWB790, from <i>Ca</i>. P. ziziphi, which was shown to suppress plant immunity. Through transient expression assays in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>, pathogen inoculation assays, the generation of transgenic <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> plants, and RNA-seq-based transcriptomic profiling, we systematically investigated the virulence function of JWB790. Our findings revealed that JWB790 is highly expressed in JWB-infected tissues. The transient expression of <i>JWB790</i> in <i>N. benthamiana</i> suppressed BAX-induced cell death and H₂O₂ accumulation. Furthermore, the stable overexpression of <i>JWB790</i> in <i>A. thaliana</i> compromised disease resistance, accompanied by reduced H₂O₂ accumulation and callose deposition triggered by flg22. Additionally, the RNA-seq analysis of JWB790 transgenic <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants indicated that the overexpression of <i>JWB790</i> altered the expression of biotic stress-related genes. In summary, JWB790 is a virulence factor that suppresses plant immunity and promotes pathogen proliferation. These results advance our understanding of <i>Ca</i>. P. ziziphi pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Tumor Cell Responses to Different Radiotherapy Techniques: Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT), Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), and Helical Tomotherapy (HT).","authors":"Phanwadee Kasetthamrongrat, Rinwarat Phumsankhot, Aphidet Duangya, Anirut Watcharawipha, Wannapha Nobnop, Narongchai Autsavapromporn","doi":"10.3390/biology14050529","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14050529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, advanced RT techniques such as VMAT and HT are being developed to optimize tumor coverage while minimizing radiation exposure to the surrounding organs that are at risk. Despite their growing clinical use, comparative studies evaluating the dosimetric and radiobiological effects of these modalities remain limited. In this study, A549, HeLa, and HepG2 cells were exposed to a single 2 Gy dose, using three RT techniques (3D-CRT, dual arc VMAT, and HT). Treatment plans were generated using a water phantom to ensure consistent target coverage and comparable dosimetric parameters across the techniques. Multiple radiobiological endpoints were assessed to evaluate the cellular responses. Although all three techniques yielded similar dosimetric parameters without statistically significant differences, the biological responses varied among the cell lines. Notably, VMAT and HT demonstrated superior tumor cell suppression compared to 3D-CRT. This was likely due to their enhanced dose conformity and modulation precision, which potentially led to improved tumor cell killing. These findings highlight the importance of integrating radiobiological assessments with physical dose metrics to inform the clinical application of advanced RT technologies. However, this study had several limitations. The use of a single radiation dose limited its clinical relevance, and the immediate post-irradiation assessments may not have captured delayed biological responses. Additionally, the small number of replicates may have reduced the study's statistical power. Future studies incorporating dose fractionation schemes, time course analyses, and larger sample sizes are warranted to better simulate clinical conditions and further elucidate the radiobiological effects of advanced RT techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12109413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Selection Shaped Codon Usage Patterns in Wheat Dwarf Virus in Triticale.","authors":"Jiuli Wang, Xinhang Lu, Jiaying Dong, Jiaqian Liu, Borui Guo, Chen Zhang, Jing Liu, Hongxia Wang","doi":"10.3390/biology14050524","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14050524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) poses significant threats to gramineous crops, making it crucial to explore its codon usage patterns and evolutionary dynamics for effective disease control. This study analyzed ten WDV isolates, including two from triticale (WDVT_117 and WDVT_118), using metrics such as relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), effective number of codons (ENC), codon adaptation index (CAI), and codon bias index (CBI). Neutrality plots, ENC-plots, and PR2-plots were employed to assess the role of mutation and selection. Results revealed weak codon preference in triticale-derived strains (CAI: 0.145-0.269; CBI: -0.042-0.111; ENC > 40), with hierarchical GC content. Neutrality analysis and ENC-plot distributions indicated natural selection as the dominant force, supported by T/C bias at the third codon position (PR2-plot). Shared optimal codons UUC and UAC in highly expressed genes may imply a potential significant role in virus adaptation. RSCU-based clustering and MP phylogenetic analysis revealed that WDVT strains form a distinct cluster with elevated genetic diversity, potentially driven by genomic recombination in the synthetic host. These findings demonstrate that WDVT balances mutational constraints and host adaptation through selective codon optimization. This study provides a foundation for codon-based antiviral research and the development of agricultural strategies to combat WDV infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Fgf21</i> Deficiency Delays Hair Follicle Cycling and Modulates miRNA-Target Gene Interactions in Mice.","authors":"Yana Li, Yue Ao, Xinru Xie, Tug Ulan, Dongjun Liu, Xudong Guo","doi":"10.3390/biology14050526","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14050526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fibroblast growth factor 21 (<i>Fgf21</i>) is a key regulator of hair follicle development and cycling. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in this process, the specific mechanisms through which <i>Fgf21</i> regulates hair follicle growth remain unclear. This study investigates the role of <i>Fgf21</i> and its associated miRNAs in hair follicle growth and development. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated <i>Fgf21</i> knockout mice (<i>Fgf21^-/^-</i>), which exhibited a delayed transition from the telogen to anagen phases compared to wild-type (WT) mice. miRNA sequencing identified differentially expressed miRNAs in <i>Fgf21</i>^-/^- mice, with dual-luciferase assays confirming that miR-134-5p directly targets vascular endothelial zinc finger 1 (Vezf1) and miR-136-5p targets mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (Map3k1). Real-time qPCR analysis revealed that Vezf1 and Map3k1 expression was higher in <i>Fgf21^-/^-</i> mice than in WT mice during catagen, but lower during telogen. These findings indicate that <i>Fgf21</i> plays a critical role in regulating hair follicle growth and may modulate Vezf1 and Map3k1 expression through miRNAs. This study provides novel insights into the molecular regulation of hair follicle growth and suggests potential therapeutic strategies for hair follicle-related disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12109541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Throughput Analysis of the Flagella FliK-Dependent Surfaceome and Secretome in <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>.","authors":"Carine Mouawad, Mireille Kallassy Awad, Carine Rodrigues-Machado, Céline Henry, Vincent Sanchis-Borja, Laure El Chamy","doi":"10.3390/biology14050525","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14050525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial pathogens employ multiple strategies to invade and damage host tissues while evading immune defenses. Recent studies highlight flagella as crucial contributors to bacterial virulence, not only by facilitating motility, but also by regulating the secretion of virulence factors. However, the role of the flagella-dependent secretome remains largely unexplored. We have recently shown that FliK, a key regulator that defines substrate specificity in the flagellar export apparatus, is essential for the resistance of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>B. thuringiensis</i>) against antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and its virulence in a <i>Drosophila</i> infection model. In this study, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to conduct a large-scale comparative analysis of the proteins secreted in culture supernatant or associated with the cell wall of the Δ<i>fliK</i> mutant and its reference strain. Our results reveal significant differences in the secretome and surfaceome of the Δ<i>fliK</i> mutant compared to the reference strain. These findings emphasize the role of FliK in regulating the production and secretion of several proteins, underscoring the importance of flagella in controlling various biological processes. This work provides valuable insights into the functional characterization of potential candidate proteins involved in <i>B. thuringiensis</i> virulence and AMP resistance mechanisms. Overall, these results open new perspectives for understanding the molecular processes that govern bacterial resistance to AMPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12109265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Effects of Rutin and Its Aglycone Quercetin on Cytotoxicity and Chemosensitization of HCT 116 Colon Cancer Cells to Anticancer Drugs 5-Fluorouracil and Doxorubicin.","authors":"Iva Suman, Alberta Jezidžić, Dorotea Dobrić, Robert Domitrović","doi":"10.3390/biology14050527","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14050527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rutin and quercetin are natural flavonoids with a variety of beneficial health effects, including anticancer activity. In the present study, we compared cytotoxicity and chemosensitization of human colon cancer HCT116 cells to anticancer drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and doxorubicin (DOX) by both compounds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) test was used to determine cell viability. Western blot and immunofluorescence techniques were employed in the detection of expression of proteins involved in oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Quercetin treatment resulted in reduced cell viability compared to rutin at the same dose, suggesting greater cytotoxicity than rutin against HCT116 cells. Quercetin was also a better chemosensitizer of DOX than rutin, further reducing cell viability. However, rutin was a better chemosensitizer of 5-FU than quercetin. All treatments induced apoptosis, with rutin and DOX inducing intrinsic and 5-FU inducing extrinsic apoptotic cell death. Autophagy was induced in all treatments and played a pro-survival role, with the exception of DOX treatment. Different treatment regimens specifically modulated cancer cell signaling pathways involved in the regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of the current study suggest that rutin and quercetin, although structural analogs, act as specific modulators of signaling pathways in cancer cells, differentially affecting cancer cell cytotoxicity and chemosensitization to anticancer drugs, based on the presence of a free hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the flavonoid backbone at quercetin or rutinose in rutin.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12109564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Toxicity of Combined Exposure to Acrylamide and Polystyrene Nanoplastics on the Gut-Liver Axis in Mice.","authors":"Yongchuang Liu, Ruiping Luo, Zhongke Sun, Yidan Zhang, Yuqi Guo, Yanjuan Chen, Lili Li, Zonghao Yue","doi":"10.3390/biology14050523","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14050523","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acrylamide (AA) and nanoplastics (NPs) are common food toxicants. However, their combined toxicity and health risks call for further studies. This study aimed to investigate the combined toxicity of AA and polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) in mice through drinking water exposure. Co-exposure to AA and PS-NPs aggravated colon and liver damage, including more severe inflammatory infiltration, higher levels of colonic and hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines, and elevated serum content of lipopolysaccharide and activities of diamine oxidase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase compared to single exposures. Co-exposure also significantly downregulated the expression of colonic tight-junction genes ZO-1 and Claudin-5. Metabolomics revealed that co-exposure induced more profound metabolic disorders in the liver, particularly affecting amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. 16S amplicon sequencing showed that co-exposure caused more drastic gut microbiota dysbiosis, characterized by a decrease in beneficial bacteria (<i>unclassified_f__Oscillospiraceae</i>, <i>Roseburia</i>, <i>UCG-005</i>, <i>Ruminiclostridium</i>, <i>unclassified_o__Clostridia_UCG-014</i>, <i>Fournierella</i>, and <i>Acetatifactor</i>) and an increase in pathogenic bacteria (<i>Eubacterium_xylanophilum_group</i> and <i>Eubacterium_nodatum_group</i>). Correlation analysis indicated a negative correlation between beneficial bacteria and intestinal-liver toxicity indicators and a positive correlation between pathogenic bacteria and these indicators. Overall, our findings showed that AA and PS-NPs exerted synergistic toxicity to the gut-liver axis in mammals, highlighting the higher health risks of their combined ingestion.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12109039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}