Underground Space最新文献

{"title":"Experimental study on the performance of shield tunnel tail grout in ground","authors":"Jiaxin Liang ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Xinsheng Yin ,&nbsp;Wentao Li ,&nbsp;Zhe Yang ,&nbsp;Jichen Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shield tail grouting is an important measure to control tunnelling-induced ground deformation by injecting prepared grouting materials to fill the tail gap. The working performance of grout is usually invisible and hard to obtain in construction. This paper carries out an experimental study to investigate the tail grout behavior in ground. In the current research, a testing device is developed to explore the grout behavior in varying soils. The grout working performance is evaluated not only by the liquid grout properties such as fluidity, consistency, bleeding rate, stone rate and compressed deformation but also solid grout properties such as unconfined compressive strength and permeability. Three typical grouts are chosen and their behaviors in the various soils are observed. To take an insight on the behaviors, scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry analysis are employed. The microstructure of solid grout is a sign of its working performance. The observation shows that the solid grout micro-structure is influenced by grout proportions, pressure, and ground permeabilities. The experimental results are applied in the case of Beijing Metro Line 12 for validation and as a result, the ground movement is inhibited due to high performance of tail grout.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 277-292"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel multifractal-based classification model for the quality grades of surrounding rock within tunnels","authors":"Junjie Ma ,&nbsp;Tianbin Li ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Roohollah Shirani Faradonbeh ,&nbsp;Mostafa Sharifzadeh ,&nbsp;Chunchi Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the variation patterns of tunnel boring machine (TBM) operational parameters is crucial for assessing engineering geological conditions and quality grades of surrounding rock within tunnels. Studying the multifractal characteristics of the TBM operational parameters can help identify the patterns, but the relevant research has not yet been explored. This paper proposed a novel classification model for quality grades of surrounding rock in TBM tunnels based on multifractal analysis theory. Initially, the statistical characteristics of eight TBM cycle data with different grades of surrounding rock were explored. Subsequently, the method of calculating and analyzing the multifractal characteristic parameters of the TBM operational data was deduced and summarized. The research results showed that the TBM operational parameters of cutterhead torque, total thrust, advance rate, and cutterhead rotation speed have significant multifractal characteristics. Its multifractal dimension, midpoint slope of the generalized fractal spectrum, and singularity strength range can be used to evaluate the surrounding rock grades of the tunnel. Finally, a novel classification model for the tunnel surrounding rocks based on the multifractal characteristic parameters was proposed using the multiple linear regression method, and the model was verified through four TBM cycle data containing different surrounding rock grades. The results showed that the proposed multifractal-based classification model for tunnel surrounding rocks has high accuracy and applicability. This study not only achieves multifractal feature representation and surrounding rock classification for TBM operational parameters but also holds the potential for adaptive adjustment of TBM operational parameters and automated tunneling applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 140-156"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142319040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solute transport in stochastic discrete fracture-matrix systems: Impact of network structure","authors":"Yingtao Hu ,&nbsp;Liangchao Zou ,&nbsp;Wenjie Xu ,&nbsp;Liangtong Zhan ,&nbsp;Peng Xia ,&nbsp;Duanyang Zhuang","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Obtaining a comprehensive understanding of solute transport in fractured rocks is crucial for various geoengineering applications, including waste disposal and construction of geo-energy infrastructure. It was realized that solute transport in fractured rocks is controlled by stochastic discrete fracture-matrix systems. However, the impacts and specific uncertainty caused by fracture network structures on solute transport in discrete fracture-matrix systems have yet not been fully understood. In this article, we aim to investigate the influence of fracture network structure on solute transport in stochastic discrete fracture-matrix systems. The fluid flow and solute transport are simulated using a three-dimensional discrete fracture matrix model with considering various values of fracture density and size (i.e., radius). The obtained results reveal that as the fracture density or minimum fracture radius increases, the corresponding fluid flow and solute transport channels increase, and the solute concentration distribution range expands in the matrix. This phenomenon, attributed to the enhanced connectivity of the fracture network, leads to a rise in the effluent solute concentration mean value from 0.422 to 0.704, or from 0.496 to 0.689. Furthermore, when solute transport reached a steady state, the coefficient of variation of effluent concentration decreases with the increasing fracture density or minimum fracture radius in different scenarios, indicating an improvement in the homogeneity of solute transport results. The presented analysis results of solute transport in stochastic discrete fracture-matrix systems can be helpful for uncertainty management in the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 69-82"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000837/pdfft?md5=e1fe3b3631546be68a8186376f3b0a76&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000837-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142240876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and mechanical response of large-diameter shield tunnel lining structure under non-uniform fire: A full-scale fire test-based study","authors":"Da-Long Jin ,&nbsp;Hui Jin ,&nbsp;Da-Jun Yuan ,&nbsp;Pan-Pan Cheng ,&nbsp;Dong Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When a fire occurs in an underground shield tunnel, it can result in substantial property damage and cause permanent harm to the tunnel lining structure. This is especially true for large-diameter shield tunnels that have numerous segments and joints, and are exposed to specific fire conditions in certain areas. This paper constructs a full-scale shield tunnel fire test platform and conducts a non-uniform fire test using the lining system of a three-ring large-diameter shield tunnel with an inner diameter of 10.5 m. Based on the tests, the temperature field distribution, high-temperature bursting, cracking phenomena, and deformation under fire conditions are observed. Furthermore, the post-fire damage forms of tunnel lining structures are obtained through the post-fire ultimate loading test, and the corresponding mechanism is explained. The test results illustrate that the radial and circumferential distribution of internal temperature within the tunnel lining, as well as the radial temperature gradient distribution on the inner surface of the lining, have non-uniform distribution characteristics. As a result, the macroscopic phenomena of lining concrete bursting and crack development during the fire test mainly occur near the fire source, where the temperature rise gradient is the highest. In addition, the lining structure has a deformation characteristic of local outward expansion and cannot recover after the fire load is removed. The ultimate form of damage after the fire is dominated by crush damage from the inside out of the lining joints in the fire-exposed area. The above results serve as a foundation for future tunnel fire safety design and evaluation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000825/pdfft?md5=8e388e786b80d4a679e702694beefa95&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000825-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142163956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid deep learning approach for rock tunnel deformation prediction based on spatio-temporal patterns","authors":"Junfeng Sun ,&nbsp;Yong Fang ,&nbsp;Hu Luo ,&nbsp;Zhigang Yao ,&nbsp;Long Xiang ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Yubo Wang ,&nbsp;Yifan Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.04.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.04.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ability to predict tunnel deformation holds great significance for ensuring the reliability, safety, and sustainability of tunnel structures. However, existing deformation prediction models often simplify or overlook the impact of spatial characteristics on deformation by treating it as a time series prediction issue. This study utilizes monitoring data from the Grand Canyon Tunnel and introduces an effective data-driven method for predicting tunnel deformation based on the spatio-temporal characteristics of the historical deformation of adjacent sections. The proposed model, a combination of graph attention network (GAT) and bidirectional long and short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM), is equipped with robust spatio-temporal predictive capabilities. Additionally, the study explores other possible spatial connections and the scalability of the model. The results indicate that the proposed model outperforms other deep learning models, achieving favorable root mean square error (<span><math><mrow><mi>RMSE</mi></mrow></math></span>), mean absolute error (<span><math><mrow><mi>MAE</mi></mrow></math></span>), and coefficient of determination (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>) values of 0.34 mm, 0.23 mm, and 0.94, respectively. The graph structure based on intuitive spatial connections proves more suitable for meeting the challenges of predicting deformation. Integrating GAT-LSTM with transfer learning technology, remains stable performance when extended to other tunnels with limited data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 100-118"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000813/pdfft?md5=553352262c269f7f53faaab720bd548a&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000813-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142240878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on instability mechanism and control of abandoned roadways in coal pillars recovery face: A case study","authors":"Dong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianbiao Bai ,&nbsp;Rui Wang ,&nbsp;Min Deng ,&nbsp;Shui Yan ,&nbsp;Qiancheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Hao Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The abandoned roadways (ARs) in front of the longwall face catastrophic instability will seriously hamper mining progress, which is a complicated process related to the stress environment, the roadway section, and the mechanical properties of the surrounding rock. The cusp catastrophe theory is employed to establish a state identification model for the irregular coal pillar-roof system (CPRS) formed by the ARs and re-mining entries. To begin, the state discrimination equation (<em>Δp</em>) for the gradual CPRS is derived, and the critical value at which the system transitions into an unstable state under quasi-static conditions is determined. The results indicated that when 16.49 m ≤ <em>L</em> ≤ 22.63 m (<em>L</em> denotes the equivalent span of the intersection roof) and 0 &lt; <em>R</em>_e ≤ 2.61 m (<em>R</em>_e denotes the width of the elastic zone within the triangular coal pillar), the triangular CPRS is inherently unstable. Similarly, for trapezoidal CPRS configurations where the length <em>L</em>_m (the span of the right-angled trapezoid roof in the propulsion direction) varies from 4.0 to 12.60 m, the system is unstable as well. Subsequently, the model was further enhanced by accounting for the impact of the <em>P</em>_c (advance stress increment load), where a critical criterion for the catastrophic instability of the CPRS was proposed, which represented the external energy required to transition the CPRS from an unstable state to catastrophic instability in different mining stages. After that, the stability degree of the irregular coal pillar was categorized, and a coupling zoning control technology was applied to CPR operations. Field monitoring results demonstrated the effectiveness of the zoning control technology, providing valuable guidance for similar mining practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 119-139"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000801/pdfft?md5=da5b193741033ceb8356d3acd410aa05&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000801-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radial flow behaviors of a rough Beishan granite fracture under normal and thermal loadings","authors":"Xingguang Zhao ,&nbsp;Dongjue Fan ,&nbsp;Zhihong Zhao ,&nbsp;Liang Chen ,&nbsp;Ju Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the operation of a deep geological repository in crystalline rocks for disposal of high-level radioactive waste, understanding the seepage behaviors of fractured crystalline rocks under coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical conditions is essential for the performance assessment of deep geological repositories. In this study, radial flow tests on cylindrical Beishan granite specimens with a single artificial fracture were conducted using the MTS 815 rock mechanics testing system to investigate the influence of normal stress and temperature on radial flow behaviors of rough rock fractures. Steady state method was used to measure fracture permeability, and an axial extensometer was used to measure fracture deformation during compression. A three-dimensional blue light scanner was used to characterize fracture surface morphology. Experimental results indicate that fracture permeability decreases nonlinearly with the increase of normal stress or temperature, and normal stress has a more significant influence on fracture permeability than temperature. The evolution of three-dimensional non-uniform distribution of voids under compression was numerically obtained, and the variogram was employed to quantify the non-uniform distribution characteristics of mechanical apertures. In addition, a radial flow model considering non-uniform distribution of apertures is proposed to predict the normal stress- and temperature-dependent seepage behaviors of rock fractures, and the predictions were found to be in good agreement with experimental data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 83-99"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000783/pdfft?md5=71e0e86eb2a98d0130ba426bca8443ad&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000783-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142240877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance study of immersed tunnel with longitudinal limit device of flexible joint","authors":"Yadong Li ,&nbsp;Junjie Lai ,&nbsp;Yong Yang ,&nbsp;Jinwen Zhou ,&nbsp;Yi Shan ,&nbsp;Jie Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.04.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flexible joints represent the most vulnerable aspect of the immersed tunnel, necessitating effective waterproofing and the transmission of forces between tunnel segments. However, the role of longitudinal limit devices in the seismic behavior of immersed tunnels is frequently overlooked in contemporary research on their seismic robustness. This study develops a longitudinal force model for flexible joints that incorporates the longitudinal limit device, building upon the beam-spring model of the immersed tunnel. Concurrently, a scaled partial experiment on the immersed tunnel’s flexible joint is undertaken, and validated and compared to the theoretical model. Subsequently, this model is utilized in the seismic assessment of the Ruyifang immersed tunnel. The computational findings revealed a considerable improvement in the seismic resilience of the immersed tunnel following the integration of longitudinal limit devices. With the incorporation of these devices, the opening of flexible joints diminished by 20% to 50% compared to scenarios lacking such devices. In addition, the peak acceleration of the tunnel segments’ mid-point structural response decreased by approximately 50%, accompanied by a significant reduction in the internal force response within the tunnel segments. As proposed in this research, the longitudinal force model for flexible joints under longitudinal limit devices represents the behavior of immersed tunnels under seismic stress more accurately. These numerical simulation outcomes also offer valuable insights for designing flexible joints in immersed tunnels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"20 ","pages":"Pages 17-32"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000795/pdfft?md5=242d717c47bdf3fc56715b83905cadb4&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000795-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142229035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of fracture networks on the structural deformation of lined rock caverns under high internal gas pressure","authors":"Chenxi Zhao ,&nbsp;Qinghua Lei ,&nbsp;Zixin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we develop a two-dimensional (2D) numerical model based on the finite element method to analyse the impact of fracture networks on the behaviour of pressurised lined rock caverns (LRCs). We use the discrete fracture network approach to represent the fracture system in rock obeying a power law length distribution. The LRC consisting of an inner steel lining and an outer reinforced concrete is situated within the rock mass characterised by spatially distributed and intersected fractures. An elasto-brittle constitutive relationship is adopted to characterise the deformation/failure of intact rocks, while the classical Mazars damage model is used to simulate the cracking of concrete linings. For pre-existing fractures in rock, a non-linear stress-displacement formulation is implemented to capture their normal and shear deformations. The 2D model, representing the horizontal cross-section of an LRC with its surrounding rock mass, is subject to a prescribed in situ stress condition. We explore various fracture network scenarios associated with different values of power law length exponent and fracture intensity. We analyse the damage evolution in rock/concrete and tangential strain in the concrete/steel linings. It is found that the damage within the rock mass mainly evolves in the form of wing cracks that emanate from the tips of pre-existing fractures. For damage development in the concrete lining, it is primarily induced by tensile cracking under cavern pressurisation. The damage emerges in the lining sections where pre-existing fractures are located in the tensile region around the cavern and either intersect with the cavern wall or could reach the cavern wall by promoting wing crack propagation. The results and insights obtained from our study have significant implications for the design optimisation and performance assessment of LRCs for sustainable hydrogen storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"21 ","pages":"Pages 252-269"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141845834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal intensity measure for seismic performance assessment of shield tunnels in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils","authors":"Yiyao Shen ,&nbsp;M. Hesham El Naggar ,&nbsp;Dongmei Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongkai Huang ,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2024.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Relating the ground motion intensity measure (IM) and the structural engineering demand parameter is a crucial step in the performance-based earthquake engineering framework. This study investigates the selection of IM for development of probabilistic seismic demand model of urban shield tunnels subjected to earthquake ground motions in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils. Nonlinear dynamic effective stress analyses are conducted to develop a database of the intensity measures and structural seismic responses exposed to ground shaking and soil liquefaction. Two advanced soil constitutive models (i.e., Pressure DependMultiYield03 and PressureIndependMultiYield for liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils, respectively) are employed to capture the nonlinear behavior. A suite of 23 ground motion intensity measures is selected and assessed based on the evaluation criteria of correlation, efficiency, practicality and proficiency. Eventually, the multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is employed to comprehensively consider the four evaluation criteria and establish the optimal ground motion IM suitable for probabilistic seismic demand analysis of shield tunnel structures. The obtained results show that the sustained maximum acceleration is the optimal IM for evaluating the structural seismic response, followed by the peak ground acceleration in both liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils. Peak pseudo velocity spectrum, displacement square integral and Housner spectral intensity are found to be not suitable for the probabilistic seismic demand analysis of shield tunnel structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"21 ","pages":"Pages 149-163"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141848500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}