npj Flexible Electronics最新文献

An ultrastretchable and multifunctional hydrophobic/electrostatic dual-crosslinked hydrogel for self-healing flexible touch panel and sensor 一种超可伸缩多功能疏水/静电双交联水凝胶，用于自修复柔性触摸面板和传感器

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00422-7

Yichen Li, Fan Jiang, Xiang Li, Yiqian Wu, Yue Wang, Haoyu Peng, Jing Peng, Jiuqiang Li, Maolin Zhai

{"title":"An ultrastretchable and multifunctional hydrophobic/electrostatic dual-crosslinked hydrogel for self-healing flexible touch panel and sensor","authors":"Yichen Li, Fan Jiang, Xiang Li, Yiqian Wu, Yue Wang, Haoyu Peng, Jing Peng, Jiuqiang Li, Maolin Zhai","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00422-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00422-7","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogels have emerged as promising candidates for the next generation of flexible electronics for human-machine interaction, owing to their excellent biocompatibility, safety, and flexibility. In this work, a novel hydrophobic/electrostatic dual-crosslinked hydrogel, polyacrylic acid-divinylbenzene-liquid metal (PAAD-LM) hydrogel, was synthesized for the first time by a facile one-step γ-radiation method. PAAD-LM hydrogel exhibits remarkable stretchability (elongation at break of 5257 ± 170%, areal strain of > 7000% without break), self-healing capability, and excellent responsiveness as flexible touch panel and strain sensor. The hydrogel-based device demonstrates versatile functionalities, including painting, keyboard and mouse control applications, high-sensitivity recording of various human body movement signals, and VR smart gloves. The function of the hydrogel-based device is converted successfully through circuit and program design. With its stretchable and self-healing properties, PAAD-LM hydrogel holds great potential for advanced multifunctional wearable electronic devices. This work also provides novel insights into the synthesis of high-tensile, sensitive and multifunctional hydrogels.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144066223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deep learning-developed multi-light source discrimination capability of stretchable capacitive photodetector 深度学习开发了可拉伸电容式光电探测器的多光源识别能力

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00400-z

Su Bin Choi, Jun Sang Choi, Hyun Sik Shin, Jeong-Won Yoon, Youngmin Kim, Jong-Woong Kim

{"title":"Deep learning-developed multi-light source discrimination capability of stretchable capacitive photodetector","authors":"Su Bin Choi, Jun Sang Choi, Hyun Sik Shin, Jeong-Won Yoon, Youngmin Kim, Jong-Woong Kim","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00400-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00400-z","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce a novel stretchable photodetector with enhanced multi-light source detection, capable of discriminating light sources using artificial intelligence (AI). These features highlight the application potential of deep learning enhanced photodetectors in applications that require accurate for visual light communication (VLC). Experimental results showcased its excellent potential in real-world traffic system. This photodetector, fabricated using a composite structure of silver nanowires (AgNWs)/zinc sulfide (ZnS)-polyurethane acrylate (PUA)/AgNWs, maintained stable performance under 25% tensile strain and 2 mm bending radius. It shows high sensitivity at both 448 and 505 nm wavelengths, detecting light sources under mechanical deformations, different wavelengths and frequencies. By integrating a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) model, we classified the light source power level with 96.52% accuracy even the light of two wavelengths is mixed. The model’s performance remains consistent across flat, bent, and stretched states, setting a precedent for flexible electronics combined with AI in dynamic environments.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144066224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fibre-based organic electrochemical transistors: principle, evaluation, and application 基于纤维的有机电化学晶体管：原理、评价和应用

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-05-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00417-4

Yingying Huang, Zhijun Hu, Shouwen Zhu, Bo Fang

{"title":"Fibre-based organic electrochemical transistors: principle, evaluation, and application","authors":"Yingying Huang, Zhijun Hu, Shouwen Zhu, Bo Fang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00417-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00417-4","url":null,"abstract":"Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are emerging organic semiconducting devices intensively used in biological detection, environmental monitoring, biomimetic electronics, and computing circuits, due to the high transconductance, low working voltage, and exceptional biocompatibility. Most reported OECTs are based on planar structures built by two dimensional (2D) semiconducting materials, which have found great challenges of rigid architecture, complicated fabrication, and small-scale production. To improve overall performance and extend the use of OECTs into wearables, integralization, miniaturization, and intellectualization, researchers have made intensive efforts to use 1D conducting polymer fibres as active channel for building new breed of fibre-based OECTs, namely F-OECTs. Here we present the research progress of F-OECTs along three lines: working principles, evaluation methods, and applications. Covering from P-type polymer to N-type polymer, various kinds of conducting polymers have been processed into channel materials of F-OECTs through mainstream wet spinning methods. The prepared F-OECTs have been widely used in in vivo recording, in vitro detection, neuromorphic sensing, and logical circuits. To conclude this review, we summarized current challenges in terms of performance optimization and material innovation, further suggesting possible solutions. This review could provide guidance for understanding the working principles of F-OECTs, designing high-performance F-OECTs, and fabricating advanced electronics.<figure></figure>","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143932426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanically alignable and all-dispenser-printable device design platform for carbon nanotube-based soft-deformable photo-thermoelectric broadband imager sheets 基于碳纳米管的软变形光热电宽带成像仪片的机械校准和全点胶打印装置设计平台

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00419-2

Minami Yamamoto, Daiki Sakai, Yuto Matsuzaki, Leo Takai, Yukito Kon, Yuto Aoshima, Noa Izumi, Naoko Hagiwara, Hayato Hamashima, Daiki Shikichi, Junyu Jin, Qi Zhang, Kohei Murakami, Yuya Kinoshita, Satsuki Yasui, Norika Takahashi, Hajime Nishiyama, Yukio Kawano, Kou Li

{"title":"Mechanically alignable and all-dispenser-printable device design platform for carbon nanotube-based soft-deformable photo-thermoelectric broadband imager sheets","authors":"Minami Yamamoto, Daiki Sakai, Yuto Matsuzaki, Leo Takai, Yukito Kon, Yuto Aoshima, Noa Izumi, Naoko Hagiwara, Hayato Hamashima, Daiki Shikichi, Junyu Jin, Qi Zhang, Kohei Murakami, Yuya Kinoshita, Satsuki Yasui, Norika Takahashi, Hajime Nishiyama, Yukio Kawano, Kou Li","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00419-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00419-2","url":null,"abstract":"While photo-thermoelectric (PTE) sensors and their ultrabroadband monitoring facilitate non-destructive testing, their conventional fabrication is insufficient for high-yield integration. Specifically, PTE devices faced challenges in their crucial spatial-misalignment for separate fabrication processes per constituent. Herein, this work demonstrates mechanically alignable and all-dispenser-printable integration of carbon nanotube (CNT) functional PTE sensor devices by designing them with solution-processable ink-materials. This technique first accurately prints CNT channels, essential in PTE conversion, using higher-concentration inks, and integrates remaining constituents (dopants and conductive pastes) into single device structures at high-yield. This work further demonstrates that employing higher-concentration CNT inks, suitable for mechanical channel printing, also designs sensitive PTE sensors. These sensors serve stably as integrated devices on diverse functional substrates, facilitating ubiquitous non-destructive monitoring depending on features. Therefore, this work designs such CNT PTE integrated devices and the associated functional inspection appropriately for structures, sizes, and external environments (e.g., temperature and humidity) of monitoring targets.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Piezoelectric ion gated organic electrochemical transistors for efficient vibration sensing and on-site amplification 用于高效振动传感和现场放大的压电离子门控有机电化学晶体管

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00418-3

Linta Sohail, Sofia Drakopoulou, Tiago L. Costa, George D. Spyropoulos

{"title":"Piezoelectric ion gated organic electrochemical transistors for efficient vibration sensing and on-site amplification","authors":"Linta Sohail, Sofia Drakopoulou, Tiago L. Costa, George D. Spyropoulos","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00418-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00418-3","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate detection of physiological vibrations is vital for monitoring health and enabling sensory feedback in bioelectronics. Current technologies often suffer from low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), bulkiness, and the need for external amplification. Here, we introduce piezoelectric internal ion-gated organic electrochemical transistors (Piezo-IGTs), which efficiently convert mechanical vibrations into amplified electrical signals. These devices integrate laminated P(VDF-TrFE) microfiber films as the gate atop the transistor channel, generating voltage upon deformation to modulate mobile ions in the conducting polymer. Fabricated via sequential deposition and lamination, Piezo-IGTs achieve high fill factors and efficient on-site amplification, improving SNR over standalone piezoelectric films. They operate near 0 V gate voltage, enabling low-power performance. We validate their functionality in mechanomyography, speech recognition, and mechanocardiography using microscale Piezo-IGTs. This self-contained, flexible architecture demonstrates promise for integration into implantable and wearable systems, offering real-time, high-fidelity acquisition of bio-mechanical signals in next-generation health monitoring and neuroprosthetic applications.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Programmable high-sensitivity iontronic pressure sensors support broad human-interactive perception and identification 可编程的高灵敏度离子电子压力传感器支持广泛的人机交互感知和识别

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00420-9

Yue Huang, Shaoxiong Hu, Ying Li, Rui Wang, Yuchen Yang, Wei Zhu, Yuan Deng

{"title":"Programmable high-sensitivity iontronic pressure sensors support broad human-interactive perception and identification","authors":"Yue Huang, Shaoxiong Hu, Ying Li, Rui Wang, Yuchen Yang, Wei Zhu, Yuan Deng","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00420-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00420-9","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible pressure sensors are essential for human–machine interfaces and wearable devices, requiring accurate detection of diverse motion signals. However, challenges arise from material compressibility and mechanical limitations, hindering the development of sensors with both high sensitivity and wide sensing ranges, as well as the demand-driven designability. Here, iontronic sensors exhibiting distinct characteristics are developed via a skin-inspired gradient strategy with programmable performance of ultrahigh sensitivity (37,347.98 kPa−1) to 151.6 kPa or overall high sensitivity (130.93–1400.49 kPa−1) up to 956.7 kPa, capable of detecting both subtle arterial pulses and large motions like plantar pressure. Furthermore, the merit of ultrahigh sensitivity enables pressure sensors to record handwriting precisely and distinguish individual features, facilitating effective extraction of connotative information, and has been demonstrated in the proposed human-interactive system assisted with machine learning for individual authentication. The work provides valuable insight into reverse engineering of pressure sensors, promising benefits for broad intelligence applications.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Long-term stability strategies of deep brain flexible neural interface 脑深部柔性神经界面的长期稳定策略

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00410-x

Shiya Lv, Zhaojie Xu, Fan Mo, Yu Wang, Yiming Duan, Yaoyao Liu, Luyi Jing, Jin Shan, Qianli Jia, Mingchuan Wang, Siyu Zhang, Yu Liu, Juntao Liu, Jinping Luo, Yirong Wu, Mixia Wang, Yilin Song, Xinxia Cai

{"title":"Long-term stability strategies of deep brain flexible neural interface","authors":"Shiya Lv, Zhaojie Xu, Fan Mo, Yu Wang, Yiming Duan, Yaoyao Liu, Luyi Jing, Jin Shan, Qianli Jia, Mingchuan Wang, Siyu Zhang, Yu Liu, Juntao Liu, Jinping Luo, Yirong Wu, Mixia Wang, Yilin Song, Xinxia Cai","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00410-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00410-x","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible deep brain neural interfaces, as an important research direction in the field of neural engineering, have broad application prospects in areas such as neural signal detection, treatment of neurological diseases, and intelligent control systems. However, chronic inflammatory responses caused by long-term implantation and the resulting electrode failure seriously hinder the clinical development of this technology. This review systematically explores the long-term stability issues of flexible deep brain neural interfaces, with a focus on analyzing the synergistic optimization of electrode geometric morphology and implantation strategies in regulating inflammatory responses. Additionally, this paper delves into innovative strategies, such as passive enhancement of biocompatibility through electrode surface functionalization and active inhibition of inflammation through drug-controlled release systems, offering new technical paths to extend electrode lifespan. By integrating and reviewing existing innovative methods for deep brain flexible electrodes, this study provides an important theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the development of high-stability neural interface devices.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vertical textile microfluidics: advancing on-garment sweat sampling for real-time biosensing 垂直纺织微流体：推进服装汗液采样实时生物传感

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00416-5

Marina Galliani, Esma Ismailova, Pooya Azizian, Anatolii Makhinia, Joan M. Cabot

{"title":"Vertical textile microfluidics: advancing on-garment sweat sampling for real-time biosensing","authors":"Marina Galliani, Esma Ismailova, Pooya Azizian, Anatolii Makhinia, Joan M. Cabot","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00416-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00416-5","url":null,"abstract":"The identification of novel physiological biomarkers in sweat requires real-time sampling and analysis. Here, we present the microfabrication of epidermal microfluidics within textiles via stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing. Flexible SLA resin defines impermeable fluid-guiding microstructures in textile microfluidic modules. Their vertical stacking reduces device footprint and required sample volume, and facilitates on-body fluid collection, storage, and transport. Embedded internal modules act as a reservoir and injection valve, releasing a defined volume of sweat to the sensing unit. The pressure gradient across the modules provides a vertically distributed, capillary-driven sweat flow, guided by the wicking power of the textile structure. Their full integration into apparels offers non-cumulative flow through an extended air-liquid interface, ensuring continuous sweat transfer and evaporation. For real-time sweat analysis, we use a remotely screen-printed potassium (K+) ion detector. This modular approach provides fabric-integrated, mechanically ergonomic microfluidics with multi-parameter detection through rapid additive manufacturing for advanced point-of-care diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

End-of-Life usefulness of degradation by products from transient electronics 瞬态电子产品降解的终寿命有用性

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00411-w

Sofia Sandhu, Ravinder Dahiya

{"title":"End-of-Life usefulness of degradation by products from transient electronics","authors":"Sofia Sandhu, Ravinder Dahiya","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00411-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00411-w","url":null,"abstract":"Transient electronics, comprising of degradable devices that disintegrate and disappear after their operational life, has received considerable interest in recent years because of the concerns related to the rapidly growing electronic waste (e-waste). However, the degradability or biodegradability of electronic devices alone is insufficient to ascertain environmental safety. The evaluation of the nature of degradation by-products is also essential to assess the environmental impact of a degradable device. Herein, we investigate systematically the hydrolytic degradation by-products of two different types of devices viz. a capacitive pressure sensor and a photodetector, using liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry. The findings reveal that, despite the inherent degradability of constituent materials used in an electronic device, the released by-products can be toxic or could be complex molecules with unknown chemistry such as carcinogenic or contain almost non-degradable polystyrene derivatives/microplastic (e.g., from PEDOT:PSS), or have copper complexes resulting from degraded silk fibroin and poly(ethylene oxide) mass fragments. This analysis underlines the need for careful selection and reassessment of materials employed in transient electronics, as an important factor, to mitigate the end-of-life issues associated with electronics and its environmental impact.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143920288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Engineering flexible dopamine biosensors: blended EGylated conjugated and radical polymers in organic electrochemical transistors 工程柔性多巴胺生物传感器：有机电化学晶体管中混合的乙二醇化共轭聚合物和自由基聚合物

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00412-9

Dinh Cung Tien Nguyen, Quyen Vu Thi, Quynh H. Nguyen, Jaehyoung Ko, Hoyeon Lee, Bryan Boudouris, Seung-Yeol Jeon, Yongho Joo

{"title":"Engineering flexible dopamine biosensors: blended EGylated conjugated and radical polymers in organic electrochemical transistors","authors":"Dinh Cung Tien Nguyen, Quyen Vu Thi, Quynh H. Nguyen, Jaehyoung Ko, Hoyeon Lee, Bryan Boudouris, Seung-Yeol Jeon, Yongho Joo","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00412-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00412-9","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate an enhancement in the figure of merit (μC*) of a flexible organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) and its dopamine (DA) biosensor by blending various open-shell, non-conjugated radical polymers featuring nitroxide radical active sites as pendant groups with closed-shell, ethylene glycol (EG)-functionalized conjugated polymers as a macromolecular active layer system. The precisely controlled ionic transport of the OECT by the radical polymer modulated the doping level of the EGylated polymer, ensuring well-regulated redox activity and resulting in μC* values exceeding 192 F V-¹ cm-¹ s-¹, along with an on/off ratio of 104. Additionally, we achieved an ultrasensitive detection limit for DA at the clinically relevant level of 1 pM, along with exceptional specificity, effectively distinguishing DA even in the presence of a substantial excess of interfering substances. These findings underscore the potential of a systematic design approach for developing an advanced, flexible OECT-based biosensor platform through the strategic selection and processing of open- and closed-shell macromolecules.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143901455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0