Biology-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Combined Multi-Omics and Co-Expression Network Analyses Uncover the Pigment Accumulation Mechanism of Orange-Red Petals in <i>Brassica napus</i> L.","authors":"Ledong Jia, Shengting Li, Chao Zhang, Lijun Zeng, Shulin Shen, Nengwen Yin, Huiyan Zhao, Zhanglin Tang, Cunmin Qu, Jiana Li, Zhiyou Chen","doi":"10.3390/biology14060693","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rapeseed (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.) has been cultivated as an ornamental plant in recent years. However, the metabolic and regulatory processes involved in pigment accumulation in. <i>B. napus</i> flowers are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a multi-omics analysis of the orange-red-flowered 'OrP' and the yellow-flowered 'ZS11' rapeseed cultivars. The total anthocyanin content of 'OrP' petals was 5.420-fold and 3.345-fold higher than 'ZS11' petals at the S2 and S4 developmental stages, respectively. The red coloration of 'OrP' flowers resulted primarily from the presence of anthocyanin pigment derivatives. The up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of four stages in 'OrP' were found to be significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and anthocyanin metabolism-associated GO and KEGG terms. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) revealed that 51 DEGs were linked to anthocyanin metabolism, including several structural genes such as <i>BnaCHS</i>, <i>BnaF3H</i>, <i>BnaF3'H</i>, <i>BnaCHS</i>, <i>BnaDFR</i>, <i>BnaANS</i>, <i>BnaUGTs</i>, and the transcription factor (TF) genes <i>BnaHY5</i>, <i>BnaBBX22</i>, <i>BnaPIL1</i>, <i>BnaPAP2</i>, <i>BnaTT8</i>, <i>BnaTTG2</i>, and <i>BnaMYBL2</i>. Furthermore, we found that three main factors affecting the relative content of anthocyanins in petals were likely responsible for the fading of 'OrP' petals, namely the significantly down-regulated expression of genes (<i>BnaDFR</i>, <i>BnaANS</i>, <i>BnaPAP2</i>, <i>BnaTT8,</i> and <i>BnaTTG2</i>) related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, the significantly up-regulated expression of genes (<i>Bna.BGLUs</i>, <i>Bna.PRXs,</i> and <i>BnaMYBL2</i>) related to anthocyanin degradation or the negative regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, and the rapidly increasing petals area.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Plantaris Muscle Is Not Vestigial: Developmental, Comparative, and Functional Evidence for Its Sensorimotor Role.","authors":"Łukasz Olewnik, Ingrid C Landfald, Bartosz Gonera, Aleksandra Szabert-Kajkowska, George Triantafyllou, Maria Piagkou","doi":"10.3390/biology14060696","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The functional status of the plantaris muscle (PM) remains controversial and is historically dismissed as vestigial; yet, it is increasingly recognized for its structural and clinical complexity. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence from embryological development, adult morphological studies, comparative mammalian anatomy, and clinical case reports to reassess the role of the PM in humans. Developmental data reveal that the PM is consistently present during fetal life, with tendon morphology and insertion patterns emerging early and resembling adult anatomical variants. Rather than indicating postnatal regression, it suggests a stable polymorphism rooted in prenatal development. Across mammalian species, the PM varies in presence and function, correlating with locomotor specialization from proprioception in primates to propulsion in carnivores, and absence in ungulates. In humans, high proprioceptive fiber density and anatomical variability support the hypothesis that the PM may be undergoing functional repurposing from a contractile to a sensorimotor role. Clinically, its relevance is evident in imaging interpretation, surgical tendon harvesting, and the pathophysiology of Achilles tendinopathy. Recent discoveries, including the identification of the plantaris ligamentous tendon (PLT), further underscore the complexity of this region and support the need to reassess its structural and clinical significance. We conclude that the PM should not be regarded as a regressing remnant but as a dynamically adapting structure with potential neuromechanical function. Future studies involving electromyography and neuroanatomical mapping are essential to elucidate its evolving role.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Laccase from <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> Tasjk65.","authors":"Kehe Fu, Lili Fan, Qi Li, Jiaming Ji, Zhenying Huang, Ting Huang","doi":"10.3390/biology14060691","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laccase catalyzes one-electron oxidation, producing water as the primary final product, thereby minimizing secondary environmental pollution. Consequently, it holds significant application potential in areas such as the degradation of toxic compounds. In this study, a high-laccase-producing <i>Trichoderma</i> strain was isolated from soil, and the conditions for laccase production were optimized. Additionally, the laccase-related gene was cloned, and its function was analyzed. The results revealed that the optimal conditions for laccase production in this strain were maltose as the carbon source, peptone as the nitrogen source, an optimal pH of 6.0, and an incubation time of 120 h, resulting in an enzyme activity of 1.32 U/mL. The purified enzyme exhibited a Michaelis constant (<i>K_m</i>) of 0.06666 mmol/L when ABTS was used as the substrate. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the enzyme's molecular weight was approximately 70 kDa. Sequencing of the target protein band led to the identification of the laccase-related gene <i>Tasla01</i>. Knockout of this gene resulted in the loss of laccase activity. We isolated a high-laccase-producing <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> strain, Tasjk65, and cloned the laccase-related functional gene <i>Tasla01</i>. These findings lay a foundation for the source and application of laccase.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling LncRNA GAS5 in Atherosclerosis: Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Translation.","authors":"Yu Wei, Quanye Luo, Xiang Li, Xi Liu, Zheyu Yang, Qinhui Tuo, Wen Chen","doi":"10.3390/biology14060697","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease driving cardiovascular events, involves complex molecular networks where long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators. This review synthesizes current knowledge on lncRNA Growth Arrest-Specific 5 <i>(GAS5)</i> in atherosclerosis, covering its expression, multifaceted roles in vascular cells, and molecular mechanisms. <i>GAS5</i> is significantly upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques, exerting complex, cell-specific effects on vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells. <i>GAS5</i> modulates crucial pathophysiological processes like cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and foam cell formation, primarily by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and through direct protein interactions. While promising as a biomarker, circulating <i>GAS5</i> levels require further validation. Therapeutic strategies targeting <i>GAS5</i>, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and small-molecule compounds, are under investigation. In conclusion, <i>lncRNA GAS5</i> is a critical regulatory node in atherosclerosis pathobiology, offering significant opportunities for novel diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Further research is vital to elucidate its intricate roles and translate these findings into clinical applications for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Mathematical Concordance Between Taxonomic and Functional Diversity Metrics in Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities.","authors":"Gonzalo Sotomayor, Henrietta Hampel, Raúl F Vázquez, Christine Van der Heyden, Marie Anne Eurie Forio, Peter L M Goethals","doi":"10.3390/biology14060692","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the structural concordance between taxonomic and functional diversity (FD) metrics is essential for improving the ecological interpretation of community patterns in biomonitoring programs. This study evaluated the concordance between taxonomic and FD metrics of benthic macroinvertebrates along a fluvial habitat quality gradient in the Paute River Basin, Ecuador. Macroinvertebrate communities were sampled over six years at twelve sampling points and assessed using four taxonomic metrics: Shannon diversity (H), the Margalef index (D_Mg), family richness (N), and the Andean Biotic Index (ABI). Functional diversity was evaluated using four metrics: weighted functional dendrogram-based diversity (wFDc), Rao's quadratic entropy (Rao), functional dispersion (FDis), and functional richness (FRic). The fluvial habitat index (FHI) was used as an environmental reference to evaluate diversity metric responses. K-means clustering was independently applied to each metric, and pairwise concordance was quantified using the Measure of Concordance (MoC) and overlap in sampling points groupings across replicates. Most metrics (except FRic and N) showed clear responsiveness to the FHI gradient, confirming their ecological relevance. Strong structural concordance was observed between H and D_Mg and the FD metrics Rao, FDis, and wFDc, showing that these metrics captured similar yet complementary aspects of community organization. In contrast, ABI showed marked sensitivity to the FHI gradient but low concordance with functional metrics, suggesting distinct dimensions of biological integrity not encompassed by trait-based metrics. These findings highlight the value of combining taxonomic and functional metrics to detect both broad and subtle ecological changes. Integrating metrics with differing structural properties and environmental sensitivities can enhance the robustness of freshwater biomonitoring frameworks, especially in systems undergoing ecological transition or habitat degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189454/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Burrowing Ability of Different Groups of Manila Clams (<i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i>).","authors":"Xiang Li, Jianing Wang, Zelin Zhang, Jin Wen, Yu Li, Haoyang Zhang, Pan Lu, Lei Chen","doi":"10.3390/biology14060689","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clams from the Fujian group, the Laizhou group, and the zebra strain group were used in this investigation; their shell lengths were 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, and 2.0 cm, respectively. Tests were conducted on substrates with particle sizes ranging from 151 to 180 µm, 181 to 250 µm, 251 to 425 µm, and 426 to 850 µm. Both centralized and decentralized sowing modes were used. According to the findings, the clams with the 1.0 cm shell length had the highest burrowing rate and the lowest ET₅₀. From 0 to 120 min, the burrowing rate of the zebra strain group was higher than that of the other groups. Clams with shell lengths of 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm had similar burrowing rates at the end of the test, with the zebra strain group having the highest burrowing rate. Manila clams burrowed more quickly when the substrate's particle sizes were between 181 and 425 µm. The clam burrowing rates in the decentralized sowing mode were high during the first 20 min of the test, but at the end of the test, there was no significant difference between the two sowing modes (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In summary, there were differences in the burrowing ability among the three groups. The clams with a shell length of 1.0 cm in the three groups had a higher burrowing efficiency, and the decentralized sowing mode was more conducive to the clams quickly burrowing into the substrate.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Variable Stress May Induce Apoptosis in the Testis and Epididymal Sperm of Young Male Rats.","authors":"Yeimy Mar De León-Ramírez, Leticia Nicolás-Toledo, Eliut Pérez-Sánchez, Omar Arroyo-Helguera","doi":"10.3390/biology14060690","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stressor stimuli induce oxidative stress and functional abnormalities in sperm, which are linked to a reduced sperm quality and male infertility. Furthermore, oxidative stress can trigger cell death. However, the impact of stressor stimulation on testicles and epididymal sperms and apoptosis has not been explored. This study analyzes the expression of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic markers in the testicle and epididymis of rats exposed to chronic variable stress (CVS). We used male Wistar rats divided into two groups: the control group was kept undisrupted, and the stress group was stressed daily using a CVS model for four weeks, except for the weekends (from postnatal days 51 to 81). After the last week, the rats were sacrificed, and complete testicles and epididymal sperm were used to measure oxidative stress and the total antioxidant status by colorimetric methods. The expressions of PPAR-γ, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 markers at the mRNA level were determined by real-time PCR, and the p-Akt, AP-2α, PPAR-γ, C/EBP-β and FAS protein levels were detected by immunoblot. The results showed low levels of p-Akt and AP-2α proteins and high levels of FAS, PPAR-γ, and C/EBP-β in the testicle and epididymis of rats exposed to CVS. At the mRNA level, we observed the upregulation of PPAR-γ, p53, p21, HIF-α, and Bax expressions in the epididymis of rats exposed to CVS, consistent with the significant caspase-3 activity observed in both the epididymis and testicles in the CVS group. In conclusion, CVS damage triggers the induction of apoptosis markers by intrinsic (PPAR-γ, p53, p21, HIF-α, and Bax) and extrinsic (p-Akt, AP-2α, and FAS) caspase-3-dependent pathways in complete extracts of both the testicles and epididymis. This study supports the view that stressor stimuli could be involved in the infertility process.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feeding and Growth in the Ephyra Stage of <i>Aurelia coerulea</i>: An In Situ Study.","authors":"Seo Yeol Choi, Kyoung Yeon Kim, Seok Hyun Youn","doi":"10.3390/biology14060687","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ecological role and in situ feeding potential of <i>Aurelia coerulea</i> ephyrae remain poorly quantified. We conducted in situ chamber experiments in Geoje and Jaran Bay, Korea, to evaluate clearance rates, specific growth rate (SGR), and grazing carbon among ephyrae of different sizes and origins. Larger field-collected ephyrae had higher clearance rates (4.2 ± 0.8 mL ind^-1 h^-1) and grazing carbon (17.2 ± 1.0 μg C ind^-1 d^-1) than smaller individuals (1.6 ± 0.5 mL ind^-1 h^-1; 5.2 ± 1.1 μg C ind^-1 d^-1), though the differences were not statistically significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Field-collected ephyrae exhibited significantly greater clearance (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and grazing carbon (<i>p</i> < 0.01) than laboratory-reared ephyrae, while laboratory-reared ephyrae had higher SGR (<i>p</i> < 0.01).Grazing efficiency did not differ significantly between groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05). SGR peaked at intermediate prey concentrations (0.189 ± 0.013 d^-1, <i>p</i> < 0.05), with reduced growth at both lower and higher concentrations. These results indicate that in situ feeding and growth rates are lower than laboratory rates, and that early-stage predation by ephyrae is modulated by prey availability and environmental history. Such findings provide essential baseline data for predicting the bloom dynamics and ecological impacts of <i>Aurelia</i> in temperate coastal environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Luminex MFI-Efforts from a Qualitative to a Quantitative Analysis.","authors":"Thomas Schacker, Ramona Landgraf, Ilias Doxiadis, Henry Loeffler-Wirth, Claudia Lehmann","doi":"10.3390/biology14060686","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Luminex multiplex assay for the definition of HLA antibodies was introduced 20 years ago. To date, although the assay is simple and straightforward, the interpretation of the results remains a conundrum. Making use of the so-called mean fluorescence value only does not help since this value is relative, the day-to-day variation is significantly large, and the user variation is beyond acceptable ranges. Within the same range of problems, the cutoff value used to classify HLA-specific antibodies as being either present or absent varies between laboratories. This threshold influences clinical decision-making. In addition, the readout value is used to diagnose the amount of HLA-specific antibodies after treatments like absorption, plasmapheresis, or transplantation, overlooking the relative nature of the value. In this study, we show bead variability for HLA class I and HLA class II based on negatively defined bead reactions with a mean fluorescence value below 1500 and self-antigens. In an effort to circumvent the assay's inherent problems, we introduced the term ratio. For each serum sample, a paired sample from before the treatment is run in parallel. The ratio of post-treatment to pre-treatment can then be used to characterize antibody dynamics: a ratio above 1 reflects increased antibody production and a ratio below 1 indicates a decrease in antibodies in the serum. This value may offer the possibility to make more informed and adaptive treatment decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadmium and Lead Tolerance of Filamentous Fungi Isolated from Contaminated Mining Soils.","authors":"Denisse Elibeth Ramos Suárez, Arturo Gerardo Valdivia-Flores, Alma Lilián Guerrero Barrera, Oscar Abraham Flores Amaro, Laura Yamamoto Flores, J Felix Gutierrez Corona, Juan Carlos Bautista Bautista, Francisco Javier Avelar González","doi":"10.3390/biology14060688","DOIUrl":"10.3390/biology14060688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal contamination in soil, especially cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), poses serious environmental and health risks, particularly in mining regions. While this contamination affects most organisms present in such areas, some filamentous fungi proliferate and immobilize metals in contaminated areas. In this work, six filamentous fungi tolerant to high concentrations of these metals were identified by macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics, as well as molecularly, through conserved regions of internal transcribed spacers (ITSs). Tolerance to Cd and Pb was evaluated in solid and liquid culture media, and half the maximum inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was assessed. Pb tolerance was observed in <i>Penicillium simplicissimum</i>, <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i>, and <i>Rhizopus microsporus</i> (IC₅₀: 3874, 1176, and 211.80 mg/L). Cd tolerance was also noted in <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i>, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, <i>Rhizopus microsporus</i>, and <i>Cunninghamella</i> sp. (IC₅₀: 311, 223, 29.25, and 25.18 mg/L). These findings indicate that these fungi have adopted effective strategies for survival in contaminated environments and emphasize their potential for future applications in the bioremediation of multi-metal-contaminated soils. This research lays the groundwork for exploring tolerance mechanisms and evaluating the efficacy of native fungal isolates in mitigating heavy metal contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144498650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}