Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine最新文献

{"title":"The Planetary Benefit of Suspending USMLE Step 2 CS: Estimating Carbon Emissions Associated with US Medical Students' Travel to Testing Centers.","authors":"James R Sherpa,&nbsp;Laura Donahue,&nbsp;Jennifer Tsai,&nbsp;Max Jordan Nguemeni Tiako","doi":"10.59249/BAOU9229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59249/BAOU9229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: The discontinuation of the Step 2 Clinical Skills Exam (CS) by the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) eliminated the need for personal travel to testing centers. The carbon emissions associated with CS have not been previously quantified. <b>Objective</b>: To estimate the annual carbon emissions generated by travel to CS Testing Centers (CSTCs) and to explore differences across geographic regions. <b>Methods</b>: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational study by geocoding medical schools and CSTCs to calculate the distance between them. We obtained data from the 2017 matriculant databases of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM). The independent variable was the location as defined by USMLE geographic regions. The dependent variables were distance traveled to CSTCs and estimated carbon emissions in metric tons CO₂ (mtCO2) calculated using three models. In model 1 all students used single occupancy vehicles; in model 2, all carpooled; and in model 3, half traveled by train and half by single occupancy vehicle. <b>Results</b>: Our analysis included 197 medical schools. The mean out-of-town travel distance was 280.67 miles (IQR: 97.49-383.42). The mtCO2 associated with travel was 2,807.46 for model 1; 3,135.55 for model 2; and 635.34 for model 3. The Western region traveled the farthest, while the Northeast traveled significantly less than other regions. <b>Conclusion</b>: The annual estimated carbon emissions from travel to CSTCs was approximately 3,000 mtCO2. Northeastern students traveled the shortest distances; the average US medical student expended 0.13 mtCO2. Medical leaders must consider the environmental impact of medical curricula and pursue accordant reforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":48617,"journal":{"name":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","volume":"96 2","pages":"185-188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ce/8c/yjbm_96_2_185.PMC10303258.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10113859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat and the Heart.","authors":"Yash Desai,&nbsp;Haitham Khraishah,&nbsp;Barrak Alahmad","doi":"10.59249/HGAL4894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59249/HGAL4894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Globally, more people die from cardiovascular disease than any other cause. Extreme heat can have serious implications for heart health, especially in people with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions. In this review, we examined the relationship between heat and the leading causes of cardiovascular diseases as well as the proposed physiological mechanisms for the deleterious effect of heat on the heart. The body's response to high temperatures, including dehydration, increased metabolic demand, hypercoagulability, electrolyte imbalances, and systemic inflammatory response, can place a significant strain on the heart. Epidemiological studies showed that heat can result in ischemic heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and arrhythmia. However, targeted research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of hot temperatures on these main causes of cardiovascular disease. Meanwhile, the absence of clinical guidance on how to manage heart diseases during heat events highlights the need for cardiologists and other health professionals to lead the charge in addressing the critical relationship between a warming climate and health.</p>","PeriodicalId":48617,"journal":{"name":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","volume":"96 2","pages":"197-203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b9/c4/yjbm_96_2_197.PMC10303253.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9757678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic Inheritance and Transgenerational Environmental Justice.","authors":"Alexandra A Korolenko,&nbsp;Samantha E Noll,&nbsp;Michael K Skinner","doi":"10.59249/FKWS5176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59249/FKWS5176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many chemicals and toxicants are released into our ecosystem and environment every day, which can cause harmful effects on human populations. Agricultural compounds are used in most crop production and have been shown to cause negative health impacts, including effects on reproduction and other pathologies. Although these chemicals can be helpful for pest and weed control, the compounds indirectly impact humans. Several compounds have been banned in the European Union but continue to be used in the United States. Recent work has shown most toxicants affect transgenerational generations more than the directly exposed generations through epigenetic inheritance. While some toxicants do not impact the directly exposed generation, the later generations that are transgenerational or ancestrally exposed suffer health impacts. Due to impacts to future generations, exposure becomes an environmental justice concern. The term \"environmental justice\" denotes the application of fair strategies when resolving unjust environmental contamination. Fair treatment means that no group should bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, municipal, and commercial operations. This article illustrates how research on directly exposed generations is often prioritized over studies on transgenerational generations. However, research on the latter generations suggests the need to take environmental justice concerns seriously moving forward, as future generations could be unduly shouldering harms, while not enjoying benefits of production.</p>","PeriodicalId":48617,"journal":{"name":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","volume":"96 2","pages":"241-250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/03/a4/yjbm_96_2_241.PMC10303257.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9811046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The predictors of occupationally related injury in employees of Pasteur Institute of Iran","authors":"Bashar Rouzbeh, Nayini Korosh Holakoyee, M. Ramin, Fazeli Maryam, Arab Masoumeh, qShabansalmani Nazanin","doi":"10.17352/jbm.000037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17352/jbm.000037","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Needlestick Injuries (NSI) are a critical occupational risk for healthcare workers. Therefore, the present study investigated the incidence and risk factors of NSI among employees of the Pasteur Institute of Iran, one of the largest and oldest biological research institutes in the country, who are at high risk of occupational exposure to biological agents. Methods: This cross-sectional study included all personnel (565 individuals) of the Pasteur Institute of Iran. Participants answered some questions related to demographic and occupational characteristics as well as occupational exposure to blood and biological products, and occupational protection. Findings: A total of 448 questionnaires were completed. The mean age (SD) and work experience of the participants were 35.62 (9.20) and 9.72 (1.30) years, respectively. A total of 150 individuals had a history of NSI. The mean (SD) ages of participants with and without a history of NSV were 37.40 ± 9.03 and 34.41 ± 8.80 years, respectively (p < 0.001). The occurrence of NSI was related to work experience of more than five years and drinking, eating, or smoking while working. In addition, changing gloves while using the telephone was significantly related to reporting the occurrence of NSI to the department manager. Conclusion: Our findings indicated the relatively high frequency of NSI among the respondents. Despite the importance of personnel training, we did not find the occurrence of NSI or reporting it to be related to attending training courses. Hence, designing efficient preventive and protective measures requires the assessment of the attitudes of the mentioned institute’s personnel toward NSI and its prevention and management.","PeriodicalId":48617,"journal":{"name":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86298690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, production and characteristics of sugarcane vinegar","authors":"Singh Jyotsana, Bisht Neha, Garg Amar P","doi":"10.17352/jbm.000036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17352/jbm.000036","url":null,"abstract":"Sugarcane is one of the main crops worldwide, and it has an important impact on environmental issues. Sugarcane is used in daily routine life in many ways like as vinegar, jiggery, juices etc. In India sugarcane crop is best cultivated in the west U.P. Sugarcane original vinegar drink with high nutritional quality was produced from fresh sugarcane juice using the yeast culture and acetic acid bacteria by fermentation techniques such as submerged alcoholic fermentation followed by acetic fermentation at room temperature. Refined sugarcane is the primary product of sugarcane juice, during its processing, various other valuable products are also obtained in an unrefined form such as brown sugar, molasses, jaggery and vinegar. Sugarcane juice is widely used in the treatment of jaundice, hemorrhage, dysuria, and other urinary disease. Nowadays sugarcane vinegar is also used in Indian kitchens commonly in pickles, salads, etc. Vinegar is extremely useful for human health including antimicrobial activity, blood pressure reduction, antioxidant activity, reduction in the effects of diabetes, and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Phenolic acid in vinegar can scavenge superoxide anion and free radicals in vivo resulting in a potent antioxidant activity.","PeriodicalId":48617,"journal":{"name":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","volume":"9 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83407716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial activities of untreated and grape vinegar treated selected vegetables against common food borne pathogens","authors":"Singh Jyotsana, Garg Amar P","doi":"10.17352/jbm.000035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17352/jbm.000035","url":null,"abstract":"In the post-Covid-19 era, plant-based diets and products have become more popular. Fruit vinegar is considered a healthy drink, rich in bioactive compounds like organic acids, polyphenols, flavonoids and alkaloids that provide several beneficial properties. Fruit vinegar also contains several beneficial nutrients like amino acids, sugars, vitamins and minerals. They provide energy, regulate cell metabolism, immunity, antioxidation, anticoagulation and help in the improvement of brain development. Vinegar is also known for its strong antimicrobial properties against foodborne pathogens. The aim of the present investigation was to find out the antimicrobial activities of grape vinegar against common food-borne pathogens and to see whether common vegetable lose their antimicrobial activities when soaked with grape vinegar or gain. The vegetables used in the present investigation were randomly collected from the local market. We have evaluated the antimicrobial properties of untreated and grape vinegar (GV) treated selected vegetables against Escherichia coli (ATCC8739), Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6539), Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 14028), Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC 29544), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802), Vibrio cholera (ATCC 3906) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on the randomized survey, commonly used vegetable ginger (Zingiber officinale), garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Allium cepa), raw papaya (Carica papaya), white radish (Raphanus sativus) and green chilli (Capsicum annuum) were selected for the assessment of their antimicrobial activities. Different phytochemicals were found in water extract and grape vinegar-treated vegetables. Our results suggested that in general, grape vinegar-treated vegetables showed higher antimicrobial activities against all tested food-borne pathogens, but onion, garlic, green chillies and white radish revealed drastically higher activities. Hence, it is suggested that onion, garlic, green chillies and white radish should preferably be used after soaking with grape vinegar. All vegetables except garlic and white radish showed very little antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis. V. cholera was highly sensitive to grape vinegar-treated vegetables except for garlic. Similarly, V. parahaemolyticus was highly sensitive to grape vinegar-treated green chillies, white radish, raw papaya, and onion. Shigella flexneri also showed greater sensitivity to GV-treated green chillies and white radishes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to ginger and green chillies only. It may safely be concluded that grape vinegar-treated vegetables are beneficial to fight against food-borne infections. The vegetable when soaked with grape vinegar did not lose their antimicrobial activities rather they gained the antimicrobial components from grape vinegar. Our studies revealed that white radish, ginger, green chilies, and onion should be used after soaking in grape vinegar while garlic ","PeriodicalId":48617,"journal":{"name":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88498715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning from a Comparative Psychologist and Behavioral Neuroscientist Studying Development in Humans and Non-human Primates: An Interview with Amanda M. Dettmer, PhD.","authors":"Kathryn M Wall","doi":"10.59249/ZZRU9339","DOIUrl":"10.59249/ZZRU9339","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48617,"journal":{"name":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","volume":"96 1","pages":"151-155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6f/14/yjbm_96_1_151.PMC10052601.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9378928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Analysis of Tracheobronchial Fluid from Before and After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Reveals Activation of the Integrated Stress Response and Altered Pulmonary Microvascular Permeability.","authors":"Victoria Habet,&nbsp;Ningshan Li,&nbsp;Ji Qi,&nbsp;Gang Peng,&nbsp;Georgia Charkoftaki,&nbsp;Vasilis Vasiliou,&nbsp;Lokesh Sharma,&nbsp;Jordan S Pober,&nbsp;Charles Dela Cruz,&nbsp;Xiting Yan,&nbsp;Richard W Pierce","doi":"10.59249/KFYZ8002","DOIUrl":"10.59249/KFYZ8002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: We aim to comprehensively describe the transcriptional activity and signaling of pulmonary parenchymal and immune cells before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) by using a multi-omic approach coupled with functional cellular assays. We hypothesize that key signaling pathways from specific cells within the lung alter pulmonary endothelial cell function resulting in worsening or improving disease. <b>Methods</b>: We collected serial tracheobronchial lavage samples from intubated patients less than 2-years-old undergoing surgery with CPB. Samples were immediately processed for single cell RNA sequencing (10x Genomics). Cell clustering, cell-type annotation, and visualization were performed, and differentially expressed genes (DEG) between serial samples were identified. Metabolomic and proteomic analyses were performed on the supernatant using mass spectrometry and a multiplex assay (SomaScan) respectively. Functional assays were done using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing to measure resistance across human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). <b>Results</b>: Analysis of eight patients showed a heterogeneous mixture of pulmonary parenchymal and immune cells. Cell clustering demonstrated time-dependent changes in the transcriptomic signature indicating altered cellular phenotypes after CPB. DEG analysis was represented by genes involved in host defense, innate immunity, and the mitochondrial respiratory transport chain. Ingenuity pathway analysis showed upregulation of the integrated stress response across all cell types after CPB. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated upregulation of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. Unbiased proteomic analysis revealed upregulation of proteins involved in cytokine and chemokine pathways. Post-CPB patient supernatant improved HMPEC barrier function, suggesting a protective cellular response to CPB. <b>Conclusion</b>: Children who undergo CPB for cardiac surgery have distinct cell populations, transcriptional activity, and metabolism that change over time. The response to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the lower airway of children appears to be protective, with the need to identify potential targets through future investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48617,"journal":{"name":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","volume":"96 1","pages":"23-42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0d/f7/yjbm_96_1_23.PMC10052603.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9678466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Commonly Used Dynamic Parameters and Monitoring Systems for Perioperative Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy: A Review.","authors":"Chin Fung Kelvin Kan,&nbsp;John D Skaggs","doi":"10.59249/JOAP6662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59249/JOAP6662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) is usually recommended in patients undergoing major surgery and is essential in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols. This fluid regimen is usually guided by dynamic hemodynamic parameters and aims to optimize patients' cardiac output to maximize oxygen delivery to their vital organs. While many studies have shown that GDFT benefits patients perioperatively and can decrease postoperative complications, there is no consensus on which dynamic hemodynamic parameters to guide GDFT with. Furthermore, there are many commercialized hemodynamic monitoring systems to measure these dynamic hemodynamic parameters, and each has its pros and cons. This review will discuss and review the commonly used GDFT dynamic hemodynamic parameters and hemodynamic monitoring systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":48617,"journal":{"name":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","volume":"96 1","pages":"107-123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9e/50/yjbm_96_1_107.PMC10052600.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9378927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Report of Allergic Hypersensitivity to Color Additives in Slurpee® Beverages.","authors":"David B Weisbrod,&nbsp;Dennis L Caruana,&nbsp;David Li,&nbsp;Leo Wan,&nbsp;Anthony M Szema","doi":"10.59249/KGFT1011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59249/KGFT1011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction</b>: Many commercially available foods and beverages contain color additives to which patients may develop allergic hypersensitivity. Several color additives currently approved for commercial sale in the United States have raised health concerns to a varying degree as testing and evidence of carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and hypersensitivity has thus far been inadequate. Common uses for color additives include baked goods (eg, cakes, pastries, candy), flavored dairy products such as yogurt, sports-themed drinks (eg, Gatorade® Fruit Punch), and red-dyed Slurpee® beverages. <b>Methods</b>: We present the case of a patient who experienced color additive-related allergic hypersensitivity reactions after consumption of Slurpee® beverages, which may place her at risk when consuming other commercially available beverages and food products containing color additives. Percutaneous skin testing and an oral challenge were administered using three different red color additives (two color additives for skin testing and one color additive for the oral challenge). <b>Results</b>: The specific color additive precipitating her symptoms was not conclusively identified. Review of the literature acknowledges the idea that further research into color additive-related allergy should be conducted as there are many commercially available color additives that can elicit hypersensitivity reactions after consumption. <b>Conclusion</b>: Current research shows that of the red color additives available, Citrus Red, Red No. 3, and Red No. 40 are recognized to elicit such reactions. In order to lessen the burden of color additive-related hypersensitivity in the general population, public education, increased research, and subsequent regulations should be implemented.</p>","PeriodicalId":48617,"journal":{"name":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine","volume":"96 1","pages":"79-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/28/66/yjbm_96_1_79.PMC10052599.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9378923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}