Underground Space最新文献

{"title":"Effect of confining pressure on rock breaking by high-pressure waterjet-assisted TBM","authors":"Chen Xu ,&nbsp;Yujie Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Liu ,&nbsp;Fei Chen ,&nbsp;Min Zhu ,&nbsp;Enzhi Wang ,&nbsp;Sijing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-pressure waterjet-assisted tunnel boring machine (WTBM) is an efficient method for improving the tunneling performance of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) and reducing the wear of its disc cutters in hard rock with high geostresses. Confining pressure directly affects the efficiency of rock breaking and the configuration of the disc cutters. In this study, we evaluated the effect of confining pressure on WTBM rock breaking by developing a self-designed and manufactured experimental system, including confining pressure loading, TBM disc-cutter penetration, and high-pressure waterjet. The macro fracture, acoustic emission (AE), peak normal force drop, and specific energy (SE) were analyzed for four different confining pressures (10, 20, 30, and 35 MPa). The results showed that the cutting depth of the waterjet increased linearly as the waterjet pressure increased and decreased with the gradual increase in the nozzle moving speed. The expansion and development of cracks formed rock debris, and the size of the rock fragments decreased with an increase in confining pressure. When the waterjet pressure was 280 MPa, the nozzle moving velocity was 800 mm/min and the kerf space was 75 mm, which indicated that the confining pressure, which was 23.16 MPa, minimized the cutting SE under this condition. However, regardless of the confining pressure, the maximum normal force of WTBM was less than that of a TBM, whereas the SE of WTBM was less than that of complete TBM cutting mode (CTCM). The average force drop and average drop rate of SE were approximately 25%, and 80%, respectively. The results of this study can inspire the design and mechanism of a TBM assisted by a high-pressure waterjet.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"18 ","pages":"Pages 151-161"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000229/pdfft?md5=fb167c5ddc1b09cf05a2cf681eca1c2d&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000229-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140270365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of secondary lining thickness on mechanical behaviours of double-layer lining in large-diameter shield tunnels","authors":"Shimin Wang,&nbsp;Xuhu He,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Peng,&nbsp;Ya Wang,&nbsp;Zhengxin Li,&nbsp;Zihan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In large-diameter shield tunnels, applying the double-layer lining structure can improve the load-bearing properties and maintain the stability of segmental lining. The secondary lining thickness is a key parameter in the design of a double lining structure, which is worth being explored. Based on an actual large-diameter shield tunnel, loading model tests are carried out to investigate the effect of the secondary lining thickness on the mechanical behaviours of the double lining structure. The test results show that within the range of secondary lining thicknesses discussed, the load-bearing limit of the double-layer lining increases with growing secondary lining thickness. As a passive support, the secondary lining acts as an auxiliary load-bearing structure by contacting the segment. And changes in secondary lining thickness have a significant effect on the contact state between the segment and secondary lining, with both the contact pressure level and the contact area between the two varying. For double-layer lining structures in large-diameter shield tunnels, it is proposed that the stiffness of the secondary lining needs to be matched to the stiffness of the segment, as this allows them to have a coordinated deformation and a good joint load-bearing effect.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"18 ","pages":"Pages 130-150"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000217/pdfft?md5=4cf80277d56a99e0abf36565b1737038&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000217-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140087846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive mutation sparrow search algorithm-Elman-AdaBoost model for predicting the deformation of subway tunnels","authors":"Xiangzhen Zhou ,&nbsp;Wei Hu ,&nbsp;Zhongyong Zhang ,&nbsp;Junneng Ye ,&nbsp;Chuang Zhao ,&nbsp;Xuecheng Bian","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.09.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.09.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A novel coupled model integrating Elman-AdaBoost with adaptive mutation sparrow search algorithm (AM-SSA), called AMSSA-Elman-AdaBoost, is proposed for predicting the existing metro tunnel deformation induced by adjacent deep excavations in soft ground. The novelty is that the modified SSA proposes adaptive adjustment strategy to create a balance between the capacity of exploitation and exploration. In AM-SSA, firstly, the population is initialized by cat mapping chaotic sequences to improve the ergodicity and randomness of the individual sparrow, enhancing the global search ability. Then the individuals are adjusted by Tent chaotic disturbance and Cauchy mutation to avoid the population being too concentrated or scattered, expanding the local search ability. Finally, the adaptive producer-scrounger number adjustment formula is introduced to balance the ability to seek the global and local optimal. In addition, it leads to the improved algorithm achieving a better accuracy level and convergence speed compared with the original SSA. To demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of AM-SSA, 23 classical benchmark functions and 25 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation benchmark test functions (CEC2005), are employed as the numerical examples and investigated in comparison with some well-known optimization algorithms. The statistical results indicate the promising performance of AM-SSA in a variety of optimization with constrained and unknown search spaces. By utilizing the AdaBoost algorithm, multiple sets of weak AMSSA-Elman predictor functions are restructured into one strong predictor by successive iterations for the tunnel deformation prediction output. Additionally, the on-site monitoring data acquired from a deep excavation project in Ningbo, China, were selected as the training and testing sample. Meanwhile, the predictive outcomes are compared with those of other different optimization and machine learning techniques. In the end, the obtained results in this real-world geotechnical engineering field reveal the feasibility of the proposed hybrid algorithm model, illustrating its power and superiority in terms of computational efficiency, accuracy, stability, and robustness. More critically, by observing data in real time on daily basis, the structural safety associated with metro tunnels could be supervised, which enables decision-makers to take concrete control and protection measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 320-360"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000205/pdfft?md5=9193c21262bddb5435d73ebe0473406e&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000205-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140089742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation-based longitudinal equivalent stiffness beam model for shield tunnel and its application in seismic deformation method","authors":"Pingliang Chen ,&nbsp;Ping Geng ,&nbsp;Junbo Chen ,&nbsp;Qi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the longitudinal seismic deformation method for shield tunnels, one of the most commonly used is the longitudinal equivalent stiffness beam model (LES) for simulating the mechanical behavior of the lining. In this model, axial deformation and bending deformation are independent, so the equivalent stiffness is a constant value. However, the actual situation is that axial deformation and bending deformation occur simultaneously, which is not considered in LES. At present, we are not clear about the effect on the calculation results when axial deformation and bending deformation occur simultaneously. Therefore, in this paper, we improve the traditional LES by taking the relative deformation as a load and considering the coordinated deformation of axial and bending degrees of freedom. This improved model is called DNLES, and its neutral axis equations are an explicit expression. Then, we propose an iterative algorithm to solve the calculation model of the DNLES-based longitudinal seismic deformation method. Through a calculation example, we find that the internal forces based on LES are notably underestimated than those of DNLES in the compression bending zone, while are overestimated in the tension bending zone. When considering the combined effect, the maximum bending moment reached 13.7 times that of the LES model, and the axial pressure and tension were about 1.14 and 0.96 times, respectively. Further analysis reveals the coordinated deformation process in the axial and bending directions of the shield tunnel, which leads to a consequent change in equivalent stiffness. This explains why, in the longitudinal seismic deformation method, the traditional LES may result in unreasonable calculation results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 280-299"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000199/pdfft?md5=cc85cae18cece12a75a5b55477ce207a&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000199-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140066631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic response of deep circular tunnels subjected to S-waves: Axial bending","authors":"Chatuphat Savigamin ,&nbsp;Antonio Bobet ,&nbsp;Osvaldo P.M. Vitali","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ovaling deformation of circular tunnels has received great interest from the tunneling community because this mode of seismic-induced deformation is considered the most critical. However, there is growing evidence that other deformation modes can also be important and thus need to be considered in design. This study presents a new analytical solution to estimate axial bending (snaking), a mode of deformation caused by S-waves impinging on a tunnel parallel to the tunnel axis. The solution is developed using the soil-structure interaction approach with the assumption that the interface between the ground and the tunnel lining is frictionless (full-slip). Full dynamic numerical simulations are conducted to verify the new full-slip solution, together with the existing no-slip solution. Effects of dynamic amplification are also explored for both full-slip and no-slip interface conditions by changing the wavelength (or frequency) of the seismic input motions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 267-279"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000187/pdfft?md5=6155d453f80aeb0d1c8e3f6d10fff197&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000187-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140030663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time estimation of the structural utilization level of segmental tunnel lining","authors":"Nicola Gottardi ,&nbsp;Steffen Freitag ,&nbsp;Günther Meschke","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the last decades, an expansion of the underground network has been taking place to cope with the increasing amount of moving people and freight. As a consequence, it is of vital importance to guarantee the full functionality of the tunnel network by means of preventive maintenance and the monitoring of the tunnel lining state over time. A new method has been developed for the real-time prediction of the utilization level in tunnel segmental linings based on input monitoring data. The new concept is founded on a framework, which encompasses an offline and an online stage. In the former, the generation of feedforward neural networks is accomplished by employing synthetically produced data. Finite element simulations of the lining structure are conducted to analyze the structural response under multiple loading conditions. The scenarios are generated by assuming ranges of variation of the model input parameters to account for the uncertainty due to the not fully determined in situ conditions. Input and target quantities are identified to better assess the structural utilization of the lining. The latter phase consists in the application of the methodological framework on input monitored data, which allows for a real-time prediction of the physical quantities deployed for the estimation of the lining utilization. The approach is validated on a full-scale test of segmental lining, where the predicted quantities are compared with the actual measurements. Finally, it is investigated the influence of artificial noise added to the training data on the overall prediction performances and the benefits along with the limits of the concept are set out.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 132-145"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000096/pdfft?md5=46a7d0ed60abaa146ec8aa2835415e63&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000096-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139633521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism analysis of foam penetration in EPB shield tunnelling with a focus on FER and soil particle size","authors":"He Huang ,&nbsp;Quan Sun ,&nbsp;Tao Xu ,&nbsp;Wanhuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Parameters of foam penetration in earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunnelling, such as permeability coefficients and penetration distances, significantly impact tunnel face stability. However, existing studies have faced inaccuracies in analysing these parameters due to imitations in experimental methods. This study addresses this issue by employing enhanced methods for a more precise analysis of foam penetration. Experiments involving three distinct sand types (coarse, medium, and fine) and three foam expansion ratios (FER) (10, 15, and 20) are conducted using a modified model test setup. Benefiting from a novel computer vision-based method, the model test outcomes unveil two distinct foam penetration paths: liquid migration (<em>L</em>_w) and bubble migration (<em>L</em>_f). Three penetration phases — namely, injection, blockage &amp; drainage, and breakage — are identified based on <em>L</em>_w and <em>L</em>_f variations. The initial “injection” phase conforms to Darcy's law and is amenable to mathematical description. The foam with FER of 15 has the maximum viscosity and, hence the <em>L</em>_f and permeability in the penetration tests with FER of 15 are the lowest in the same sand. The bubble size distribution of foam with different FER shows minor differences. Nevertheless, the characteristics of foam penetration vary due to the distinct particle size distribution (PSD) of different sands. Foam penetration creates low-permeability layers in both medium and fine sands due to the larger bubble size of the foam compared to the estimated pore sizes of medium and fine sands. While the coarse sand results in a different situation due to its large pore size. The distinctive characteristics of foam penetration in different sand strata are notably shaped by FER, PSD, and pore size distributions. These insights shed light on the complex interactions during foam penetration at the tunnel face, contributing valuable knowledge to EPB shield tunnelling practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 170-187"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000102/pdfft?md5=5a8d9931deede5023b95b89cf5426b14&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000102-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139638458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theory and test of underground explosions: Coupling rule between cratering and ground shock","authors":"Wei Guo,&nbsp;Jie Li,&nbsp;Benjun Shi,&nbsp;Tianhan Xu,&nbsp;Xiaohui Xu,&nbsp;Gan Li,&nbsp;Jie Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Calculating the parameters of the ground shock induced by an underground explosion is a complex energy coupling problem. It is difficult to establish a unified ground shock coupling law from limited test data. This paper summarizes the research results obtained at home and abroad and systematically analyzes the coupling mechanism of craters formed by an underground explosion and the ground shock. The differences between the concepts of “closed-explosion critical depth” and “equivalent closed-explosion critical depth” are clearly explained. The spreading of the ground shock energy is attributed to the explosive expansion of the air cavity, revealing a linear relationship between the volume of the cavity region (or the volume of the crack region) and the ground shock energy associated with the underground explosion. The proportionality factor is related to the mechanical properties of the medium and is independent of the magnitude of the explosion equivalent. Based on this, a theoretical calculation formula and conversion method for the ground shock coupling coefficient were established. Explosion tests were conducted in clay and Plexiglass under varying burial depths. The test results were consistent with the theoretically calculated results. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the design of explosion-resistant structures in underground engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 146-160"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000084/pdfft?md5=c5becd3393180b50a6bc4578fc7bb680&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000084-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139634895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of confined aquifer dewatering for long-deep excavation using simulation–optimization method","authors":"Yanxiao Sun ,&nbsp;Zhenxiong Jiang ,&nbsp;Liyuan Tong ,&nbsp;Jiawei Sun ,&nbsp;Jia Cui ,&nbsp;Xin Zhou ,&nbsp;Songyu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The confined aquifer dewatering for long-deep excavations usually encounters challenges due to complicated geotechnical conditions, large excavation sizes, and high hydraulic pressures. To propose the most efficient scheme of confined aquifer dewatering for long-deep excavations, dewatering optimizations were performed using the simulation–optimization method. An open cut tunnel of the Jiangyin-Jingjiang Yangtze River Tunnel Project was taken as an example. The methods of finite element and linear programming (LP) were combined to optimize the dewatering process. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed. After simulating the pumping tests, hydraulic conductivity was inverted. Then, necessary parameters in the LP method were determined by simulating dewatering with each pumping well, and various LP models were developed based on some important influence factors such as dewatering sequence, considered pumping wells, and pumping rate limitation. Finally, the optimal pumping rates were solved and applied to the numerical model, with induced drawdown and ground settlement computed for comparison. The results indicate that the optimization can significantly reduce the required wells in the original design. Dewatering in the deepest zone exhibits the highest efficiency for long-deep excavations with gradually varying depths. For the dewatering sequence from the shallowest to the deepest zone, more pumping wells are required but less energy is consumed. Higher quantity and more advantageous locations of pumping wells in the LP model usually result in lower total pumping rate, drawdown, and ground settlement. If more pumping wells are considered in the deepest zone, pumping rate limitation of single well will only slightly increase the total pumping rate, number of required pumping wells, drawdown, and ground settlement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 246-266"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000072/pdfft?md5=7fde955b8101d15c426b98c22dc3ed69&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000072-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139634647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imbalanced rock burst assessment using variational autoencoder-enhanced gradient boosting algorithms and explainability","authors":"Shan Lin ,&nbsp;Zenglong Liang ,&nbsp;Miao Dong ,&nbsp;Hongwei Guo ,&nbsp;Hong Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.undsp.2023.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We conducted a study to evaluate the potential and robustness of gradient boosting algorithms in rock burst assessment, established a variational autoencoder (VAE) to address the imbalance rock burst dataset, and proposed a multilevel explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) tailored for tree-based ensemble learning. We collected 537 data from real-world rock burst records and selected four critical features contributing to rock burst occurrences. Initially, we employed data visualization to gain insight into the data's structure and performed correlation analysis to explore the data distribution and feature relationships. Then, we set up a VAE model to generate samples for the minority class due to the imbalanced class distribution. In conjunction with the VAE, we compared and evaluated six state-of-the-art ensemble models, including gradient boosting algorithms and the classical logistic regression model, for rock burst prediction. The results indicated that gradient boosting algorithms outperformed the classical single models, and the VAE-classifier outperformed the original classifier, with the VAE-NGBoost model yielding the most favorable results. Compared to other resampling methods combined with NGBoost for imbalanced datasets, such as synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE), SMOTE-edited nearest neighbours (SMOTE-ENN), and SMOTE-tomek links (SMOTE-Tomek), the VAE-NGBoost model yielded the best performance. Finally, we developed a multilevel XAI model using feature sensitivity analysis, Tree Shapley Additive exPlanations (Tree SHAP), and Anchor to provide an in-depth exploration of the decision-making mechanics of VAE-NGBoost, further enhancing the accountability of tree-based ensemble models in predicting rock burst occurrences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48505,"journal":{"name":"Underground Space","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 226-245"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467967424000060/pdfft?md5=f371e39062d1a6f6632474feee358962&pid=1-s2.0-S2467967424000060-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139539127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}