npj Flexible Electronics最新文献

Waterproof and conductive tough fibers for washable e-textile

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00399-3

Hansu Kim, Jun-Gyu Choi, Taeyeon Oh, Inho Lee, Hyeongbeom Lee, Hanbit Jin, Chan-Hwa Hong, Hye Jin Kim, Tae-Wook Kim, Sungjun Park

{"title":"Waterproof and conductive tough fibers for washable e-textile","authors":"Hansu Kim, Jun-Gyu Choi, Taeyeon Oh, Inho Lee, Hyeongbeom Lee, Hanbit Jin, Chan-Hwa Hong, Hye Jin Kim, Tae-Wook Kim, Sungjun Park","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00399-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00399-3","url":null,"abstract":"Conductive fibers are essential for wearable electronics, especially in electronic textiles (e-textiles) used as skin-interfaced sensors and interconnects. Achieving sustainable e-textiles with integrated toughness, waterproofing, and washability remains challenging. We present waterproof conductive tough fibers (CTFs) fabricated via a scalable, continuous capillary tube-assisted coating (CTAC) process. The multilayered CTFs demonstrate a conductivity of 6.42 kS/cm, Young’s modulus of 6.22 MPa, toughness of 9.40 × 105 J/m3, and 70% strain at break. With lengths exceeding 20 m, a native oxide layer on the eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) shell ensures reliable waterproofing with the IPX8 standard. They also maintain consistent performance for 24 days water immersion and repeated washing up to 100 cycles, showing superior resistance retention compared to the EGaIn-absence fibers. As a proof-of-concept, they enable wireless power transfer and reliable monitoring of electrocardiogram and electromyogram signals, establishing a robust platform for sustainable e-textiles.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ultra-flexible graphene-metal nanomembrane for wireless applications

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00402-x

Jiejun Zhang, Haitao Jiang, Weida Hong, Qing Meng, Zhongying Xue, Miao Zhang, Paul K. Chu, Yongfeng Mei, Ziao Tian, Zengfeng Di

{"title":"Ultra-flexible graphene-metal nanomembrane for wireless applications","authors":"Jiejun Zhang, Haitao Jiang, Weida Hong, Qing Meng, Zhongying Xue, Miao Zhang, Paul K. Chu, Yongfeng Mei, Ziao Tian, Zengfeng Di","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00402-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00402-x","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of wireless communication raises the demand for flexible, high-performance RF antennas for wearable electronics and flexible communication devices. Traditional approaches focused on reducing the thickness of metal films to enhance flexibility which faces limitations due to the skin effect. Herein, a hybrid graphene-Au nanomembrane is produced by one-step delamination processes to address the limitations of traditional metal films, including flexibility and RF functionality. The graphene-Au nanomembrane features a bond-free van der Waals interface, allowing the Au layer move freely with graphene. This structure mitigates the formation of cracks, enhancing the stretchability to over 14% strain and fatigue resistance. Moreover, this composite overcomes the limitations associated with skin depth, consequently enabling an ultra-thin graphene-Au antenna operating at 8.5 GHz for 5 G communications. We also demonstrate wireless image transmission and electromagnetic stealth. The results underscore the significant impact of the innovative design and materials on flexible wireless technology.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143723242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vertically stacked all-organic ring-shaped pulse oximetry sensor with ultra-low power consumption and low-luminance operation 垂直堆叠全有机环形脉搏血氧仪传感器，具有超低功耗和低照度操作特性

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00395-7

Dongho Choi, Seunghee Lee, Hyeonwoo Lee, Ramakant Sharma, Junho Kim, Woochan Lee, Jaehyeok Park, Seunghyup Yoo

{"title":"Vertically stacked all-organic ring-shaped pulse oximetry sensor with ultra-low power consumption and low-luminance operation","authors":"Dongho Choi, Seunghee Lee, Hyeonwoo Lee, Ramakant Sharma, Junho Kim, Woochan Lee, Jaehyeok Park, Seunghyup Yoo","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00395-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00395-7","url":null,"abstract":"Health monitoring with wearable pulse oximetry (PO) paves the way for personalized, point-of-care health management. Organic PO (OPO) sensors are particularly promising for wearable POs due to their excellent compatibility with flexible, lightweight form factors and design freedom, enabling low power consumption comparable to or even surpassing that of conventional inorganic systems. However, further power reductions are crucial for wearable systems with limited onboard power, and achieving sufficient signal strength at minimal luminance is essential for extended operation. Here, we propose an OPO structure with both ultralow power consumption and low luminance operation. By combining a ring-shaped, vertically stacked two-color organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with a circular organic photodiode (OPD) filling the interior and exterior of the OLED ring, we demonstrate OPO sensors requiring only a few μW to drive the OLEDs and operable at a few tens of cd/m2, demonstrating potentials for continuous health monitoring with extended long-term operation.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143665924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Locomotion control of Cyborg insects by using ultra-thin, self-adhesive electrode film on abdominal surface

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00387-7

Shumpei Katayama, Keigo Ando, Sunghoon Lee, Zhi Jiang, Xiaodong Chen, Tomoyuki Yokota, Hirotaka Sato, Shinjiro Umezu, Kenjiro Fukuda, Takao Someya

引用次数: 0

Dynamic bendable display with sound integration using asymmetric strain control of actuators with flexible OLED

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00396-6

Ji Yoon Park, Jun Hyuk Shin, In Pyo Hong, Seungmin Nam, Sang Hyun Han, Su Seok Choi

{"title":"Dynamic bendable display with sound integration using asymmetric strain control of actuators with flexible OLED","authors":"Ji Yoon Park, Jun Hyuk Shin, In Pyo Hong, Seungmin Nam, Sang Hyun Han, Su Seok Choi","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00396-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00396-6","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible electronics demand multifunctional human-machine interfaces (HMIs) and organic user interfaces (OUIs). Existing deformable displays often rely on mechanical wires or hinges, limiting their thinness and flexibility. Incorporating sound features typically requires extra components, complicating design. In this study, we developed a lightweight, multifunctional display with a multi-shape bendable design and integrated sound capabilities. Using asymmetrical strain engineering on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), we achieved bidirectional and complex deformations through electrical signals, eliminating the need for mechanical hinges. The PVDF actuator enables simultaneous sound emission and intricate shape transformations through rapid actuation and vibration. This design maintains the thinness and flexibility of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology. By controlling strain through PVDF polarization and applied electric field, we realized varied shape transformations and integrated these functions into a practical 6-inch OLED display. This approach enhances the functionality of flexible displays, expanding possibilities for future applications in flexible electronics.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sensory interactive fibers and textiles

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00398-4

Huanhuan Liu, Yuyuan Shi, You Pan, Zhaohui Wang, Bingjie Wang

{"title":"Sensory interactive fibers and textiles","authors":"Huanhuan Liu, Yuyuan Shi, You Pan, Zhaohui Wang, Bingjie Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00398-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00398-4","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic textiles (e-textiles) have gradually emerged as a burgeoning industry, with the advancement of flexible electronic technology and the growing demand for personalization, convenience, and comfort. As the typical representative, sensory interactive e-textiles, integrated with visual, auditory, tactile, and other sensory experiences, have garnered significant attention in the next generation of wearable devices due to their outstanding performance and unique immersive interactive experience. To promote the practical application and better development of sensory interactive e-textiles, this paper reviews the research status of sensory interactive fibers and textiles in recent years, providing a detailed overview of functional fibers capable of achieving sensory interactive functions, categorizes system integration technologies for sensory interactive e-textiles, and summarizes the application scenarios of sensory interactive e-textiles. This review further delineates current design paradigms of e-textiles and proposes a novel design paradigm applicable to sensory interactive e-textiles. Finally, we clarify the challenges facing the future development of sensory interactive e-textiles and suggest vital research directions.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143598770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fully degradable, transparent, and flexible photodetectors using ZnO nanowires and PEDOT:PSS based nanofibres

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00385-9

Xenofon Karagiorgis, Nitheesh M. Nair, Sofia Sandhu, Abhishek Singh Dahiya, Peter J. Skabara, Ravinder Dahiya

{"title":"Fully degradable, transparent, and flexible photodetectors using ZnO nanowires and PEDOT:PSS based nanofibres","authors":"Xenofon Karagiorgis, Nitheesh M. Nair, Sofia Sandhu, Abhishek Singh Dahiya, Peter J. Skabara, Ravinder Dahiya","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00385-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00385-9","url":null,"abstract":"Transparent light detection devices are attractive for emerging see-through applications such as augmented reality, smart windows and optical communications using light fidelity (Li-Fi). Herein, we present flexible and transparent photodetectors (PDs) using conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS): Ag nanowires (NWs) based nanofibres and zinc oxide (ZnO) NWs on a transparent and degradable cellulose acetate (CA) substrate. The electrospun (PEDOT:PSS): Ag NW-based nanofibres exhibit a sheet resistance of 11 Ω/sq and optical transmittance of 79% (at 550 nm of wavelength). The PDs comprise of ZnO NWs, as photosensitive materials, bridging the electrode based on conductive nanofibres on CA substrate. The developed PDs exhibit high responsivity (1.10 ×106 A/W) and show excellent stability under dynamic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, and on both flat and curved surfaces. The eco-friendly PDs present here can degrade naturally at the end of life – thus offering an electronic waste-free solution for transparent electrodes and flexible optoelectronics applications.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ion dipole interaction and directional alignment enabled high piezoelectric property polyvinylidene fluoride for flexible electronics

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00393-9

Dinku Hazarika, Jiaqi Lu, Jianhui Wu, Muhammad Naeem Shah, Jie Li, Kaihang Zhang, Liangquan Xu, Chuanrui Chen, Zhen Cao, Hao Jin, Shurong Dong, Yuhui Huang, Qilong Zhang, Yongjun Wu, Jikui Luo

{"title":"Ion dipole interaction and directional alignment enabled high piezoelectric property polyvinylidene fluoride for flexible electronics","authors":"Dinku Hazarika, Jiaqi Lu, Jianhui Wu, Muhammad Naeem Shah, Jie Li, Kaihang Zhang, Liangquan Xu, Chuanrui Chen, Zhen Cao, Hao Jin, Shurong Dong, Yuhui Huang, Qilong Zhang, Yongjun Wu, Jikui Luo","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00393-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00393-9","url":null,"abstract":"Organic piezoelectric materials have attracted significant interest for applications in sensing, energy harvesting, and flexible electronics. However, its piezoelectric properties are yet to be improved. This study introduces a facile strategy to fabricate homogenous and dense polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films with high piezoelectric performance via anhydrous CaCl2 doping. The strong ion–dipole interaction between Ca2+ and F atoms, along with directional dipole alignment under an electric field at elevated temperature, as verified by molecular dynamics simulations and material characterizations. This results in an impressive β-phase content of 92.78% and a piezoelectric coefficient of 29.26 pm/V. A piezoelectric device fabricated from this PVDF film delivers an output voltage exceeding 12 V under external pressure and maintains stability over 60,000 cycles. When integrated with an LC resonant circuit, it functions as a wireless sensor for real-time motion monitoring. This scalable approach significantly advances piezoelectric polymer performance for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143569578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A computational unfolding-based design method for three-dimensional conformal electronic skin with adjustable mounting strain

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00397-5

Shihang Wang, Jie Jin, Weijie Liu, Zheng Xu, Deqing Mei, Yancheng Wang

{"title":"A computational unfolding-based design method for three-dimensional conformal electronic skin with adjustable mounting strain","authors":"Shihang Wang, Jie Jin, Weijie Liu, Zheng Xu, Deqing Mei, Yancheng Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00397-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00397-5","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional (3D) conformal electronic skins (E-skins) have been developed for matching the irregularly surfaces. The 3D conformal E-skins manufactured by direct-curved-surface or dimensional converting methods both need curved-surface calibration. With increase of units’ number and complication of mounting-surface morphology, curved-surface calibration becomes intricate. We report a universal cutting and distributing strategy for E-skins. The E-skin incorporates hierarchical and modular tactile sensors to match curvatures and sizes, thereby reducing mounting strain. This strategy enables curved-surface performance of 3D conformal E-skins to be characterized by flat-surface calibration results. An example is provided: Three-level sensors are utilized and calibrated on flat and curved surfaces. Performance variations reduce as sensor size decreases, and performance changes of level II and III sensing units are small after mounting. Their calibration results on curved surface are replaced by those on flat surface, proving low mounting strain facilitates 3D conformal E-skins to avoid complicated curved-surface calibration.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143575457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fully screen printed stretchable liquid metal multilayer circuits using green solvents and scalable water-spray sintering

IF 14.6 1区材料科学

npj Flexible Electronics Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-025-00394-8

Jin Shang, Mohsen Mohammadi, Jan Strandberg, Ioannis Petsagkourakis, Jessica Åhlin, Olle Hagel, Yangpeiqi Yi, Lars Herlogsson, Klas Tybrandt

{"title":"Fully screen printed stretchable liquid metal multilayer circuits using green solvents and scalable water-spray sintering","authors":"Jin Shang, Mohsen Mohammadi, Jan Strandberg, Ioannis Petsagkourakis, Jessica Åhlin, Olle Hagel, Yangpeiqi Yi, Lars Herlogsson, Klas Tybrandt","doi":"10.1038/s41528-025-00394-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00394-8","url":null,"abstract":"Stretchable circuits based on liquid metals are promising for wearables but the lack of scalable processes for sintering of printed liquid metal dispersions constitutes a challenge for large-area and high-volume manufacturing. In this work, materials and methods for fully screen printed stretchable liquid metal multilayer circuits have been developed. The ink is based on liquid metal droplets dispersed in the green solvent propylene glycol using the harmless dispersion agent polyvinylpyrrolidone. The development of a scalable water-spray sintering method in combination with ink optimization yielded highly conductive prints of ≈7.3 × 105 S/m. Interestingly, the printed conductors experienced a resistance increase of less than 10% during 50% strain cycling, which is far below the expected 125% increase due to the geometry factor. The process allows for printing of high-performance multilayer circuits, which is demonstrated by the development of printed stretchable near-field communication tags.","PeriodicalId":48528,"journal":{"name":"npj Flexible Electronics","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143546705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0