Bioimpacts最新文献

{"title":"The diagnostic and prognostic value of <i>C1orf174</i> in colorectal cancer.","authors":"Elham Nazari, Ghazaleh Khalili-Tanha, Ghazaleh Pourali, Fatemeh Khojasteh-Leylakoohi, Hanieh Azari, Mohammad Dashtiahangar, Hamid Fiuji, Zahra Yousefli, Alireza Asadnia, Mina Maftooh, Hamed Akbarzade, Mohammadreza Nassiri, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian, Gordon A Ferns, Godefridus J Peters, Elisa Giovannetti, Jyotsna Batra, Majid Khazaei, Amir Avan","doi":"10.34172/bi.30566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/bi.30566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the lethal cancers, indicating the need for the identification of novel biomarkers for the detection of patients in earlier stages. RNA and microRNA sequencing were analyzed using bioinformatics and machine learning algorithms to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by validation in CRC patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The genome-wide RNA sequencing of 631 samples, comprising 398 patients and 233 normal cases was extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The DEGs were identified using DESeq package in R. Survival analysis was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis to identify prognostic biomarkers. Predictive biomarkers were determined by machine learning algorithms such as Deep learning, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine. The biological pathways, protein-protein interaction (PPI), the co-expression of DEGs, and the correlation between DEGs and clinical data were evaluated. Additionally, the diagnostic markers were assessed with a combioROC package. Finally, the candidate tope score gene was validated by Real-time PCR in CRC patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survival analysis revealed five novel prognostic genes, including <i>KCNK13</i>, <i>C1orf174</i>, <i>CLEC18A</i>, <i>SRRM5</i>, and <i>GPR89A</i>. Thirty-nine upregulated, 40 downregulated genes, and 20 miRNAs were detected by SVM with high accuracy and AUC. The upregulation of <i>KRT20</i> and <i>FAM118A</i> genes and the downregulation of <i>LRAT</i> and <i>PROZ</i> genes had the highest coefficient in the advanced stage. Furthermore, our findings showed that three miRNAs (<i>mir-19b-1, mir-326</i>, and <i>mir-330</i>) upregulated in the advanced stage. <i>C1orf174</i>, as a novel gene, was validated using RT-PCR in CRC patients. The combineROC curve analysis indicated that the combination of <i>C1orf174-AKAP4-DIRC1-SKIL-Scan29A4</i> can be considered as diagnostic markers with sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values of 0.90, 0.94, and 0.92, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Machine learning algorithms can be used to Identify key dysregulated genes/miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, leading to the detection of patients in earlier stages. Our data also demonstrated the prognostic value of <i>C1orf174</i> in colorectal cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":48614,"journal":{"name":"Bioimpacts","volume":"15 ","pages":"30566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144057779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant receptor-binding motif of spike COVID-19 vaccine candidate induces SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody response.","authors":"Hossein Samiei-Abianeh, Shahram Nazarian, Emad Kordbacheh, Alireza Felegary","doi":"10.34172/bi.30520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/bi.30520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic necessitates effective therapeutic solutions. The receptor-binding motif (RBM) is a subdomain of the spike protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD) and is critical for facilitating the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the human ACE2 receptor. This study investigates the use of the receptor-binding motif (RBM) domain as an immunogen to produce potent neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The RBM gene was codon-optimized and cloned into the pET17b vector for expression in <i>E. coli</i> BL21 (DE3) cells, induced with 1 mM IPTG. The recombinant RBM protein was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. After validating the recombinant RBM by Western blotting with anti-His tag antibodies, BALB/c mice were immunized with 20 µg of the purified RBM protein. Anti-RBM IgG was subsequently purified using protein G resin, and its neutralizing capacity was assessed using the Pishtaz Teb Zaman Neutralization Assay Kit.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The recombinant RBM protein, with a molecular weight of 10 kDa, was expressed as inclusion bodies. the typical yield of purification was 27 mg/L of bacterial culture. The neutralization test demonstrated a concentration of 36 µg/mL of neutralizing antibodies in the immunized serum, preventing the spike protein from binding to ACE2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrated that anti-RBM antibodies exhibited neutralization effects on SARS-CoV-2. These findings provide evidence for the development of a vaccine candidate through the induction of antibodies against the RBM, necessitating further studies with adjuvants suitable for human use to evaluate its potential for human vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":48614,"journal":{"name":"Bioimpacts","volume":"15 ","pages":"30520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced reno-protective effects of CHIR99021 modified mesenchymal stem cells against rat acute kidney injury model.","authors":"Rakhshinda Habib, Rabia Farhat, Mohsin Wahid, Jahanara Ainuddin","doi":"10.34172/bi.30600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/bi.30600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mesenchymal stem cells of human umbilical cord origin (hucMSCs) appear to be an attractive candidate for cell-based therapies. However, their efficacy requires improvement as poor survival and specific homing to the site of injury are the major barriers to their effective implementation in cell therapy. As Wnt signaling pathway is involved in the development and repair of organs, we adopted a preconditioning strategy of stem cells by using CHIR99021 compound (a Wnt pathway agonist) to potentiate hucMSCs beneficial effects and circumvent their therapeutic limitations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We treated hucMSCs with 5 µM of CHIR99021 and evaluated the expression levels of genes involved in different biological processes through qRT-PCR. Subsequently, we examined the effectiveness of preconditioned cells (CHIR99021-hucMSCs) in a cisplatin-induced rat acute kidney injury model. Amelioration in tissue injury was evaluated by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and renal functional assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In treated groups, we observed preserved renal tissue architecture in terms of lesser epithelial cells necrosis (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.001) and cast formation ( ≤ 0.05). Accelerated proliferation of injured tubular cells (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.001) and low serum creatinine values (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.01) were observed in preconditioned hucMSCs group compared to untreated AKI rats. In addition, administration of preconditioned hucMSCs in kidney injury model offered better restoration of tubular cell membrane β-catenin molecules. Our findings showed that CHIR99021-modified hucMSCs may exhibit better capacity for cell migration and proliferation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results showed that preconditioning of stem cells with Wnt pathway activators could provide advanced benefits for organ repair, which may contribute to design a more effective therapeutic approach for renal regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":48614,"journal":{"name":"Bioimpacts","volume":"15 ","pages":"30600"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in nanomaterials for precision drug delivery: Insights into pharmacokinetics and toxicity.","authors":"Devika Tripathi, Prashant Pandey, Sakshi Sharma, Awani K Rai, Manjunatha Prabhu B H","doi":"10.34172/bi.30573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/bi.30573","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>By integrating the cutting-edge principles of nanotechnology with medical science, nanomedicine offers unprecedented opportunities to develop advanced drug delivery systems that surpass the limitations of conventional therapies. These nanoscale systems are designed to enhance treatments' efficacy, specificity, and safety by optimizing pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, ensuring that therapeutic agents reach their intended targets with minimal side effects. The article provides an in-depth analysis of nanomaterials' pivotal role in overcoming challenges related to drug delivery, including the ability to bypass biological barriers, improve bioavailability, and achieve controlled release of drugs. Despite these promising advancements, the transition of nanomedicine from research to clinical practice faces significant hurdles. The review highlights key obstacles such as patient heterogeneity, physiological variability, and the complex ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) profiles of nanocarriers, which complicate treatment predictability and effectiveness. Moreover, the article addresses the issues of limited tissue penetration, variable patient responses, and the need for standardized protocols in nanomaterial characterization, all of which hinder the widespread clinical adoption of nanomedicine. Nevertheless, the potential of nanomedicine in revolutionizing personalized cancer therapy remains immense. The article advocates for increased translational research and international collaboration to overcome these challenges, paving the way for fully realizing nanomedicine's capabilities in precision oncology and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":48614,"journal":{"name":"Bioimpacts","volume":"15 ","pages":"30573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008503/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart IoT-driven biosensors for EEG-based driving fatigue detection: A CNN-XGBoost model enhancing healthcare quality.","authors":"Khosro Rezaee, Asmar Nazerian, Hossein Ghayoumi Zadeh, Hani Attar, Mohamadreza Khosravi, Mohammad Kanan","doi":"10.34172/bi.30586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/bi.30586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Drowsy driving is a significant contributor to accidents, accounting for 35 to 45% of all crashes. Implementation of an internet of things (IoT) system capable of alerting fatigued drivers has the potential to substantially reduce road fatalities and associated issues. Often referred to as the internet of medical things (IoMT), this system leverages a combination of biosensors, actuators, detectors, cloud-based and edge computing, machine intelligence, and communication networks to deliver reliable performance and enhance quality of life in smart societies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals offer potential insights into fatigue detection. However, accurately identifying fatigue from brain signals is challenging due to inter-individual EEG variability and the difficulty of collecting sufficient data during periods of exhaustion. To address these challenges, a novel evolutionary optimization method combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and XGBoost, termed CNN-XGBoost Evolutionary Learning, was proposed to improve fatigue identification accuracy. The research explored various subbands of decomposed EEG data and introduced an innovative approach of transforming EEG recordings into RGB scalograms. These scalogram images were processed using a 2D Convolutional Neural Network (2DCNN) to extract essential features, which were subsequently fed into a dense layer for training.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The resulting model achieved a noteworthy accuracy of 99.80% on a substantial driver fatigue dataset, surpassing existing methods.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>By integrating this approach into an IoT framework, researchers effectively addressed previous challenges and established an artificial intelligence of things (AIoT) infrastructure for critical driving conditions. This IoT-based system optimizes data processing, reduces computational complexity, and enhances overall system performance, enabling accurate and timely detection of fatigue in extreme driving environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48614,"journal":{"name":"Bioimpacts","volume":"15 ","pages":"30586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platelet-derived microparticles enhance Ara-C-induced cell death in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Nalm-6).","authors":"Fariba Nikravesh, Hossein Arezoomand, Roohollah H Mirzaee Khalilabadi, Maryam Nooshadokht, Hajar Mardani Valandani","doi":"10.34172/bi.30454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/bi.30454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The current understanding highlights the intricate relationship between leukemic cells and their microenvironment, emphasizing the significant impact of environmental factors on chemotherapy resistance or sensitivity. Platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication, significantly contributing to the complex dynamics of cancer pathology and treatment outcomes. This study aims to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of PMP, Ara-C, and their combinations on cancer cells, as well as their influence on the expression of critical genes like <i>Bax, Bcl-2, P21,</i> and <i>h-TERT</i> in the context of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cell line (Nalm-6).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PMPs were isolated through centrifugation at varying speeds, and their concentration was determined using the BCA assay. The size and immunophenotypic characteristics of PMPs were analyzed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and flow cytometry. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of PMP, Ara-C, and their combinations on Nalm-6 cells were assessed using the MTT assay, the trypan blue exclusion assay, and flow cytometry. Gene expression levels were analyzed using real-time PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to our research findings, PMPs did not independently impact the viability and apoptosis of Nalm-6 cells; however, they synergistically augmented Ara-C's suppressive impact on viability and apoptosis. The MTT assay showed that both PMPs and Ara-C, whether administered alone or in combination, had a cytotoxic effect on the Nalm-6 cells. Furthermore, the combined treatment significantly affected the expression of <i>Bax, Bcl-2, P21,</i> and <i>h-TERT</i> genes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrates that PMPs have the potential to improve the effectiveness of Ara-C chemotherapy in treating ALL. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the interplay between PMP and chemotherapy agents, offering potential insights for optimizing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes in ALL.</p>","PeriodicalId":48614,"journal":{"name":"Bioimpacts","volume":"15 ","pages":"30454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and characterization of nanocomposite scaffold containing zinc-doped mesoporous bioglass: Evaluation of the antioxidant properties, hemocompatibility and proliferation of apical papilla stem cells.","authors":"Morteza Jalilvand, Elham Khoshbin, Zahra Barabadi, Hamed Karkehabadi, Esmaeel Sharifi","doi":"10.34172/bi.30300","DOIUrl":"10.34172/bi.30300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nanocomposite scaffolds comprising mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) were able to increase the viability, proliferation, and growth of stem cells in vitro, rendering them promising candidates for dental root tissue regeneration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Sol-Gel process was utilized for the synthesis of MBG and zinc-doped MBG (Zn-MBG), the latter being integrated into alginate/chitosan scaffolds which in turn were cross-linked to strengthen mechanical properties, followed by freeze-drying. The scaffold's physicochemical characterizations were evaluated, followed by investigations of its antioxidant properties, swelling behavior, mechanical properties, and porosity. The capacity of these biomaterials to increase cell viability and growth of apical papilla stem cells (SCAPs) and hemocompatibility was assessed as a final step.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All fabricated scaffolds demonstrated proper porosity, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility. Nanocomposite scaffolds with Zn-MBG presented a significant enhancement in cell viability for SCAPs compared to alginate/chitosan scaffolds. DPPH tests indicated that the Zn-MBG-alginate/chitosan scaffold showed the highest antioxidant properties.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Zn-MBG-alginate/chitosan nanocomposite scaffolds demonstrated great physicochemical characteristics and biological and mechanical properties, marking them as suitable candidates for dental root tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":48614,"journal":{"name":"Bioimpacts","volume":"15 ","pages":"30300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11954743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chondrogenic potential of PMSCs cultured on chondroitin sulfate/gelatin-modified DBM scaffold.","authors":"Fatemeh Haghwerdi, Ismaeil Haririan, Masoud Soleimani","doi":"10.34172/bi.2023.30003","DOIUrl":"10.34172/bi.2023.30003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Osteoarthritis is one of the most common orthopedic diseases that gradually causes wear and damage to the articular Subchondral bone due to the destruction of articular cartilage. One of the basic challenges in cartilage tissue engineering is the choice of scaffold. In the design of the cartilage scaffold, it is useful to consider parameters such as porosity, water absorption, high mechanical resistance, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Therefore, in this study, demineralized bone matrix (DBM), which inherently has these characteristics to some extent, was chosen as the basic scaffold.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The gelatin/DBM (G/DBM) and the chondroitin sulfate-gelatin/DBM (GCS/DBM) scaffolds were prepared, respectively, by incorporating gelatin or chondroitin sulfate/gelatin solution inside DBM pores, freeze-drying and crosslinking with EDC/NHS. The physicochemical, biological characteristics and chondrogenic potential of scaffolds were studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to the SEM results, the size of the DBM pores in the G/DBM and GCS/DBM scaffolds decreased (from almost 100-1500 µm to less than 200 µm), which reduced cell escape compared to the DBM scaffold. Also, crosslinking the scaffolds has greatly increased their compressive E-modulus (more than 8 times). The cytocompatibility and non- toxicity of all scaffolds were confirmed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. The evaluation results of chondrogenic differentiation of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) on modified scaffolds, using the real-time PCR method, showed that the presence of CS in the GCS/DBM scaffold improved the expression of chondrogenesis markers such as Aggrecan (AGC) (~4 times) and collagen 2 (COL-2) (~2.2 times) compared to the DBM scaffold. Also, Alcian blue staining and immunohistochemical analyses of the scaffolds showed denser and more coherent GAGs and COL-2 protein synthesis on the GCS/DBM than the G/DBM and DBM scaffolds.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results, the GCS/DBM scaffold can be a suitable scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":48614,"journal":{"name":"Bioimpacts","volume":"15 ","pages":"30003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11954754/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system and its relative pathways in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Bahareh Shateri Amiri, Mehrasa Naserranjbar, AyAna Mirhaji, Alireza Hejrati, Lina Hejrati, Fatemeh Aliabadi","doi":"10.34172/bi.29993","DOIUrl":"10.34172/bi.29993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p></p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pancreatic cancer, which results from the uncontrolled growth of pancreatic cells, is the fourth most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. About 90% of instances of pancreatic cancer are pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and occasionally \"pancreatic cancer\" is used exclusively to describe this subtype. Nab-paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and FOLFIRINOX are examples of modern chemotherapeutic drugs that have the ability to quickly confer resistance in pancreatic tumor cells. Therefore, in order to treat this dreadful condition, it is essential to develop more effective medicines. Inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) causes pancreatic cancer cells to die apoptotically. In eukaryotes, UPS is an essential mechanism for protein breakdown. Pancreatic cancer cells are more susceptible to endoplasmic reticulum stress (endoplasmic reticulum [ER] stress) and apoptosis when treated with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor that is the first in this group of drugs approved for the treatment of cancer, especially multiple myeloma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Searching through PubMed and Google Scholar and gathering data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>UPS is still a popular target for pancreatic cancer treatment among researchers. However, despite the favorable results of UPS-based therapies in vitro and in vivo, the clinical results are not as promising as expected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A deep understanding of it, is essential to achieving the maximum results. In this review, we aim to look into the UPS along with searching for the novelist therapies for pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on manipulating it.</p>","PeriodicalId":48614,"journal":{"name":"Bioimpacts","volume":"15 ","pages":"29993"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug self-delivery systems: A comprehensive review on small molecule nanodrugs.","authors":"Mahsa Sayed Tabatabaei, Fakhredin A Sayed Tabatabaei, Hamid Reza Moghimi","doi":"10.34172/bi.30161","DOIUrl":"10.34172/bi.30161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug self-delivery systems are nanostructures composed of a drug as the main structural unit, having the ability of intracellular trafficking with no additional carrier. In these systems, the drug itself undertakes the functional and structural roles; thereby, the ancillary role of excipients and carrier-related limitations are circumvented and therapeutic effect is achieved at a much lower dose. Such advantages -which are mainly but not exclusively beneficial in cancer treatment- have recently led to an upsurge of research on these systems. Subsequently, various terminologies were utilized to describe them, referring to the same concept with different words. However, not all the systems developed based on the self-delivery approach are introduced using one of these keywords. Using a scoping strategy, this review aims to encompass the systems that have been developed as yet -inspired by the concept of self-delivery- and classify them in a coherent taxonomy. Two main groups are introduced based on the type of building blocks: small molecule-based nanomedicines and self-assembling hybrid prodrugs. Due to the diversity, covering the whole gamut of topics is beyond the scope of a single article, and, inevitably, the latter is just briefly introduced here, whereas the features of the former group are meticulously presented. Depending on whether the drug is merely a carrier for itself or carries a second drug as cargo, two classes of small molecule-based nanomedicines are defined (i.e., pure nanodrugs and carrier-mimicking systems, respectively), each having sub-branches. After introducing each branch and giving some examples, possible strategies for designing each particular system are visually displayed. The resultant mind map can create a macro view of the taken path and its prospects, give a profound insight into opportunities, spark new ideas, and facilitate overcoming obstacles. Taken together, one can foresee a brilliant future for self-delivery systems as a pioneering candidate for the next generation of drug delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":48614,"journal":{"name":"Bioimpacts","volume":"15 ","pages":"30161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11954755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}