Current Epidemiology Reports最新文献_第2页

A Review of Causal Inference Methods for Estimating the Effects of Exposure Change when Incident Exposure Is Unobservable 事件暴露不可观测时估计暴露变化影响的因果推断方法综述

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00343-5

Fangyu Liu, Emilie D. Duchesneau, Jennifer L. Lund, John W. Jackson

{"title":"A Review of Causal Inference Methods for Estimating the Effects of Exposure Change when Incident Exposure Is Unobservable","authors":"Fangyu Liu, Emilie D. Duchesneau, Jennifer L. Lund, John W. Jackson","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00343-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00343-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Research questions on exposure change and health outcomes are both relevant to clinical and policy decision making for public health. Causal inference methods can help investigators answer questions about exposure change when the first or incident exposure is unobserved or not well defined. This review aims to help researchers conceive of helpful causal research questions about exposure change and understand various statistical methods for answering these questions to promote wider adoption of causal inference methods in research on exposure change outside the field of pharmacoepidemiology.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Epidemiologic studies examining exposure changes face challenges that can be addressed by causal inference methods, including target trial emulation. However, their application outside the field of pharmacoepidemiology is limited.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>In this review, we (a) illustrate considerations in defining an exposure change and defining the total and joint effects of an exposure change, (b) provide practical guidance on trial emulation design and data set-up for statistical analysis, (c) demonstrate four statistical methods that can estimate total and/or joint effects (structural conditional mean models, time-dependent matching, inverse probability weighting, and the parametric g-formula), and (d) compare the advantages and limitations of these statistical methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139928272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Clone-Censor-Weight Method in Pharmacoepidemiologic Research: Foundations and Methodological Implementation 药物流行病学研究中的克隆-审查-权重法：基础和方法实施

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2024-02-17 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00346-2

Charles E. Gaber, Kent A. Hanson, Sodam Kim, Jennifer L. Lund, Todd A. Lee, Eleanor J. Murray

{"title":"The Clone-Censor-Weight Method in Pharmacoepidemiologic Research: Foundations and Methodological Implementation","authors":"Charles E. Gaber, Kent A. Hanson, Sodam Kim, Jennifer L. Lund, Todd A. Lee, Eleanor J. Murray","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00346-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00346-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Over the past two decades, cautions have repeatedly been issued about the potential for immortal time bias in observational studies. This bias is particularly relevant in fields that routinely leverage large secondary databases such as pharmacoepidemiology. A variety of study design and analysis tools exist to prevent immortal time bias. A newer approach, the clone-censor-weight method, successfully eliminates the possibility for immortal time while maintaining a target trial emulation framework. We review the rationale for the clone-censor-weight approach, outline the steps for implementation, compare the method to other tools for handling immortal time, and describe how the method has been used in a convenience sample of applied studies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The clone-censor-weight method offers distinct advantages over other methods for handling immortal time bias, namely the retention of a target trial emulation framework. The clone-censor-weight method has been used across numerous substantive areas within pharmacoepidemiology, with variation in how the method is implemented.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>The clone-censor-weight method represents a rigorous approach for emulating a target trial and preventing immortal time bias. Many pharmacoepidemiologic studies would benefit from appropriate use of this method, though future work should illuminate the impact of different implementation choices.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139765317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Community Health Fairs and Cancer Prevention in Low-Resource Settings: A Global Perspective 社区健康博览会与低资源环境中的癌症预防：全球视角

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00345-3

Chelsea Branford, Prisca Regis-Andrew, Dorothy Phillip, Aviane Auguste

{"title":"Community Health Fairs and Cancer Prevention in Low-Resource Settings: A Global Perspective","authors":"Chelsea Branford, Prisca Regis-Andrew, Dorothy Phillip, Aviane Auguste","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00345-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00345-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Health fairs could increase screening uptake and ultimately contribute to reducing inequalities in cancer outcomes between low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and developed countries. Reviews on this topic have been limited to health fairs in the USA. In this paper, we review the scientific literature for evidence that support health fairs as a strategy to improve cancer prevention.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Studies across the USA consistently reported that health fairs were effective in providing cancer education and screening tests to historically marginalized groups. The studies reviewed were mostly observational and rarely reported data on health outcomes following the health fair. Nigeria, Honduras, Kenya and Uganda were the only countries outside of the USA identified from our review. Compared to the USA, these LMICs showed greater emphasis for promoting screening in the general population and self-administered cervical cancer screening.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Although the quality of scientific evidence is not convincing, health fairs appear to accelerate cancer prevention in historically marginalised groups. More robust research is needed to examine the role of health fairs in cancer prevention in LMICs; particularly, in small islands.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139583742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Thyroid Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiological Studies 接触多溴联苯醚与甲状腺疾病：流行病学研究的系统回顾和元分析

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00344-4

Yuxin Lin, Lili Yang, Manling Xie, Haibo Li, Qian Zhang

引用次数: 0

Defining, Measuring, and Evaluating Prenatal Care in Insurance Claims Data 从保险理赔数据中定义、衡量和评估产前护理

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-023-00341-z

Elizabeth Simmons, Mekhala V. Dissanayake, Jacob C. Kahrs, Chase D. Latour, Oluwasolape Olawore, Lauren M. Kucirka, Mollie E. Wood

{"title":"Defining, Measuring, and Evaluating Prenatal Care in Insurance Claims Data","authors":"Elizabeth Simmons, Mekhala V. Dissanayake, Jacob C. Kahrs, Chase D. Latour, Oluwasolape Olawore, Lauren M. Kucirka, Mollie E. Wood","doi":"10.1007/s40471-023-00341-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-023-00341-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The objective of this paper is to discuss the complexities of identifying prenatal care visits in insurance claims databases, review existing methods to identify prenatal care encounters, and explore how different study goals should inform the definition of prenatal care employed by investigators.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Insurance claims data are routinely used to conduct perinatal epidemiology studies focused on the effects of medical interventions. Prenatal care, an important medical intervention and an indicator of ongoing pregnancy, lacks a consistent definition among clinical and research-based sources.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>We have categorized definitions of prenatal care in three groups: all healthcare received while pregnant, pregnancy-specific healthcare, and guideline-concordant healthcare. In studies using insurance claims data, we found five common methods to identify prenatal care encounters. Using example study goals, we outline important considerations investigators must make when applying different methods to identify prenatal care visits in studies using insurance claims data.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139077940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using Counterfactual Worlds to Triangulate Evidence in the Real World 利用反事实世界三角测量现实世界中的证据

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-023-00340-0

Jeremy A. Labrecque, Sonja A. Swanson

{"title":"Using Counterfactual Worlds to Triangulate Evidence in the Real World","authors":"Jeremy A. Labrecque, Sonja A. Swanson","doi":"10.1007/s40471-023-00340-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-023-00340-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>When a causal question can be reasonably approached using more than one set of causal assumptions (i.e., using different identification strategies), triangulation can be used to compare estimates relying on these different assumption sets to gain insight into the validity of the causal assumptions used. This review covers the current understanding of triangulation from a counterfactual causal inference perspective.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>We use counterfactuals to clarify and supplement the current understanding of triangulation. We propose a counterfactual definition of triangulation, propose assumptions on which triangulation relies, and discuss important practical issues such as triangulation with different estimands and the role of random error. Lastly, we examine two published examples of triangulation to illustrate these points.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Triangulation, by leveraging causal inference reasoning and substantive knowledge, can potentially allow us to gain more insight into the validity of causal assumptions underlying many study designs than we would by considering each study design in isolation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138741156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Current Approaches to Measuring Local Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in Population Health Studies 人口健康研究中衡量当地种族和民族居住隔离的现行方法

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-023-00335-x

Kiarri N. Kershaw, Sharrelle Barber, Margaret T. Hicken

{"title":"Current Approaches to Measuring Local Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in Population Health Studies","authors":"Kiarri N. Kershaw, Sharrelle Barber, Margaret T. Hicken","doi":"10.1007/s40471-023-00335-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-023-00335-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Segregation has traditionally been measured at the metropolitan area or county level, but a growing number of population health studies have measured segregation at the neighborhood or local level. In this review, we highlight the ways local racial and ethnic residential segregation has been measured in recently published population health studies (June 1, 2019–June 30, 2022).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>We identified 40 local segregation studies based on our search criteria. The majority used racial or ethnic composition to measure segregation, but several additional measures were identified that reflect different dimensions of segregation and the segregation process.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>The choice of how best to operationalize segregation should be guided by the historical and geographic context surrounding the population under study. Our findings highlight several options available to support the development of meaningful and useful measures of segregation to study their impact on health inequities across a diverse range of outcomes and settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138540380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emulating a Target Trial in Perinatal Pharmacoepidemiology: Challenges and Methodological Approaches 围产期药物流行病学模拟目标试验:挑战和方法学方法

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-023-00339-7

Sabrina Chiodo, Lauren Tailor, Robert W. Platt, Mollie E. Wood, Sonia M. Grandi

{"title":"Emulating a Target Trial in Perinatal Pharmacoepidemiology: Challenges and Methodological Approaches","authors":"Sabrina Chiodo, Lauren Tailor, Robert W. Platt, Mollie E. Wood, Sonia M. Grandi","doi":"10.1007/s40471-023-00339-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-023-00339-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The objective of this review is to examine the application of target trial emulation in perinatal pharmacoepidemiology research. Given that randomized clinical trials—the gold standard for causal inference—are often not feasible or ethical for studying medication safety during pregnancy, alternative methodologies are critically needed. This paper delves into the challenges and potential mitigation strategies of using target trial emulation in the specific context of perinatal pharmacoepidemiology research.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Our review of identified studies (<i>n</i> = 9) reveals several unique considerations when leveraging target trial emulation for perinatal pharmacoepidemiology research. These include the alignment of the research question with the clinically relevant outcomes, identification of etiologically relevant time windows, defining relevant treatment strategies, and anchoring of exposure, eligibility criteria, and the start of follow-up. Despite these challenges, the methodology shows promise in bridging the gap between randomized clinical trials and observational research through the employment of a transparent and well-defined approach.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Target trial emulation serves as a valuable tool in perinatal pharmacoepidemiology, allowing researchers to generate more reliable evidence concerning medication safety during pregnancy. Although the approach comes with specific challenges, strategies can be implemented to mitigate these difficulties. Overall, the adoption of target trial emulation has the potential to substantially enhance evidence quality, inform clinical decisions, and ultimately improve health outcomes for birthing people and their infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138540383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Tutorial on Applying the Difference-in-Differences Method to Health Data 应用差异中的差异方法到健康数据的教程

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-023-00327-x

Sarah Rothbard, James C. Etheridge, Eleanor J. Murray

引用次数: 1

Challenges and Opportunities of Epidemiological Studies to Reduce the Burden of Cancers in Young Adults. 减少年轻人癌症负担的流行病学研究的挑战与机遇。

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-022-00286-9

Hazel B Nichols, Karen J Wernli, Neetu Chawla, Ellen S O'Meara, Marlaine Figueroa Gray, Laura E Green, Christopher D Baggett, Mallory Casperson, Chun Chao, Salene M W Jones, Anne C Kirchhoff, Tzy-Mey Kuo, Catherine Lee, Marcio Malogolowkin, Charles P Quesenberry, Kathryn J Ruddy, Ted Wun, Brad Zebrack, Jessica Chubak, Erin E Hahn, Theresa H M Keegan, Lawrence H Kushi

{"title":"Challenges and Opportunities of Epidemiological Studies to Reduce the Burden of Cancers in Young Adults.","authors":"Hazel B Nichols, Karen J Wernli, Neetu Chawla, Ellen S O'Meara, Marlaine Figueroa Gray, Laura E Green, Christopher D Baggett, Mallory Casperson, Chun Chao, Salene M W Jones, Anne C Kirchhoff, Tzy-Mey Kuo, Catherine Lee, Marcio Malogolowkin, Charles P Quesenberry, Kathryn J Ruddy, Ted Wun, Brad Zebrack, Jessica Chubak, Erin E Hahn, Theresa H M Keegan, Lawrence H Kushi","doi":"10.1007/s40471-022-00286-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40471-022-00286-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are >1.9 million survivors of adolescent and young adult cancers (AYA, diagnosed at ages 15-39) living in the U.S. today. Epidemiologic studies to address the cancer burden in this group have been a relatively recent focus of the research community. In this article, we discuss approaches and data resources for cancer epidemiology and health services research in the AYA population. We consider research that uses data from cancer registries, vital records, healthcare utilization, and surveys, and the accompanying challenges and opportunities of each. To illustrate the strengths of each data source, we present example research questions or areas that are aligned with these data sources and salient to AYAs. Integrating the respective strengths of cancer registry, vital records, healthcare data, and survey-based studies sets the foundation for innovative and impactful research on AYA cancer treatment and survivorship to inform a comprehensive understanding of diverse AYA needs and experiences.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10495081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10608363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0