BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation最新文献

{"title":"Acute effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up on exercise performance in competitive athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Zitao Wang, Yushuo Liu, Wanyuan Xia, Qiuyuan Peng, Yang Li, Zhenxin Nie","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01902-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-01902-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to quantify the acute effect of inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) on sport-specific exercise performance in able-bodied competitive athletes and explore potential moderating effects of sport type and control condition. Para-athlete studies were not included in the eligible evidence base.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched Web of Science, PubMed, Ovid Embase, and Scopus for randomized trials comparing acute IMW with sham or standard warm-up in competitive athletes. Google Scholar was also searched to identify grey literature. A random-effects meta-analysis (Hedges' g) was performed on performance outcomes, with a significance threshold of P < = 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven crossover trials (139 able-bodied athletes) were meta-analyzed. IMW produced a small beneficial effect on acute exercise performance (g = 0.285, 95% CI: 0.124 to 0.446). Sensitivity analyses assuming r = 0.3 and r = 0.7 yielded consistent results. The effect was larger for non-endurance or intermittent sports (g = 0.418, k = 6) than for endurance sports (g = 0.142, k = 5), but this subgroup contrast was treated as exploratory because the intermittent/non-endurance estimate was attenuated after excluding Lin et al. (2007) (g = 0.351, 95% CI: 0.152 to 0.551, P = 0.008, k = 5).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IMW showed a small statistically significant pooled effect on acute exercise performance. However, the low certainty of evidence, limited sample base, influence of Lin et al. (2007) on the pooled estimate, and 10 of 11 individual estimates with 95% confidence intervals crossing the null mean that its practical value remains uncertain. Larger, rigorously designed trials using standardized loading protocols are needed.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>PROSPERO CRD420261405783.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13693105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149246923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free-fall normalised peak braking velocity for countermovement jump monitoring.","authors":"Karol Kruczek, André Rebelo, Jason Lake, Michał Nowak","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01920-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01920-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Peak braking velocity (PBV) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) is used to describe descent strategy, but its interpretation is affected by countermovement depth. This study introduced free-fall normalised peak braking velocity (PBVFF), a dimensionless index expressing PBV relative to the displacement-specific theoretical free-fall velocity limit, and evaluated its reliability, performance associations and ranking consequences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy injury-free male academy footballers (18.7 ± 1.6 years) performed three maximal hands-on-hips CMJs on dual force plates. Using retrospective observational routine monitoring data, one representative testing day per athlete was analysed. Two PBVFF variants were examined: PBVFF normalised to countermovement depth (PBVFF_CMD) and PBVFF normalised to displacement at PBV (PBVFF_{PBV_d}). Reliability was assessed using coefficient of variation and two-way mixed-effects intraclass correlation coefficients. Associations with modified reactive strength index (mRSI) and jump height (JH) were assessed using Pearson correlations, Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction and partial correlations controlling for JH. Ranking effects were examined using Spearman rank correlations, Kendall's coefficient of concordance and absolute rank shifts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PBVFF_CMD showed reliability comparable to raw PBV, with a pooled coefficient of variation of 5.81% versus 6.75% and three-trial intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.865 versus 0.888, respectively. PBVFF_CMD was more strongly associated with mRSI than raw PBV (r = 0.573 versus r = 0.231). After controlling for JH, the association between raw PBV and mRSI reversed direction (partial r = - 0.266), whereas the association for PBVFF_CMD remained positive (partial r = 0.531). PBVFF_{PBV_d} showed similar but weaker associations with mRSI (r = 0.430; partial r = 0.438). Switching from raw PBV to PBVFF_CMD reclassified 46% of athletes by at least 10 ranking positions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PBVFF provides a depth-contextualised interpretation of CMJ descent strategy without compromising within-session reliability. PBVFF_CMD appears particularly practical because it can be derived from commonly exported variables and may improve athlete monitoring by reducing misinterpretation driven by countermovement-depth and anthropometric differences. It should complement, rather than replace, established force-time and performance metrics.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13495261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148799758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of 12 weeks of High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) on serum mitokines and metabolic risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized control trial.","authors":"Rasoul Eslami, Mohammad Moayedi, Bakhtyar Tartibian, Ali Aeen","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01905-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-01905-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Metabolic syndrome is a condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitokines such as FGF-21 and GDF-15, recognized as biomarkers associated with metabolic stress, play crucial roles in regulating energy and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) on the serum levels of FGF-21 and GDF-15, metabolic risk factors and body composition in middle-aged men with metabolic syndrome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized controlled trial, 24 men (age = 42.40 ± 6.90 years) with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to either the HIFT group (n = 12) or the control group (n = 12). The HIFT group performed exercise sessions twice a week for 12 weeks, with each session lasting 50 min. Anthropometric and biochemical assessments were conducted before and after the intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After the intervention, both primary outcomes-serum FGF-21 and GDF-15 levels-significantly decreased in the HIFT group (P = 0.001). Furthermore, body fat percentage, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, blood lipids, and LDL-C decreased, whereas skeletal muscle mass and HDL increased (P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exercise training as HIFT was associated with improvements in select metabolic biomarkers by modulating the serum levels of mitokines, metabolic risk factors and body composition. These findings are associative and do not confirm direct mechanistic effects. Therefore, this type of training may be considered as a potential adjunctive non-pharmacological approach for the management of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men, but further research with larger samples and active control groups is required.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: IRCT20241130063899N1, prospectively registered 01-11- 2025, https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/80642 .</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13688937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149239975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injury risk classification from feature grouped tabular athlete data using deep neural networks: a cross sectional benchmark study.","authors":"Han Yan, Xiaoqiao Sun","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01911-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-01911-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The classification of sports injuries is one of the most important tasks in athlete monitoring, and commonly available benchmark datasets are often small, with limited injury classes, missing data, and inadequate documentation of injury occurrence, injury labels, and data provenance. This study evaluates a feature-grouped deep neural network for binary injury-risk classification on the University Football Injury Prediction dataset from Kaggle. The 18 input variables are grouped into four feature groups in tabular format: demographics and anthropometrics, training factors, physical fitness indicators, and lifestyle habits. A separate branch of the neural network encodes each feature group, and concatenation or attention-based gates fuse them. Under a leakage-aware preprocessing and evaluation protocol, the proposed model is compared against logistic regression, random forest, gradient boosting, and a single-stream multilayer perceptron. The performance metrics are: AUROC, AUPRC, F1 score, balanced accuracy, Brier score, expected calibration error, bootstrap confidence intervals, and seed-based stability analysis. Results indicate minimal gains from feature-grouped neural fusion over classical and single-stream baselines, particularly in precision-recall and probability calibration. These results, however, must be treated with caution, as the benchmark is internally assessed, small, and lacks a complete, independently verified longitudinal follow-up or a complete, documented labeling procedure. Explanability analysis is thus discussed in terms of the descriptive interpretation of models, rather than the causal identification of injury risk factors. In summary, this work offers a reproducible reference standard for feature-grouped tabular injury classification and underscores the necessity of externally validated, prospectively collected, longitudinal athlete datasets before such classification models can be considered for real-world training and/or clinical decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13685257/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149229122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling complex sports adaptation with electrocardiography: analysis of standard ECG, heart rate variability and QRST integral changes in elite athletes.","authors":"Dóra Boroncsok, Máté Babity, Márk Zámodics, Anna Menyhárt-Hetényi, Gergely Tuboly, György Kozmann, Regina Benkő, Alexandra Fábián, Zsuzsanna Ladányi, Dorottya Balla, Hajnalka Vágó, Attila Kovács, Béla Merkely, Orsolya Kiss","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01901-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-01901-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Basic resting electrocardiographic changes caused by regular intense exercise are known characteristics of the athlete's heart. Through detailed analysis of short-term ECG recordings, our aim was to study electrocardiographic, heart rate variability, and ventricular heterogeneity changes of the athlete's heart as a function of factors influencing sports adaptation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Analysis of 1-minute resting lead I ECG recordings was used to determine standard ECG parameters, time-domain indicators of heart rate variability, and mean and standard deviation of QRST integrals. Statistical analysis was performed in Python development environment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>500 healthy athletes (age: 19[16-24]y, male: 55%, training: 16.7 ± 6.5 h/w) were compared with 100 non-athlete controls (age: 21[17-23]y, male: 51%). Athletes had lower heart rate (68[61-78]vs.82[73-91]BPM, p < 0.001), increased p-wave amplitude (89[71-108]vs.80[62-96]µV, p < 0.001), PQ interval (152[140-168]vs.142[132-152]ms, p < 0.001), QRS width (90[82-100]vs.82[78-90]ms, p < 0.001), T-wave amplitude (257[198-311]vs.195[146-248]µV, p < 0.001), SDNN (64.7[47.2-87.2]vs.50.6[36.5-66.3]ms, p < 0.001), RMSSD (52.6[34.8-78.3]vs.36.4[26.8-52.6]ms, p < 0.001), pNN50 (31.1[12.7-50.9]vs.14.7[4.9-31.6]%, p < 0.001) and mean QRST integral (34.9[28.3-43.4]vs.26.1[19.7-33.9]mV*ms, p < 0.001) compared to controls. Mixed athletes had wider QRS compared to power athletes (94[90-102]vs.88[84-96]ms, p < 0.005). Male athletes had lower QTc, increased PQ interval, QRS width, T-wave amplitude, mean QRST integral, and its deviation. In the control group, females had higher resting heart rate and QTc duration, while AVNN and the relative deviation of QRST integral were lower. Many of the above parameters also showed weak correlation with age and weekly exercise hours.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate that a 1-minute lead I ECG recording can detect electrical differences between athletes and non-athlete controls and may provide a practical framework for future longitudinal studies of athletic cardiac adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13688776/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149239872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unilateral flywheel resistance training versus traditional resistance training for change-of-direction performance in elite soccer players: a randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Ziqi Han, TianLiang Zhao, ZhiWei Wen, Tao Yang, Yue Dou, JiaHui Hu, Bo Zhang, DingMeng Ren","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01909-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-01909-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Soccer requires frequent high-intensity decelerations, braking actions, and multidirectional re-accelerations. Flywheel resistance training may provide a braking-oriented inertial stimulus that is relevant to change-of-direction (COD) performance. However, randomised controlled evidence directly comparing unilateral flywheel resistance training with unilateral traditional resistance training in high-level soccer players remains limited. This study compared the effects of unilateral flywheel resistance training and unilateral traditional resistance training on COD-related performance in high-level male soccer players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-six high-level male soccer players were randomly allocated to a flywheel resistance training group (FRT, n = 13) or a traditional resistance training group (TRT, n = 13), and 22 players completed the study and were included in the final analysis (FRT, n = 11; TRT, n = 11). Both groups completed an 8-week intervention twice per week in addition to regular soccer training. The unilateral Bulgarian split squat was used in both groups, with training structure and movement pattern matched between conditions. Performance was assessed before and after the intervention using 10-m and 30-m linear sprint tests, the T-test, Pro-agility test, Arrowhead change-of-direction test, and AFL-derived change-of-direction tasks performed without and with the ball. Intervention effects were analysed using Bayesian repeated-measures analysis of variance, with evidence for the group × time interaction quantified using inclusion Bayes factors (BFincl).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The FRT group showed greater improvements than the TRT group in the T-test (BFincl = 135.96), Pro-agility test (BFincl = 107.01), Arrowhead-L (BFincl = 34.55), Arrowhead-R (BFincl = 25.63), and AFL-derived COD task without the ball (BFincl = 17.33). Evidence for an interaction was moderate for the AFL-derived COD task with the ball (BFincl = 3.24), anecdotal for the 10-m sprint (BFincl = 2.52), and favoured no interaction for the 30-m sprint (BFincl = 0.64).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Under matched unilateral movement conditions, flywheel resistance training was associated with greater reductions in completion time than traditional resistance training across several pre-planned COD tasks in high-level male soccer players. However, this pattern was less consistent for linear sprinting and the ball-constrained AFL-derived COD task, suggesting task-specific transfer of training adaptation.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT07567677. Retrospectively registered on 28 April 2026.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13679102/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between sport competition rumination and sport-specific achievement motivation levels among professional athletes in Turkey.","authors":"Mesut Bulut, Metin Yildiz, Mustafa Kizilkoca, Gürkan Tokgöz, Buğra Can","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01899-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-01899-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Rumination is a cognitive process characterized by the development of repetitive and difficult-to-control thoughts regarding negative experiences. The aim of this study is to examine the cross-sectional association between sports competition rumination and sport-specific achievement motivation levels among professional athletes actively competing in team sports in Turkey, and to investigate whether these levels differ according to gender, age, sport discipline and sports experience.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 657 professional athletes (289 women, 368 men) with a mean age of 21.88 ± 5.53 years participated in the study. Data collection tools included a demographic information form, the \"Sports Competition Rumination Scale,\" and the \"Sport-Specific Achievement Motivation Scale.\" Data analysis involved the Independent Samples t-test for pairwise comparisons, ANOVA for multi-group comparisons, and the Tukey post-hoc test. Relationships between the scales were assessed using Pearson correlation analysis, while the statistical association between rumination and achievement motivation was evaluated using regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>It was determined that levels of sports competition rumination showed significant differences according to the variables of gender, age, sport discipline, and years of participation in sports. Significant differences in sport-specific achievement motivation levels were also identified based on age and sport discipline. Correlation analysis results indicated a positive and low-level significant relationship between sports competition rumination and sport-specific achievement motivation (r = 0.105; p < 0.01). According to the results of the regression analysis, it was determined that sports competition rumination shows a low-level and positive association with achievement motivation (R² = 0.011; p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The research findings reveal a low-level yet significant positive relationship between sports competition rumination and sport-specific achievement motivation. This result suggests that athletes' post-competition cognitive processes may have a limited but significant relationship with their success orientations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13681821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149225342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinematics and muscle activation of the lower limb during barefoot and flip-flop running.","authors":"Chun Wai Wong, Chia-Ming Chang, Ying-Che Tseng, Chih-Wei Chen, Hsiu-Chen Lin","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01870-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-01870-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Flip-flop and barefoot running are increasingly common; however, their biomechanical effects remain unclear. This study examined lower-limb kinematics and muscle activation during treadmill running under barefoot, conventional flip-flop, Y-Sandal, and shod conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixteen volunteers were recruited to run on a treadmill under four footwear conditions at three speeds. A three-dimensional motion capture system was used to collect kinematic data, and the activities of the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus muscles were simultaneously recorded using a wireless electromyography system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Barefoot running was associated with higher cadence, whereas the Y-Sandal condition was associated with the shortest stance duration. The conventional flip-flop condition was associated with greater sagittal-plane hip motion compared with the Y-Sandal and shod conditions. The barefoot and conventional flip-flop conditions were associated with similar ankle and forefoot movement patterns in sagittal and frontal planes, whereas the Y-Sandal and shod conditions produced different patterns. Furthermore, significantly higher lower-leg muscle activation was observed under the conventional flip-flop and Y-Sandal conditions compared with the barefoot and shod conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Footwear design significantly affects running biomechanics and neuromuscular strategies. Although barefoot running promotes a higher cadence, thong-style footwear increases the demand on the distal musculature. The specific design features of the Y-Sandal appear to mitigate the compensatory kinematic strategies typically observed with conventional flip-flops, resulting in movement patterns that more closely resemble those observed during shod running. These findings highlight the distinct neuromuscular demands and kinematic adaptations associated with different footwear interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682091/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149225276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and preliminary agreement of a lower-volume, pool-based incremental swimming protocol in trained male university swimmers: a pilot study.","authors":"Merve Senol Aydogan, Ani Agopyan, Erdem Uylas, Erkan Tortu, Erkan Gunay","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01890-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-01890-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lower-volume pool-based protocols may help coaches and sport scientists monitor selected swimming responses with less disruption to routine training. This pilot study examined the operational feasibility of the Distance and Speed Incremental Swimming Test (DSIST_{50-100-150-200 m}) and its preliminary agreement with the 7 × 200 m incremental step test (IST_{7 × 200 m}) in trained male university swimmers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten trained male university swimmers completed pool-based field testing, including the IST_{7 × 200 m}, DSIST_{50-100-150-200 m}, and a supportive 200 m freestyle time trial. The main DSIST_{50-100-150-200 m} -IST_{7 × 200 m} comparison focused on corresponding 200 m efforts. Completion time, swimming velocity, stroke-mechanics variables, highest recorded post-exercise heart rate, post-exercise blood lactate concentration ([La⁻]post), lactate change (Δ[La⁻]), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed. Paired comparisons used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Holm adjustment. Preliminary agreement was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean swimming velocity was close between the DSIST_{50-100-150-200 m} and IST_{7 × 200 m} protocols (1.41 ± 0.12 vs. 1.39 ± 0.12 m·s⁻¹), with no Holm-adjusted evidence of a systematic difference. Swimming velocity showed good preliminary agreement (ICC (2,1) = 0.81) and a small mean bias (0.018 m·s⁻¹; limits of agreement: -0.124 to 0.160 m·s⁻¹). Completion time showed poor agreement (ICC (2,1) = 0.26) and wide limits of agreement (- 30.0 to 14.4 s). Kinematic outcomes showed stronger agreement estimates, with ICC values of 0.81-0.94. Highest recorded post-exercise HR was not significantly different between different between the DSIST_{50-100-150-200} m and IST_{7 × 200 m} protocols (181.0 ± 3.36 vs. 184.8 ± 6.8 beats·min⁻¹; Holm-adjusted p = 1.00) but showed poor agreement. [La⁻] post and RPE showed moderate agreement, whereas Δ[La⁻] showed poor agreement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The DSIST_{50-100-150-200 m} was feasible and showed preliminary agreement with the IST_{7 × 200 m} for swimming velocity and selected segment-based stroke-mechanics outcomes. Its lower-volume structure may support practical monitoring of selected performance and technical indicators with reduced testing burden. However, weaker agreement for completion time, HRpeak, and lactate-change responses indicates that the DSIST_{50-100-150-200 m} should not be considered a direct substitute for the IST_{7 × 200 m} or a criterion measure of aerobic capacity. Larger studies with repeated trials, counterbalanced test orders, and physiological criterion measures are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between concussion, well-being, and personality characteristics among collegiate athletes in collision sports.","authors":"Ryunosuke Ogusu, Masafumi Terada, Tadashi Suga, Hayato Tsukamoto, Yuki Kusagawa, Tadao Isaka","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01897-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-01897-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sport-related concussion has been associated with adverse psychological outcomes such as anxiety and depression. However, little is known about how concussion history relates to broader psychosocial functioning, including well-being and personality traits that influence long-term psychosocial adaptation. Clarifying these associations may provide insight into individual variability in recovery and the potential long-term psychosocial consequences of concussion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare well-being and personality traits among collision-sport athletes with concussion history, those without concussion history, and non-athletes. As an exploratory objective, we examined whether the number of previous concussions was associated with well-being and personality traits among collegiate student-athletes with concussion history.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-two male collision-sport athletes with concussion history, 33 male collision-sport athletes without concussion history, and 38 healthy male non-athlete controls participated. Participants completed self-reported questionnaires using an online survey form. Well-being was assessed using measures of psychological well-being, affective well-being, and life satisfaction. Personality traits were evaluated using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Group differences were examined using analysis of covariance adjusted for age and General Health Questionnaire-12 score. Exploratory associations between the number of previous concussions and well-being or personality traits were examined among athletes with concussion history.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Collegiate student-athletes with a history of concussion had significantly lower Personal Growth, a subscale of psychological well-being, and Empathic Concern, a subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, compared with athletes without concussion history (both adjusted p = .006). Compared with non-athletes, athletes with concussion history had significantly lower scores for Personal Growth, Agreeableness, and Empathic Concern (adjusted p = .011, .002, and .006, respectively), with Agreeableness representing a subscale of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. In the exploratory analysis, no significant associations remained between the number of previous concussions and well-being or personality traits after Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings indicate that collision-sport athletes with concussion history may be associated with lower levels of well-being and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Further research is needed using a prospective cohort design to track well-being and personality changes following concussion to understand the psychosocial consequence of sport-related concussion.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13681747/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}