npj Flexible Electronics最新文献

{"title":"Universal hydrogel adhesives with robust chain entanglement for bridging soft electronic materials","authors":"Yejin Jo, Yurim Lee, Jeong Hyun Heo, Yeonzu Son, Tae Young Kim, Kijun Park, Soye Kim, Seo Jung Kim, Yoonhee Jin, Seongjun Park, Jungmok Seo","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00327-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00327-x","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring stable integration of diverse soft electronic components for reliable operation under dynamic conditions is crucial. However, integrating soft electronics, comprising various materials like polymers, metals, and hydrogels, poses challenges due to their different mechanical and chemical properties. This study introduces a dried-hydrogel adhesive made of poly(vinyl alcohol) and tannic acid multilayers (d-HAPT), which integrates soft electronic materials through moisture-derived chain entanglement. d-HAPT is a thin (~1 µm) and highly transparent (over 85% transmittance in the visible light region) adhesive, showing robust bonding (up to 3.6 MPa) within a short time (<1 min). d-HAPT demonstrates practical application in wearable devices, including a hydrogel touch panel and strain sensors. Additionally, the potential of d-HAPT for use in implantable electronics is demonstrated through in vivo neuromodulation and electrocardiographic recording experiments while confirming its biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. It is expected that d-HAPT will provide a reliable platform for integrating soft electronic applications.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00327-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141602778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly conductive polymer electrodes for polymer light-emitting diodes","authors":"Jin Xu, Ke Du, Feng Peng, Zhenzhong Sun, Zhiming Zhong, Weiji Feng, Lei Ying","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00324-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00324-0","url":null,"abstract":"Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) offer the advantage of flexibility; however, the use of traditional transparent anode ITO limits further extension of their flexible characteristics. In this study, we propose employing an polymer polybenzodifuranedione (PBFDO) as a flexible transparent anode instead of the rigid ITO. To address the issue encountered during the PBFDO solution spin-coating process, we introduced n-butanol into the PBFDO conductive solution to reduce its viscosity and freezing point by modulating intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. Consequently, high-quality PBFDO films with high conductivity, superior transmittance, and low surface roughness were successfully obtained via spin-coating. Moreover, due to its proper work function, regular molecular stacking, and low refractive index properties, PBFDO electrode facilitate efficient carrier injection and transport as well as photon extraction. The resulting device utilizing a PBFDO anode combined with Super Yellow as the light-emitting layer exhibited excellent performance characteristics including a normal threshold voltage of 2.6 V and a maximum luminous efficiency of 12.8 cd A−1 comparable to that device based on the ITO electrode. Furthermore, flexible device also achieved satisfactory performance (7.7 cd A−1) when using the PEN substrate.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":12.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00324-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141448062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilient, environment tolerant and biocompatible electroluminescent devices with enhanced luminance based on compliant and self-adhesive electrodes","authors":"Ya Lu, Yuanyuan Chen, Haoyu Sun, Fang Deng, Changtong Mei, Xinwu Xu, Qinglin Wu, Huining Xiao, Yiying Yue, Jingquan Han","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00322-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00322-2","url":null,"abstract":"Electroluminescent (EL) devices are of great significance for expanding the application range of optoelectronics. However, the realization of EL devices with environment-tolerance, stretchability, mechanical cycling stability, self-adhesion, biocompatibility, and high dielectric constant still remains a challenge. Herein, a type of EL device with enhanced comprehensive performances composing of a chlorinated barium titanate/phosphor/polydimethylsiloxane (Cl-BT/phosphor/PDMS) luminescent layer sandwiched between two silver nanowire-cellulose nanocrystal with II crystalline allomorph/Triton X-100 modified polydimethylsiloxane (AgNW-CNC II/TX-PDMS) electrodes fabricated through a full solution-processing strategy is proposed. Environmentally-friendly CNC II with high transmittance acts as an antioxidant, dispersant and film-former for AgNWs. The hydrophilic modification of TX to PDMS imparts the electrodes with self-adhesion, high stretchability, as well as strong interfacial bonding between TX-PDMS and AgNW-CNC II. The electrodes achieve skin-like modulus by adjusting TX content, endowing the EL devices with a high compliance (186 kPa of Young’s modulus). The luminescent layer with Cl-BT exhibits a high dielectric constant (19) and luminance (up to 72 cd m−2). The assembled EL device with excellent cyclic stability (luminance retention 85% after 400 cycles), durability (luminance retention >94% after 400 min) and stretchability (88% luminance at 200% strain) can work properly at broad temperatures (−20 ~ 70 °C) and underwater. This biocompatible and self-adhesive EL device demonstrates great potential for implantable biomedical devices and wearable displays under harsh environments.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00322-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141329458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uniaxial extending neural probes for bleeding-absent implantation","authors":"Xueyang Ren, Wen Bai, Shisheng Chen, Yuehui Yuan, Xiaodong Shao, Xuefei Zhu, Li Wang, Qin Jiang, Benhui Hu","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00323-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00323-1","url":null,"abstract":"Implantable neural probes, essential for brain electrophysiological research, have advanced with ultra-flexible designs to mitigate immune responses and postoperative complications. Strategies of shuttle-assisted implantation and temporary stiffening address issues in penetrating these probes into the target region, avoiding undesired bending. However, the risk of intraoperative bleeding remains due to these implants’ necessary rigidity during insertion. Here, we describe a neural probe with mechanical compliance accompanying self-implantation along the principal axis in the absence of bleeding. Crucial to the behavior is its anisotropic relaxation, which is dominated by the cross-sectional in-plane deformation inhibition due to interchain interactions between the parallel backbones in the globally aligned polymer system. We observed the ensured upright insertion of the probe into the brain while avoiding angiorrhexis with a two-photon microscope and a high-speed camera. The probes permit electrophysiological studies with minimal foreign body responses and imageological compatibility, underscoring their clinical potential.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00323-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141326804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An artificial intelligence-assisted microfluidic colorimetric wearable sensor system for monitoring of key tear biomarkers","authors":"Zihu Wang, Yan Dong, Xiaoxiao Sui, Xingyan Shao, Kangshuai Li, Hao Zhang, Zhenyuan Xu, Dongzhi Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00321-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00321-3","url":null,"abstract":"The precise, simultaneous, and rapid detection of essential biomarkers in human tears is imperative for monitoring both ocular and systemic health. The utilization of a wearable colorimetric biochemical sensor exhibits potential in achieving swift and concurrent detection of pivotal biomarkers in tears. Nevertheless, challenges arise in the collection, interpretation, and sharing of data from the colorimetric sensor, thereby restricting the practical implementation of this technology. To overcome these challenges, this research introduces an artificial intelligence-assisted wearable microfluidic colorimetric sensor system (AI-WMCS) for rapid, non-invasive, and simultaneous detection of key biomarkers in human tears, including vitamin C, H+(pH), Ca2+, and proteins. The sensor consists of a flexible microfluidic epidermal patch that collects tears and facilitates the colorimetric reaction, and a deep-learning neural network-based cloud server data analysis system (CSDAS) embedded in a smartphone enabling color data acquisition, interpretation, auto-correction, and display. To enhance accuracy, a well-trained multichannel convolutional recurrent neural network (CNN-GRU) corrects errors in the interpreted concentration data caused by varying pH and color temperature in different measurements. The test set determination coefficients (R2) of 1D-CNN-GRU for predicting pH and 3D-CNN-GRU for predicting the other three biomarkers were as high as 0.998 and 0.994, respectively. This correction significantly improves the accuracy of the predicted concentration, enabling accurate, simultaneous, and quick detection of four critical tear biomarkers using only minute amounts of tears ( ~ 20 μL). This research demonstrates the powerful integration of a flexible microfluidic colorimetric biosensor and deep-learning algorithm, which holds immense potential to revolutionize the fields of health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00321-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141315534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible yet impermeable composites with wrinkle structured BNNSs assembling for high-performance thermal management","authors":"Guilei Guo, Yijie Liu, Yafei Ding, Wenjie Liu, Guimei Zhu, Xiaoli Hao, Xingyi Huang, Jianfei Xia, Baowen Li, Tong-Yi Zhang, Bin Sun","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00320-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00320-4","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient thermal management has become one of the most critical issues of electronics because of the high heat flux generated from highly integrated, miniaturized, and increased power. Here we report highly flexible composites with aligned and overlapping interconnected boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) assembled in wrinkle structures. Besides high in-plane thermal conductivity of more than 26.58 W m−1 K−1, such structure rendered enhanced through-plane conduction along with increasing pre-stain. As thermal interface materials (TIMs) of both rigid and flexible devices, the composites revealed an outstanding thermal cooling capability outperforming some commercial TIMs. During a record-long bending process of more than 3000 cycles, the maximum temperature fluctuation of the flexible device with 100%-prestrained composite was only within 0.9 °C, less than one-third of that with commercial thermal pad. Moreover, the composite revealed a superior impermeability for flexible seals. Our results illustrate that the composites could be an ideal candidate for the thermal management of emerging flexible electronics.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00320-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141185245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The applications of flexible electronics in dental, oral, and craniofacial medicine","authors":"Kang-Ning Wang, Zi-Zhan Li, Ze-Min Cai, Lei-Ming Cao, Nian-Nian Zhong, Bing Liu, Kan Zhou, Fang-Yi Huo, Bo Cai, Lin-Lin Bu","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00318-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00318-y","url":null,"abstract":"Dental, oral, and craniofacial diseases jeopardize health and reduce the quality of life. Accessing disease-related signals in advance is beneficial to prevent the occurrence or progression of those diseases. However, the inconvenience of periodical in-hospital examinations and the difficulty of sustaining daily health monitoring challenge personal compliance and possibly lead to limited prevention or treatment. Medical flexible electronics are electric devices fabricated on soft and extensible substrates to fit the human skin and enable non-invasive continuous monitoring of biophysical/biochemical signals. They provide the possibility of long-term, continuous, comfortable, and wireless healthcare monitoring and are expected to alleviate time and economic consumption by avoiding in-hospital examinations and treatment. Therefore, flexible electronics have emerged for early diagnosis and disease monitoring in stomatology. It is noteworthy that special biophysical/biochemical characteristics and the environment of dental, oral, and craniofacial areas bring distinct challenges that flexible electronics need to address ingeniously to ensure their stability, selectivity, and sensitivity. This review summaries flexible electronics and their specificity when used in dental, oral, and craniofacial applications, including monitoring saliva or cavity-gas related biosignals, sensing the mechanical fluctuation from facial muscle/respiratory activities or orthodontic forces, and executing special functions in the prevention or postoperative recovery of relevant diseases. Furthermore, after analyzing current challenges and proposing potential solutions, the “5I” principles of imperceptibility, intelligence, individualization, integration, and inexpensiveness are presented to help guide the future development of flexible electronics and promote their commercialization for dental, oral, and craniofacial medicine.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00318-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141165069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miniaturized all-in-one microneedle device for point of care light therapy","authors":"Huiting Zhao, Xu Wang, Jiyuan Xiong, Guomin Liang, Xin Wu, Jiyu Xi, Yu Zhang, Zixi Li, Xiaoming Hu, Zewen Wei","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00317-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00317-z","url":null,"abstract":"Light therapies have been applied to millions of patients for treating many kinds of diseases, especially superficial ones. Currently, mainstream light therapies utilize the combined effects of photosensitizers and light to either remove disordered tissue or promote the growth of healthy tissue. Adverse effects of light therapy, including metabolic burden caused by circulatory photosensitizer and skin damage induced by high irradiance light, are yet to be addressed. This study provides a Miniaturized all-in-one Light therapy Device (MiLD). All components required for light therapy, including dual-function microneedles, LED array, control circuit, and battery are integrated together to form a miniaturized portable device with 2 cm in length, 1.7 cm in width, 1.2 cm in height, and 3.6 g in weight. The all-in-one design and patch-to-cure operation of MiLD enables the successful demonstration of point-of-care light therapy. Satisfactory therapeutic effects have been verified in mice on both types of light therapy. Meanwhile, transdermally co-delivering both photosensitizer and light in situ fully avoids photosensitizer accumulation in blood and remarkably reduces the irradiance of light, therefore significantly alleviating metabolic burden and light-induced skin damage. Overall, the MiLD lays the technical foundation of point-of-care light therapy with its miniaturized all-in-one design, simple patch-to-cure operation, satisfactory therapeutic effects, and minimum adverse effects.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00317-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141165078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrastable and flexible glass−ceramic scintillation films with reduced light scattering for efficient X−ray imaging","authors":"Ruizi Li, Weiguo Zhu, Haoyang Wang, Yitong Jiao, Yuan Gao, Ruikun Gao, Riheng Wang, Hongxiao Chao, Aimin Yu, Xiaowang Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00319-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00319-x","url":null,"abstract":"The thickness of the scintillation films in indirect X−ray detectors can significantly influence their luminescence intensity. However, due to the scattering and attenuation of incoherent photons, thick scintillation films tend to reduce light yield. Herein, a highly transparent perovskite glass−ceramic scintillation film, in which the CsPbBr3 nanocrystals are in-situ grown inside a transparent amorphous polymer structure, is designed to achieve ultrastable and efficient X-ray imaging. The crystal coordination−topology growth and in−situ film formation strategy is proposed to control the crystal growth and film thickness, which can prevent light scattering and non−uniform distribution of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals while providing sufficient film thickness to absorb X−ray, thus enabling a high−quality glass−ceramic scintillator without agglomeration and Ostwald ripening. This glass−ceramic scintillation film with a thickness of 250 μm achieves a low detection limit of 326 nGyair s−1 and a high spatial resolution of 13.9 lp mm−1. More importantly, it displays remarkable scintillation stability under X−ray irradiation (radiation intensity can still reach 95% at 278 μGyair s−1 for 3600 s), water soaking (150 days), and high−temperature storage (150 days at 60 °C). Hence, this work presents a approach to construct ultrastable and flexible scintillation films for X−ray imaging with reduced light scattering and improved resolution.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00319-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141079123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MXene-based flexible electronic materials for wound infection detection and treatment","authors":"Yanling Hu, Fangfang Wang, Hui Ye, Jingai Jiang, Shengke Li, Baoying Dai, Jiahui Li, Jun Yang, Xuejiao Song, Junjie Zhang, Yannan Xie, Li Gao, Dongliang Yang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-024-00312-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41528-024-00312-4","url":null,"abstract":"Wound infection is a worldwide health issue that not only brings large detrimental effects to people’s physical and mental health, but also causes substantial economic burdens to society. By using traditional surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy, patients generally suffer more pain and are at risk of recurring infections. Thus, the development of non-antibiotic treatment methods is desperately needed. Currently, the emerging of flexible wound dressings with physiological signal detection, inactivated infectious pathogen, and wound-healing promoting properties has exhibited immense potential for the treatment of infected wound. Among various dressings, MXene‐based flexible electronic materials as wound dressings with special electroactive, mechanical, photophysical, and biological performances possess a broad application prospect in healthcare. In this review, the challenges of infected wound management are introduced. Next, the types of MXene-based flexible materials and wound infection features are outlined. Then the recent advance of MXene-based flexible materials for infected wound detection and treatment is summarized. Lastly, the predicaments, prospects, and future directions of MXene-based flexible materials for infected wound management are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-024-00312-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140907411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}